利用C基因组DNA和C0t-1 DNA对药用野生稻、大颖野生稻基因组的比较分析

采用药用野生稻C基因组DNA及C0t-1 DNA为探针,分别对药用野生稻(CC)自身和大颖野生稻(CCDD)体细胞染色体进行了基因组原位杂交(GISH)和荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析。利用C基因组DNA探针进行分析显示,药用野生稻24条染色体都被杂交信号覆盖;而在大颖野生稻中可区分为24条CC型染色体(杂交信号较强)和24条DD型染色体(杂交信号较弱)。以C基因组C0t-1 DNA探针进行分析显示,在药用野生稻染色体的端粒、着丝粒、近着丝粒区域有很强的杂交信号,而大颖野生稻中也有24条染色体在这些区域红色杂交信号较强,另24条染色体的杂交信号很弱。表明利用C基因组DNA和C0t-1 DNA为探针的GISH和FISH技术,都能很好地将大颖野生稻C、D染色体组区分开,C和D基因组亲缘关系较远,二者具有不同起源。与药用野生稻C基因组相比,大颖野生稻C基因组出现了一些分化。这些都为研究大颖野生稻C和D染色体组起源,探讨异源四倍体进化机制奠定了基础。     

栽培稻、斑点野生稻、药用野生稻基因组比较分析

以栽培稻总DNA为探针,对栽培稻(AA)自身、斑点野生稻(BB)以及药用野生稻(CC)体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交(GISH),并以斑点野生稻总DNA为探针,对自身和药用野生稻体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交,以此研究A、B、C 3个基因组型之间的关系.结果显示,A、B、C基因组之间都存在较高的同源性,其中AA与CC之间的信号最强,BB基因组与AA基因组次之,BB基因组与CC基因组的信号最弱.说明A、B、C 3个基因组之间的亲缘关系,A与C最近,B与C最远.     

SSR标记在疣粒野生稻和普通栽培稻中的多态性研究

利用SSR标记分析了疣粒野生稻同栽培稻IR24间的遗传多样性,并对引物扩增条带类型进行了比较分析.结果表明,在所用的159对引物中共有153对引物检测到多态性位点,占总引物数的96.8%.在2个材料中共有848个位点扩增出条带,其中扩增条带片段大小相同的有67条,占总带数的7.9%.引物扩增多态性条带可以分为扩增条带片段大小不同、扩增条带数目不同和扩增条带强弱不同3种类型.说明在栽培稻中开发的SSR标记在疣粒野生稻中发生了很大的变异,不适宜进行遗传多样性分析,但仍可以应用于疣粒野生稻进行分子标记辅助选择.     

利用C基因组对高杆野生稻和宽叶野生稻基因组的比较分析

1材料与方法1．1植物材料和染色体制片药用野生稻稻株1589由广东省国家野生稻圃提供,宽叶野生稻IRW6和高杆野生稻IRW41由华南农业大学卢永根院士提供,试验材料情况见表1。染色体制片分别参照Yan等和Ren等的方法。     

疣粒野生稻保护、遗传特性及利用研究进展

疣粒野生稻(Oryza meyeriana Baill.)是稻属中保存较多原始性状特征的种类,对病害、虫害及非生物胁迫的抗性良好,尤其是高抗白叶枯病,蕴含大量优良基因,既可作为抗病、抗虫、耐旱和耐盐碱基因发掘及水稻育种的优良抗源材料,也可作为稻作高蛋白、高赖氨酸等改良稻米品质育种的优异种质资源;但疣粒野生稻(GG基因组)与栽培稻(AA基因组)亲缘关系较远,其遗传特性研究和发掘利用远落后于普通野生稻等其他野生稻.文章通过综述疣粒野生稻分类和命名、优异性状、遗传特性及其在水稻种质资源创新与利用等方面的研究进展,并探讨疣粒野生稻研究和利用过程中存在的困难,指出当前疣粒野生稻赖以生存的原生境不断遭到破坏,其生存形势已十分严峻,若现存的居群得不到有效保护,将会造成更多的资源流失;此外,疣粒野生稻基因组的复杂程度限制了其功能基因及基因家族的研究,同时增加了同源基因克隆的难度和准确度,致使疣粒野生稻有利基因的发掘和利用进程缓慢,以疣粒野生稻为亲本的育种研究非常有限.因此,今后要从以下3个方面加强疣粒野生稻研究:(1)重视疣粒野生稻的保护,加强保存、保护措施研究;(2)借助现代生物技术,包括第三代高通量测序技术、蛋白组学分析和代谢组学技术等开展疣粒野生稻优异性状调控机理研究,加强抗病、抗虫、耐旱及耐阴等功能基因的发掘.(3)加强疣粒野生稻杂交障碍和杂交后代不育研究,寻求克服杂交障碍及挽救杂交后代的方法,促进疣粒野生稻在水稻育种中的应用.     

