体外法研究瘤胃筛选真菌对崂山奶山羊瘤胃发酵的影响

为了分析评价瘤胃筛选真菌在瘤胃微生物降解利用秸秆等纤维性饲料中的功效。本研究通过模拟瘤胃内环境,运用体外法研究了瘤胃厌氧真菌筛选菌对瘤胃发酵指标的影响,确定筛选真菌A、B、C和D对产气量、NH3-N、菌体蛋白和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)4种瘤胃发酵指标的影响。旨在初步探讨瘤胃真菌筛选菌株对其瘤胃发酵功能的影响,为研究瘤胃真菌筛选菌株添加到瘤胃内对瘤胃降解粗纤维饲料的可能性提供参考。试验结果表明,按培养底物玉米秸秆添加2%真菌D对改善瘤胃发酵功能的综合作用效果最为理想。     

反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控措施

本文论述了通过改变日粮、添加离子载体、饲用微生物及利用基因工程技术等手段对瘤胃发酵进行调控的作用瘤胃发酵调控的机理,探讨瘤胃调控目前面临的问题和对未来的展望,以便更好地调节瘤胃发酵使反刍动物达到稳定高效的生产目标。     

持续动态瘤胃发酵系统的结构功能比较研究进展

持续动态瘤胃发酵系统是在体外模拟瘤胃内发酵环境,用于瘤胃微生物代谢以及评定日粮营养价值等方面研究的机械装置。该装置是由一系列具有不同功能的设备组成。目前较新的人工瘤胃模拟系统主要能实现发酵环境中各发酵参数的实时监控并对发酵产物如产气量等进行准确计量,但与实体瘤胃内环境还存在一定差距。本文通过对国内外几种典型的持续动态瘤胃发酵系统的各部分结构和功能进行对比分析,比较各自的优缺点,提出了较为合理的设计方法。总之,持续动态瘤胃发酵系统的设计向着自动化方向发展,但在食糜样品的采集方法等方面还需改进。     

大蒜素对瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量的影响

大蒜素能调控瘤胃发酵模式,明显降低瘤胃甲烷产量,降低氨态氮浓度.本文综述了大蒜素及其抑茵机制,以及大蒜素对甲烷产量和瘤胃发酵的影响.     

日粮因素对反刍动物瘤胃消化代谢影响的研究现状

本文对反刍动物的瘤胃发酵作了总结,其中重点阐述了通过日粮组成对瘤胃消化代谢产物的影响,以便最大限度地发挥瘤胃发酵的有益方面,提高饲料的利用效率争生产性能。     

植物精油调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的研究进展

饲料在反刍动物瘤胃内发酵过程中,造成能量和蛋白质的流失,降低饲料利用效率。植物精油因其低毒副作用及其所具有的天然性、营养性和生物活性,对反刍动物瘤胃发酵具有积极的调控作用,成为抗生素的理想替代品之一。文章主要综述了植物精油对反刍动物瘤胃微生物及瘤胃发酵的影响及调控作用。     

全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统:19 kPa以下排气压力不影响发酵特征

本试验旨在研究不同排气压力对体外模拟瘤胃发酵特征的影响。选用3只体重相近、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的成年湘东黑山羊作为瘤胃液供体动物,利用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵系统,选用6种发酵底物进行48 h体外发酵,研究9、14和19 k Pa 3种排气压力对总产气量、甲烷产量、产气参数、干物质消失率、发酵液p H以及挥发性脂肪酸产量等发酵参数的影响。结果表明:发酵底物对体外模拟瘤胃发酵参数影响显著(P0.05);排气压力对体外模拟瘤胃发酵参数没有显著影响(P0.05)。由此可见,排气压力由9 k Pa增至19 k Pa对体外模拟瘤胃发酵特征无影响。     

体外产气法研究不同钾水平日粮对绵羊瘤胃发酵的影响

<正>近年来通过调控瘤胃发酵来提高反刍动物饲料转化率及生产性能一直是反刍动物营养研究的重点之一。钾对瘤胃微生物的生长以及瘤胃发酵都是必需的,不同钾水平的日粮在很大程度上影响了瘤胃发酵模式及动物的生产性能。20世纪90年代初以来,体外产气法由于能够较好地模拟瘤胃中的发酵历程和     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对瘤胃异常代谢产物和微生物组成的影响

