Identification of novel Trichoderma hamatum genes expressed during mycoparasitism

Trichoderma species are currently used as biocontrol agents for crop diseases caused by a number of fungal plant pathogens. However, their biocontrol performance in the field can be unreliable and it is likely that more consistent performance could be achieved through knowledge and manipulation of the genes involved. For example, induction of the genes could be optimised for variable environmental and physiological conditions, superior strains could be selected more effectively and novel st…     

Advances in biocontrol mechanism and application of Trichoderma spp. for plant diseases

Trichoderma spp.is a filamentous soil fungus known as an effective biocontrol agent of a range of important airborne and soilborne pathogens,it has universal distribution and economic importance.This article reviewed the researches on biocontrol mech- anism for plant diseases and application of Trichoderma spp.,especially Trichoderma harzianum in recent years.     

棘孢木霉可湿性粉剂研制及杀菌活性测定

以棘孢木霉分生孢子粉、发酵液冻干粉为有效成分制备混配杀菌剂。在测定助剂对棘孢木霉生物活性的基础上,利用正交试验设计法测定助剂对制剂性能的影响,进一步确定助剂种类和含量;通过机械粉碎法将棘孢木霉分生孢子粉、发酵液冻干粉与助剂混合配比加工成可湿性粉剂。室内离体试验法测定棘孢木霉分生孢子粉和发酵液冻干粉不同配比的制剂对油菜菌核病菌抑菌活性,获得最佳比例,并将其加工成可湿性粉剂。结果表明:棘孢木霉孢子粉和发酵液冻干粉可湿性粉剂最佳配比(质量比)为1∶1,润湿分散剂为1% Morwet EFW、5% TERWET 1010、5% Morwet D425、7%木质素磺酸钙;紫外保护剂为0.3%纳米氧化锌,以硅藻土为载体补足100%。该配方可湿性粉剂的孢子萌发率为88.57%,质量悬浮率达81.79%,孢子悬浮率80.12%,润湿时间10 s,平均粒径27 μm,符合商品制剂的标准。室内生物测定结果表明,不同混配比例制剂均有一定的增效作用,但该配比可湿性粉剂增效作用最为显著,其中1 600倍液对油菜菌核病菌防治效果比孢子粉、发酵液冻干粉单剂分别高21.67%和12.09%,抑制率范围为64.17%～88.67%。该制剂属于环境友好型绿色农药,为农林植物病害的生物防治提供了一种新生防材料。      

木霉L24菌株对小麦幼苗生长的影响

[目的]探索木霉L24菌株对小麦生长的影响。[方法]以小麦品种川育20为试材,采用木霉L24菌株分生孢子可湿性粉剂浸种和叶面喷施2种方式处理小麦,测定并比较小麦幼苗形态与生理生化的各项指标。[结果]木霉L24菌株浸种与喷施2种方式处理对小麦的根长、叶面积和苗高均有促进作用,可有效提高小麦过氧化物酶含量、叶绿素含量和根系活力,降低丙二醛（MDA）含量。其中,木霉L24菌株低浓度浸种处理有利于促进根系生长,低浓度喷施处理有利于增加苗高,而低浓度喷施和浸种处理则利于增加叶面积;喷施300倍处理的叶绿素含量最高（1.9455mg/g）;喷施500倍处理的根系活力最高;浸种300倍处理的POD活性最高（1.50×10-3U/g）;喷施高浓度处理更利于小麦MDA含量的降低。[结论]该试验证明了木霉菌对植物生长有促进作用。     

防治油菜菌核病的木霉和粘帚霉菌株筛选及生防的初报

2002年6月至12月中旬,用4批共200颗菌核作诱饵,分离到粘帚霉(Gliocladiumspp.)、木霉(Trichoderma spp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.)、青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、毛霉(Mucorspp.)、根霉(Rhizopusspp.)、曲霉(Aspergillus spp.)、腐霉(Pythiumspp.)和少量难鉴定菌株,共计171个菌株,其中粘帚霉80株、木霉55株,分别占46.8%和32.2%,在不同采样期内均为优势种群。所诱捕的木霉经鉴定分为7个种,哈茨木霉和康氏木霉出现较早,而黄绿木霉和拟康氏木霉出现较迟。通过测定所获得木霉菌株对核盘菌的拮抗作用,筛选出Tk1、Th2生防潜能较好的菌株。经离体叶片测定,Tk1和Th2对油菜菌核病的防治效果分别达90.6%和89.1%。     

Are mycoparasitism and chitinase production species or isolate dependent in Trichoderma ?

