中华绒螯蟹、日本绒螯蟹及其杂交种性腺发育和生化组成的比较

研究了中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)、日本绒螯蟹(E.japonica)及其杂交种成蟹性腺指数、肝胰腺指数、出肉率、总可食率及其常规生化成分,结果显示:(1)中华绒螯蟹的精巢指数显著高于其它两种群蟹,但其肝胰腺指数、出肉率和总可食率均无显著差异;中华绒螯蟹的卵巢指数也显著高于日本绒螯蟹和杂交蟹,而杂交蟹的肝胰腺指数显著高于其它两种群蟹。(2)中华绒螯蟹、日本绒螯蟹和杂交种精巢中水分、蛋白和脂肪含量分别最低,日本绒螯蟹精巢中碳水化合物含量最高;杂交种肝胰腺蛋白、脂肪和碳水化合物含量均最高,日本绒螯蟹肌肉中脂肪含量显著低于其它两种群。(3)日本绒螯蟹卵巢水分含量显著高于其它两种群蟹,蛋白、脂肪和碳水化合物含量显著低于其它两种群;日本绒螯蟹肝胰腺的水分和蛋白含量最高,但脂肪含量最低,杂交种肝胰腺中脂肪含量最高、水分含量最低;日本绒螯蟹肌肉中的水分含量最高,其它生化成分含量最低;中华绒螯蟹肌肉的水分含量最低,其它生化成分含量最高。整体上,中华绒螯蟹具有早熟特性,不同种群绒螯蟹性腺中的主要生化成分含量可能与其发育阶段有关,杂交蟹肝胰腺中脂肪含量较高,日本绒螯蟹肌肉中脂肪含量较低。     

中华绒螯蟹血淋巴内磺胺甲基异噁唑的测定及药代动力学研究

以反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定中华绒螯蟹血淋巴内磺胺甲基异唑含量。血淋巴从心区抽取,经甲醇去蛋白,3000r/min离心10min,取上清液进行HPLC检测。平均回收率,平均日间、日内精密度分别为97.5%、1.20%和2.1%。本方法测定磺胺甲基异唑的最低检测限为0.02μg/mL。研究了中华绒螯蟹单次口灌磺胺甲基异唑(100mg/kg蟹体重)后的药代动力学。中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中药-时曲线可用开放式二室模型拟合,其主要药动学参数中分布半衰期(t1/2α)、消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为20.190h和79.586h;曲线下面积(AUC)、总体清除率(CLs)和表观分布容积(Vd)分别为431.268mg·h/L、0.277L/(kg·h)和26.082L/kg。本法适合于中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中磺胺甲基异唑含量分析。     

中华绒螯蟹延伸因子EF-1δ基因全长cDNA克隆及表达

根据非洲爪蟾延伸因子-1δ(elongation factor-1δ,EF-1δ)基因的保守序列设计引物,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)以及cDNA末端快速扩增(RACE)技术克隆出中华绒螯蟹EF-1δ基因并进行各组织间的表达分析.序列分析表明,中华绒螯蟹EF- 1δ cDNA全长933 bp,编码263个氨基酸,经BLASTN和BLASTX软件分析表明,此EF-1δ cDNA核苷酸序列与非洲爪蟾EF-1δ核苷酸序列的同源性最高,其相似性为70％;所编码的氨基酸序列与大红斑蝶EF-1δ的氨基酸序列相似性为54％.聚类分析表明,中华绒螯蟹EF-1δ的氨基酸序列与鱼虱EF-1δ聚为一支.荧光定量PCR结果显示,EF-1δ在正常成熟中华绒螯蟹肌肉中表达量最高,精巢、肝胰腺中有少量表达,心脏、卵巢、胃、肠、鳃中有微量表达.不同发育状态的中华绒螯蟹EF-1δ在肌肉组织中表达量均显著高于肝胰腺和鳃组织中表达量(P＜0.05);3个不同发育状态蟹EF-1δ在肌肉中的表达量也呈显著性差异(P＜0.05),在早熟蟹肌肉中表达量最高,正常成熟蟹肌肉中次之,幼蟹肌肉中最低;不同发育状态蟹EF-1δ在肝胰腺和鳃组织中的表达没有显著差异(P＞0.05).     