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(Subacute Ruminal Acidosis,SARA)是反刍动物常见的一种代谢疾病。日粮中易发酵碳水化合物含量过高或纤维含量过低都会导致瘤胃内有机酸含量增多、缓冲液分泌量减少,pH值下降,进而导致瘤胃发酵异常和微生物区系改变。本文主要综述了奶牛发生瘤胃异常发酵对瘤胃内脂多糖(LPS)、组胺、乳酸及瘤胃微生物组成的影响。     

皂苷调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵和生产性能的研究进展

饲料在反刍动物瘤胃中的发酵过程,不仅会造成能量和氨态氮的损失,动物生产性能的降低,而且还对环境造成污染.皂苷是一类对反刍动物瘤胃发酵有调控作用的植物次级代谢产物.本文主要综述了皂苷的化学结构、分布和存在形式及其对反刍动物瘤胃发酵和生产性能影响的最新研究进展,为我国开展皂苷作为反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控添加剂的研究提供参考.     

Blockade of satiety factors by central injection of neuropeptide Y in sheep

The ability of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to stimulate feed intake was tested in combination with two treatments known to depress feed intake in sheep. Six ewe and three wether lambs (mean BW = 40 kg) fitted with lateral cerebral ventricular guide cannulas and ruminal cannulas had free access to a nutritionally complete, pelleted diet. Balloons placed into the rumen were filled with either 0, 30 or 60 ml of water/kg BW and left in place for 6 h; intake was measured. Based on the decline in feed intake observed with increasing balloon volume in the rumen, Exp. 2 was designed to test effects of NPY injection (0 or 3.0 nmol) into the lateral cerebral ventricle and ruminal distension (0 or 35 ml/kg BW) for 6 h. During the 6-h test period, feed intake was depressed (P less than .05) by intraruminal balloon distension, but feed intake was increased by NPY injection (P less than .05); no interaction between NPY and distension was detected. Ruminal evacuation revealed that digesta occupied only 43% of the rumen's total volume capacity. Balloons occupied 14% of capacity, whereas meal size in control sheep following a 1.5-h fast equaled 7% of capacity. In Exp. 3, intraruminal infusion of 8 mmol/min of propionate depressed (P = .11) feed intake, whereas NPY injection enhanced (P less than .05) intake. There was no interaction between NPY and propionate infusion. In none of these experiments was cumulative feed consumption at 24 h influenced. We conclude that NPY is a versatile feeding stimulant. It promotes feed intake in feed-satiated, ruminally distended and propionate-infused sheep.     

复方健脾散对肉牛生产性能和消化酶活性及抗氧化功能的影响

选用7月龄,190kg“利鲁”杂交一代小牛18头,平均分为3组,分别在小牛日粮中添加0％（对照组）、2％（试验1组）和4％（试验2纽）的复方健牌散添加剂饲喂至10月龄屠宰,其中,试验2组的日粮中不含有常规微量元素添加剂。通过本试验,研究复方健脾散对小牛的促生长作用;对小牛胃肠道非蛋白酶（瘤胃纤维素酶、胰脂肪酶、胰淀粉酶）和蛋白酶（胃蛋白酶,胰蛋白酶,胰凝乳蛋白酶）活性的影响;对肉牛血清中丙二醛（MDA）含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH—Px）和总超氧化物歧化酶（T—SOD）活性的影响。结果表明,饲喂复方健脾散对小牛的促生长不显著（P〉0．05）;可以显著提高小牛十二指肠的胰脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶的活性（P〈0．05）,但对瘤胃纤维素酶、胰淀粉酶、胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性影响不显著（P〉0．05）;2％复方健脾散添加水平可显著降低肉牛血清中MDA含量和显著提高T—SOD活力（P〈0．05）;但4％复方健脾散添加水平明显提高GSH—Px活力（P〈0．05）。     

A meta-analysis of fumarate effects on methane production in ruminal batch cultures