The relationship between taxonomic status of Trichoderma spp., chitinase production in solid substrate fermentation (SSF) on four media and mycoparasitism in dual culture (confrontation assay)against four plant pathogenic fungi was studied. Seventy five Trichoderma isolates belonging to 35species have been screened. The plant pathogenic fungi used in confrontation assay were Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi , Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . The SSF media contained wheat bran, crude chitin (from crab shells, SIGMA) and salt solutions. The best performing isolates in mycoparasitism tests were Trichoderma flavofuscum, T. harzianum, T.inhamatum, T. koningii and T. strigosum. Some isolates exhibiting good mycoparasitism produced chitinase in SSF only at low or medium level. In contrary there were isolates with excellent extracellular chitinase production but their biocontrol potential did not belong to the leading group.Statistical methods have been used to evaluate the data.……     

木霉生防菌对大豆幼苗的促生作用及对根腐病的防治效果

[目的]研究木霉菌对大豆幼苗的促生作用及对根腐病的防治效果。[方法]用6株木霉菌剂处理土壤进行盆栽试验,测定大豆植株的形态指标及根腐病的发生情况。[结果]供试木霉菌株均能促进大豆植株生长,其株高、茎粗、根长、干物质积累均比对照增加。木霉菌株制剂均可减轻根腐病的发生,当浓度为5×108个/g时,防效均在70%以上。不同菌株对大豆植株的促生和对根腐病的防治效果不同。[结论]木霉菌能促进大豆的生长和降低根腐病的发生。     

黄瓜苗病拮抗菌的筛选与活性测定

试验筛选出具有生物防治作用的3株细菌B2、B3、B9和1株真菌FT3（水霉菌）。它们对由立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctoniasolani)和瓜果腐霉菌（Pythium aphanidermatum)引起的苗病有较明显的防治效果,其中B9和FT3对由瓜果腐霉菌引起的苗病防治效果高达70％以上。B9和FT3在病菌接种量不高的条件下混合使用可表现出协同防病作用。化学农药福美双对生防细菌B9的防病功能有促进作用,但却抑制木霉菌的生物防治效果。     

Applications of Trichoderma formulations in crop protection

The choice of active Trichoderma strains is important in designing effective and safe biocontrol applications. Many species of Trichoderma have multiple strategies for fungal antagonism and indirect effects on plant health, such as growth promotion, systemic resistance induction and fertility improvements. Some strains are powerful antibiotic producers, and their suitability for use in biocontrol systems must be carefully assessed. However, many other active strains have no antibiotic cap…     

Mechanisms involved in biocontrol and plant induced resistance by richoderma. asperellum (T. harzianum T-203)

Growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by the use of chemical substances for plant disease control in agriculture has raised the need to study biological alternatives, such as activating the defense response of plant crops by inducers not toxic to the environment. Trichoderma spp. are effective biocontrol agents for a number of soilborne pathogens, and are also known for their ability to enhance plant growth and to induce systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. In our laborator…     

拮抗木霉菌的生防机制研究进展

从拮抗木霉菌的抑茵作用机理、诱导抗病性、促进植物生长等方面对木霉菌生防机制的研究进行了综述,并对其应用前景进行了概括。从生防功能的多样性来看,木霉菌是一种理想的生防菌株和难得的生防资源。     

木霉菌防治烟草黑胫病研究进展

黑胫病是烟草生产上的重要土传病害之一,广泛分布于各个烟草种植区。综述了利用木霉菌防治烟草黑胫病的菌株筛选、防治效果、拮抗机制的最新进展,为烟草黑胫病的生物防治提供了参考。     

哈茨木霉(Trichoerma harzianum)T23生防菌筛选及防治中药材根腐病的研究

研究表明,引起麦冬、丹参、川芎等中药材根腐病的主要病原种群是尖孢镰刀菌及腐皮镰刀菌．为了有效防治中药材根腐病,保护环境,提高品质和产量,通过不同生态区的土样采集,采取病原菌诱饵法及稀释平扳法分离菌株,经筛选、纯化得到抑菌拮抗效果达80％以上的哈茨木霉生防菌T23;不同剂量试验结果表明,施用哈茨木霉T23生物制剂7．5kg／hm^2效果最佳,田间防治麦冬、丹参、川芎等中药材根腐病效果达70％以上,显著优于50％多菌灵粉剂,比对照增产14．2％～24．5％．大面积防治中药材根腐病的防病增产效果与田间小区试验的一致．     

Construction of engineering Trichoderma strains and their characteristics against tomato gray mold

The transformed Trichoderma strains Ttrm31, Ttrm34 and Ttrm55 were obtained from Trichoderma wild strain T21 mutated by REMI technique for more effective biocontrol of tomato gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) with Trichoderma agent. Those transformants appeared much better in biocontrol activity in vitro or in vivo against tomato gray mold were better than that of wild strain T21. The main results were as follow: The transformed Trichoderma strains were detected in their genetic …     