3种经济蟹类肌肉、肝胰腺及生殖腺中脂肪酸的比较研究

为分析成熟雌、雄三疣梭子蟹、锯缘青蟹和中华绒螯蟹的肌肉、肝胰腺及生殖腺中脂肪酸的组成特点及其差异,以氯仿—甲醇溶液提取总脂,通过10%浓硫酸—甲醇溶液进行甲酯化,采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术分析其脂肪酸组成并进行比较研究。试验结果表明,3种蟹的3种组织中不饱和脂肪酸含量均高于饱和脂肪酸,而在具体组成上又各有特点。3种蟹的卵巢组织中不饱和脂肪酸的含量均显著高于精巢;而在肝胰腺组织中,三疣梭子蟹和中华绒螯蟹雌性个体的不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于雄性个体;肌肉组织中,锯缘青蟹的雄性个体的不饱和脂肪酸含量显著高于雌性;其余差异不显著。雌、雄中华绒螯蟹中必需脂肪酸含量较高,油酸含量亦较高;雄性三疣梭子蟹肌肉和生殖腺中的花生四烯酸含量较高;而三疣梭子蟹和锯缘青蟹中二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸的含量较高,同时多不饱和脂肪酸中ω-3/ω-6的比值亦较高。     

铜离子对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的急性致死效应及组织显微结构的影响

为研究Cu~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒性机制,研究首先进行了Cu~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹LC_(50)的测定。结果显示,Cu~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹24,48,72和96 h的LC_(50)分别为3.824,2.779,1.941和1.666 mg/L。然后进行急性毒性试验以观察Cu~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹肝胰腺和鳃组织显微结构的影响,试验组共4组,Cu~(2+)质量浓度分别为0,0.1,0.2和0.4 mg/L,48 h后取样并固定,制作石蜡切片观察。结果显示,低浓度组(0.1 mg/L)中Cu~(2+)也会对肝胰腺及鳃组织造成损伤,随着Cu~(2+)浓度的升高,毒性呈上升趋势,中华绒螯蟹幼蟹肝胰腺及鳃组织出现严重病理损伤。肝胰腺组织表现为细胞中出现大量空泡,基膜与肝小管单层柱状上皮分离形成空腔,甚至在肝小管中出现细胞碎片;鳃组织表现为鳃叶不规则增厚,上皮层严重损伤,甚至出现解体。研究初步探讨了Cu~(2+)对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒害作用,为进一步评价Cu~(2+)在水产养殖中的危害提供了理论基础。     

草甘膦对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒性影响

为研究水稻种植过程中常用除草剂草甘膦对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹的毒性作用,通过48 h半静水法测定草甘膦对中华绒螯蟹的半致死浓度(LC₅₀)和安全浓度(SC),并据此结果设定28 d慢性试验浓度,测定中华绒螯蟹的死亡率、蜕壳率和平均蜕壳天数,以及肝胰腺组织学变化。试验结果表明,急性毒性试验中,草甘膦12、24、36、48 h对中华绒螯蟹的半致死浓度分别为18.91、16.67、13.99、12.09 mg/L,安全浓度为1.9 mg/L;慢性毒性试验中,相比对照组,试验组草甘膦浓度达到0.6 mg/L后中华绒螯蟹的死亡率显著升高,草甘膦浓度达到0.3 mg/L时中华绒螯蟹的蜕壳率显著降低,各组间平均蜕壳时间统计学显示无明显差异,但组织学试验表明,中华绒螯蟹长时间暴露于低于安全浓度的草甘膦中依然会造成肝胰腺的损伤。     

饲喂不同水平虫草培养残基对中华绒螯蟹营养品质的影响

在基础饲料中分别添加0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%、8.0%、16.0%的蛹虫草培养残基(简称虫草基),以基础饲料为对照,饲喂规格为(4.0±1.0)g的中华绒螯蟹75 d,测定中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)常规营养成分、肌肉与血清氨基酸及肝胰腺脂肪酸含量,研究虫草基对中华绒螯蟹营养品质的影响。结果显示:(1)虫草基对中华绒螯蟹水分和蛋白含量无影响(P>0.05),0.5%和1.0%添加组的全蟹、肌肉、肝胰腺粗脂肪含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。(2)适量添加虫草基可增加中华绒螯蟹肌肉游离氨基酸含量,0.5%～2.0%的添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但对氨基酸组成及主要呈味氨基酸含量影响不显著(P>0.05);1.0%和16.0%添加组中华绒螯蟹血清氨基酸和主要呈味氨基酸含量明显提高(P<0.05)。(3)虫草基的添加可提高肝胰腺不饱和脂肪酸及必需脂肪酸含量,且1.0%添加组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲料中添加适量的虫草基可提高中华绒螯蟹肌肉与血清的游离氨基酸、血清必需氨基酸、肝胰腺不饱和脂肪酸和必需脂肪酸含量,从而改善中华绒螯蟹营养品质。     