The objective of this study was to understand the effects of fumarate addition on methane (CH4) and VFA production in the rumen through a meta-analysis of its effects on ruminal batch cultures. Because the reduction of fumarate to succinate can draw electrons away from ruminal methanogenesis, fumarate has been studied as a potential feed additive to decrease CH4 production in ruminants. The average decrease in CH4 in batch cultures was of 0.037 micromol/micromol of added fumarate, which is considerably lower than 0.25 micromol/micromol, the decrease predicted from the stoichiometry of the reactions involved. One reason that fumarate was not effective at decreasing CH4 in batch cultures was that only an average of 48% of added fumarate appeared to be converted to propionate. Secondly, the incorporation of reducing equivalents in the conversion of fumarate to propionate was almost entirely offset by their release from an average of 20% of added fumarate that appeared to be converted to acetate. Thermodynamic calculations indicated that the conversion of added fumarate to both propionate and acetate was feasible. Fumarate appears to be more effective in decreasing CH4 production and increasing propionate in continuous culture than in batch culture. This suggests that microbial adaptation to fumarate metabolism can be important. Variation in populations of fumarate-reducers, methanogens, and protozoa could all be involved. Fumarate supplementation for an extended period may result in the amplification of otherwise small populations of fumarate-reducers. Addition of some of these organisms may be helpful to improve fumarate conversion to propionate. Strategies based on enhancing the rumen's capacity to convert fumarate to propionate by maintaining a low fumarate concentration have been effective. Thermodynamic considerations should be taken into account when designing strategies for CH4 abatement through the addition of external electron acceptors.     

杀虫剂溴氰菊酯对野桑蚕和家蚕的毒力比较

基于了解野桑蚕(Bombyxmandarina)和家蚕(Bombyxmori)对农用杀虫剂溴氰菊酯的抗药性差异,采用点滴法和浸叶法测定了溴氰菊酯对野桑蚕和家蚕的毒力,结果其毒力基本一致。野桑蚕和家蚕对溴氰菊酯的敏感度均较高,LD50在0.027~0.429 ng/头之间,但吴江野桑蚕、启东野桑蚕和苏大野桑蚕的抗药性较相对敏感的家蚕品种大造、菁松、皓月强10.11~15.89倍,较家蚕品种L11强4.37倍。     

Welfare consequences of mulesing of sheep

Mulesing is traditionally performed on approximately 80% of Merino wool-producing sheep in Australia. Mulesing produces a stress response that persists for 24 to 48 hours. Behavioural changes indicative of pain and discomfort resolve within 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Reductions in weight gain may persist for 14 days. The acute stress response to mulesing has been shown to be similar to that produced by shearing, castration and mild flystrike, but mulesing has a longer duration of response (24 to 48 hours) than shearing (1 hour) or knife castration (8 to 24 hours), whereas flystrike response persists for the duration of infection. Theoretically, if mulesing were not used, with Merino sheep of existing genetics, increased chemical use and flock inspections could keep flystrike rates to approximately equivalent to present levels in some production systems. Increased handling events for chemical preventative application would represent a mild stressor for sheep, but cumulatively not more than that of mulesing. If producers were able and prepared to sufficiently increase resources into alternative anti-flystrike methods, then the welfare of Merino sheep would probably be equivalent or better to that of today. If constraints such as property size or finances dictate a sub-optimal level of flystrike prevention and treatment, then animal welfare will unquestionably be worse. The result of that equation would depend on individual flock managers, the physical characteristics of their production system, the profitability of their business, and seasonal variations in flystrike risk. It is likely that there would be some occasions when flystrike would increase. This highlights the need for alternative strategies, such as genetic selection, to reduce the susceptibility of Australian Merino sheep to flystrike.     

Influence of morphometric parameters on the size of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint of equines

The physiological measurements of collateral ligaments of distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIPJ) differ in the literature. The factors that influence these differences are not well described. The aims of this study are to compare CL-DIPJ sizes in equines with different withers height, as well as to correlate body weight and hoof size to the size of these ligaments. In total, 52 horses were used in the study. They were divided into two groups according to wither height: Group 1 (G1) - 21 animals with up to 147 cm - and group 2 (G2) - 21 animals with greater than 148 cm. CL-DIPJ was ultrasonographically measured in order to find the mean of dorso-palmar (DPD) and latero-medial (LMD) diameters and the cross-sectional area (CSA). Hoof width and length were measured, and the results were used to calculate the hoof surface area. Withers height and body weight were also measured. Groups were statistically compared by Student's t test and Pearson's correlation application to each group. Groups were different in body size, HS and CL-DIPJ size when p < .05, except for the LMD of the medial collateral ligament of left thoracic limb. Withers height and body weight did not show significant correlations to CL-DIPJ size in G1, but they had little influence on the size of CL-DIPJ on G2. No correlation between the hoof size and the CL-DIPJ was noted in any of the two groups. In conclusion, the CL-DIPJ were larger in taller horses and their sizes were correlated to their height and weight, but they were not correlated to hoof size.     