拮抗木霉菌株T21发酵条件的研究

研究了拮抗木霉菌株T2 1的发酵条件 ,旨在用于木霉生防制剂的工业化生产。结果表明 :最适T2 1菌丝生长的发酵培养基为①、②和⑥号培养基 ;碳、氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨时 ,T2 1的生物量最高。以⑥号培养基为发酵培养基 ,在装瓶量 5 0ml、接种量 6%、初始pH值 5～ 7、温度 2 5℃、摇床转速 180r/min的条件下 ,培养 3～ 4d时 ,发酵液中的T2 1生物量最高。     

放线菌327~#代谢产物对木酶的抑制作用

为探索利用拮抗菌防治由木霉引起的食用菌病害,以对多种植物病原菌有抑制作用的放线菌327#为供试材料,研究其对木霉的抑制效果和作用方式,以及对白灵菇生长的影响。结果表明:放线菌327#无菌发酵滤液对木霉菌丝生长有较强的抑制作用,培养7d,含327#发酵滤液的琼脂周围木霉无法生长。琼脂扩散试验中,发酵滤液在含木霉孢子的平板上可形成直径(20±1)mm的抑菌圈,圈内木霉孢子萌发受到强烈抑制。浓度为10%的发酵滤液使木霉菌丝停止发育,不能形成孢子。而327#发酵滤液对白灵菇的生长影响较弱,培养7d,含327#滤液的琼脂周围白灵菇可生长。由此可见,拮抗放线菌327#的代谢产物对木霉有较强抑制作用,而对白灵菇的影响不大。     

Screening of Trichoderma strains tolerant to benzimidazole

The screening of isolates and the assay of biocontrol mechanisms of Trichoderma were studied systematically in laboratory and greenhouse in vivo. The proteins tolerant to benzimidazole in Trichoderma strains were purified, and their physical and chemical properties were detected. Compared their biological activities in vitro and vivo in greenhouse, nine biocontrol strains (including Ty-10-2,LTR-2,Tj-5-1,Tj-5-4,Ty-11-1,Tj-11-3,Ty-11-3,Tj-3-3-2,Tj-3-3-4) were screened. These bioco…     

大葱质量安全影响因素及监控研究进展

在种植、生长、储存与流通等环节中影响大葱质量的因素较多，如种质资源、环境因素、栽培状况、施肥状况、农药使用情况、病虫危害等。本文主要从大葱的质量指标、质量影响因素及安全性影响因素三方面进行综述，以期为确保大葱质量安全提供参考。     

木霉与土壤生态环境关系研究综述

木霉是土壤真菌中的重要群落,在植物根际分布非常广泛,是一种很有应用价值的植物生防菌。从土壤生态环境对木霉的影响和木霉对土壤的修复作用,对木霉与土壤生态环境的关系展开论述,并对土壤木霉的应用进行了展望。     

Genetic regulation of conidiation in Trichoderma hamatun

Achieving a balance between vegetative growth and spore production is essential for successful biocontrol by fungi. Low sporulation rates in the field can result in poor establishment and survival,whereas failure of conidia to recognise hosts can lead to persistence without efficacy. Commercial biocontrol products involve bulk preparations of conidia, however considerable variability in conidiation rates exists between biocontrol agents, which can restrict choice of strain for production. The majority of studies on Trichoderma conidiation have focused on the species T. viride and T. atroviride.These species form conidia in response to blue and near-UV light and/or nutrient deprivation and conidiation proceeds in a highly co-ordinated fashion, however relatively little is known on the genetic basis of Trichoderrma conidiation. In addition, whilst photoconidiation appears to be a general response detailed studies in other Trichoderma species are absent. In this study, conidiation in the lesser known biocontrol species T. hamatum is being investigated using a combined morphological and molecular approach. In contrast to T. atroviride, conidiation in response to blue-light was weaker and variable and suggested that additional triggers may be required for the T. hamatum photoresponse. A series of comparative photoconidiation assays are currently being undertaken investigating the effect of inoculum type and abiotic factors on timing and intensity of the response.Results will be discussed in relation to the current knowledge on conidial morphogenesis in Trichoderma. In addition to these morphological assays, a selection of genes implicated in sporulation and the blue-light responses are currently being isolated and characterised from T. hamatum. Two genes, phr1 and cmp1 , which were isolated previously from T. atroviride will be used as early and late markers of gene expression during the photoresponse in T. hamatum in order to define time points for harvesting comparable stage-specific RNA from T. hamatum and T. atroviride. Using degenerate PCR putative sporulation gene orthologues have also been identified in T. hamatum.Work is currently underway to isolate genomic clones of these genes from T. hamatum and T.atroviride. Sequence and expression analysis of orthologues, including expression in response to abiotic factors will be presented and discussed in relation to the current knowledge of the molecular basis of conidiation in Trichoderma and other filamentous fungi.……