中华绒螯蟹Akt基因的cDNA克隆、序列分析及表达特征

为研究Akt基因在中华绒螯蟹蜕壳前后肌肉生长过程中的功能,应用RACE技术克隆得到编码中华绒螯蟹Akt(命名为Es Akt)的全长为2 200 bp的c DNA序列,包括159 bp的5′非翻译区(5′-UTR)、496 bp的3′非翻译区(3′-UTR)和长度为1545 bp编码514个氨基酸的编码序列。蛋白质结构域分析显示Es Akt含有丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶家族的3个特征性保守结构域。多序列比对和系统发育分析显示,Es Akt与中国明对虾、凡纳滨对虾的Akt序列一致性都为0.889,在系统发育树中节肢动物Akt形成一个分支。应用荧光定量RTPCR技术分析Es Akt在性成熟中华绒螯蟹各组织及幼体不同蜕壳时期不同部位肌肉组织中转录水平上表达量的变化。结果显示,Es Akt在性成熟个体的肝胰腺、眼柄、表皮、卵巢、精巢、心脏、螯足、鳃、三角膜等组织中均有表达,其中卵巢、眼柄和精巢中表达量较高,肝胰腺中表达量最低。在幼体不同蜕壳时期不同部位的肌肉中,Es Akt表达量变化不同,步行足肌肉组织中Es Akt m RNA无显著的统计学差异。腹部肌肉组织中Es Akt m RNA水平在蜕壳前晚期D3~D4期表达量显著高于蜕壳后A~B期和蜕皮间期C期。螯足肌肉在蜕壳前晚期D3~D4期急剧下调,蜕壳后A~B期开始表达量显著升高,直至蜕皮间期C期。研究表明,Es Akt在中华绒螯蟹蜕壳过程中不同部位肌肉组织中的表达量变化与蜕壳周期密切相关,说明Es Akt参与中华绒螯蟹蜕壳诱导的肌肉萎缩、生长及重建过程。     

土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内的药物代谢和消除规律

采用高效液相色谱法检测土霉素,研究土霉素口灌给药途径下在锯缘青蟹体内的药代动力学。锯缘青蟹口灌给药土霉素50 mg/kg后,其血浆、肌肉和肝胰脏中的药峰浓度分别为16.78±1.98 mg/L、9.39±2.12μg/g和32.12±6.12μg/g,达峰时间分别为4 h、8 h和4 h。血浆中土霉素浓度-时间关系曲线符合一级吸收的二室开放动力学模型。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内分布广泛,其表观分布容积(Vd)为2.129 L/kg;分布半衰期(t1/2α)和消除半衰期(t1/2β)分别为3.200 h和47.856 h,总体清除率(CLs)为0.063 mL/(kg.h)。肌肉和肝胰脏中土霉素浓度与时间关系的药动学参数采用统计矩原理分析,其消除半衰期(t1/2 z)分别为60.145 h和71.009 h,总体清除率(CLz)分别为0.054 g/(kg.h)和0.037 g/(kg.h)。土霉素在精巢和卵巢中达峰时间分别为8 h和12 h,峰浓度分别为9.83μg/g和10.26μg/g。给药后24 d时,血浆、肌肉、肝胰脏、精巢和卵巢中土霉素含量都已低于0.10μg/g。土霉素在锯缘青蟹体内消除比较缓慢。     

水温对氟苯尼考在中华绒螯蟹体内的药物代谢动力学影响

研究不同水温对氟苯尼考在中华绒螯蟹血淋巴、肌肉和肝脏组织中的代谢规律和组织分布的影响.在17℃和28℃水温下,以20 mg/kg剂量单次肌肉注射给药,于给药后不同时间点取各组织样品,氟苯尼考药物含量由高效液相色谱法测定.研究结果表明在两个温度下,血淋巴和肌肉组织中氟苯尼考含量瞬时达到峰值,而肝脏中氟苯尼考含量则随给药时间,呈先上升后下降的趋势.氟苯尼考在中华绒螯蟹体内代谢规律符合二室开放模型,吸收半衰期、消除半衰期、药时曲线下总面积均与温度呈负相关,而总体清除率与温度呈正相关.     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...