对高校《计算机应用基础》教学成效的评价

教学成效的评价是教学过程的重要环节，教师通过反馈的信息可以跟踪学生的学习进度以便掌握情况，修订教学内容，改进教学方法，促进学生自觉学习，提高学习效果。文中结合高校计算机基础教育的课程特点和学生的实际情况，探讨了贯穿整个教学过程的教学评价。对学生的评价可以由教师、同伴及学生自己进行，但最终要靠学习者的自我评价；对教师的教学工作、教学内容和系统的评价则需要教师、学生以及系统或教务管理员共同参与，根据上述评价要素所提供的信息进行分析，将评价结果反馈给评价对象，并提出改进意见。     

山东省荷斯坦奶牛体型性状遗传参数估计及系谱世代数的影响

旨在估计山东省荷斯坦奶牛体型性状遗传参数,为育种方案制定提供参考。本研究收集了山东省2010—2020年间的144个牛场31 963头头胎中国荷斯坦母牛的20个体型性状记录,其中性状评分由线性分转为功能分,将场、泌乳月、产犊月龄、鉴定员效应为固定效应,以个体的加性遗传效应作为随机效应,利用 DMU 软件,采用AI-REML结合EM算法并配合动物模型进行遗传参数估计。结果表明,体型性状的遗传力属于中等偏低水平,其估计值变化范围为0.049(后肢侧视)到 0.282(棱角性),性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.558(前乳头位置与乳房深度)至0.717(蹄踵深度与蹄角度)。体躯容量各性状间的遗传相关范围为0.118 (体深与体高)至0.461(胸宽与腰强度);尻角度与尻宽的遗传相关为-0.251;肢蹄各性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.035(蹄踵深度与后肢后视)到 0.717(蹄踵深度与蹄角度);泌乳系统各性状间的遗传相关范围为-0.558 (前乳头位置与乳房深度)至0.587(悬韧带与前乳房附着)。另外,体型性状的遗传力估计标准误在查找的系谱世代数为3的情况下为最小,这可能是由于系谱数据完整性的限制导致了该种情况,具体还需要进一步验证。加强对体型性状中遗传力较高且与泌乳系统遗传相关较强性状的选择,有利于奶牛生产性能的提高。另外,在本研究数据中,使用前3代系谱估计的遗传力标准误最小,因此,利用前3代系谱估算遗传参数可能较佳。     

李斯特氏菌因子血清的制备及食品检测的免疫磁性分离-PCR(MIPA)方法的建立

首先进行了李斯特氏菌因子血清的研制,制备出了可对所有李斯特氏菌分型的 １５ 个 Ｏ 抗原因子和４ 个 Ｈ 抗原因子的因子血清。利用复合因子血清的多克隆抗体包被磁性球,对食品中的单核细胞增多性李斯特氏菌进行免疫磁性分离,并与 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 方法相结合,建立了检测食品中单核细胞增多性李斯特氏菌的 Ｍ Ｉ Ｐ Ａ方法（免疫磁性分离—聚合酶链反应方法,ｍ ａｇｎ ｅｔｉｃ ｉｍ ｍ ｕｎｏｐｏｌｙｍ ｅｒａｓｅ ｃｈａｉｎ ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ ａｓｓａｙ）。对菌液、模拟样品的检测表明,本方法能够有效地克服食品基质、培养基成分和杂菌对 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 检验的干扰作用。食品样品在 Ｅ Ｂ增菌液中增菌 １２ ｈ 后,检测的敏感度达 ５ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｍ Ｌ,可以在 ２０ ｈ 内完成检测。本方法对实际食品样品的检测结果,与国家标准检验方法检测的结果一致。     

“编辑学者化”三论

“编辑学者化”包括编辑的“学问化”和“专业化”两个方面,这既是从事编辑出版工作的需要,也是编辑工作者提高自身业务素质的正确途径。我们不仅要提倡编辑做好自身的编辑工作,钻研编辑学问,使自己“专业化”,而且要提倡编辑钻研自己所分管学科的学问,使自己“学问化”。