利用C基因组对高杆野生稻和宽叶野生稻基因组的比较分析

[目的]采用基因组原位杂交（GISH）技术研究稻属2种CCDD基因组型的野生稻宽叶野生稻和高杆野生稻基因组之间的关系。[方法]利用药用野生稻C基因组总DNA为探针,分别对高杆野生稻和宽叶野生稻中期染色体进行基因组原住杂交。[结果]杂交结果显示,在一定的洗脱严谨度下,可以把CCDD染色体组中的C、D基因组染色体分开,并且发现高杆野生稻的CCDD基因组中的某些属于CC基因组的染色体与宽叶野生稻和药用野生稻中的CC基因组染色体存在较大差异,宽叶野生稻的基因组更加原始。[结论]对稻属中有相同基因组型的种进行比较分析,将有助于深入阐明植物基因组进化和物种进化及可能的途径。     

一氧化氮参与疣粒野生稻对水稻白叶枯病的抗性

疣粒野生稻高抗水稻白叶枯病,但是其具体的抗性机制目前仍不清楚。一氧化氮（nitric oxide,NO）是一种重要的信号分子,在植物的抗病反应中起到了重要的作用,然而对于NO是否参与疣粒野生稻对水稻白叶枯病的抗性目前仍缺乏研究。以抗病的疣粒野生稻和感病的水稻品种日本晴为材料,研究了接种白叶枯病菌对叶片病斑、NO含量、NO亚细胞定位和木质部超微结构的影响。结果表明,病菌侵染导致了日本晴叶片呈现枯黄色的干枯斑,疣粒野生稻叶片呈现褐色的凋亡斑,而且野生稻的病斑长度要明显短于日本晴的病斑长度。接种白叶枯病菌后日本晴叶片内NO含量未见明显的变化,而野生稻叶片内NO含量则显著升高,并且大部分的NO定位于导管细胞壁内。进一步通过电镜观察,发现病菌侵染诱导了野生稻叶片导管细胞壁厚度的明显增加。基于这些结果,推测NO参与了疣粒野生稻对白叶枯病的抗性,其功能可能包括诱导导管细胞壁增厚,从而抑制病菌的进一步侵染。     

来源于疣粒野生稻浙粳70的特性及栽培要点

浙粳70系晚粳密穗型水稻品种,具有产量高、抗性好、品质优、栽培容易等特点。亲本ZH0997来源于疣粒野生稻,组合为Y73/宁67/宁67///嘉花1号////嘉花1号,其中Y73是通过疣粒野生稻与栽培稻体细胞杂交选育而成,含高抗白叶枯病基因;另一亲本为秀水134。浙粳70适宜在浙江省作单季晚稻品种推广种植,栽培要点为因地制宜适期播种,降低大田用种量,增施磷、钾肥,控制高节位分蘖,适当延迟收获。     

Comparative Analysis of Genomes in Oryza sativa, O.officinalis, and O. meyeriana with C0t-1 DNA and Genomic DNA of Cultivated Rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of C0t-1 DNA and genomic DNA from the cultivated rice. The coverage percentage (%) and size (Mb) of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ±0.16, 38.61 ±0.13, 44.38±0.13, and 212.33± 1.21,269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56± 1.68 Mb, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0, 93.6% and 634, 1 123 Mb, respectively, in which 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were from O. sativa genomic DNA, but not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncoverage genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of C0t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during evolution. The repetitive sequences reduplication may be one of the important causes of the genome enlargement of O. officinalis and O. meyeriana, and O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly when compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were formed by reduplication, rearrangement, and gene selective loss during the evolution process.     

Comparative analysis of genomes in Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana with C 0 t-1 DNA and genomic DNA of cultivated rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) were applied to somatic chromosome preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of C ₀ t-1 DNA and genomic DNA from cultivated rice. The coverage percentage (%) and size (Mb) of C ₀ t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ± 0.16, 38.61 ± 0.13, 44.38 ± 0.13 and 212.33 ± 1.21, 269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56 ± 1.68, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of probe signals with genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0%, 93.6% and 634 Mb, 1 123 Mb respectively, in which there were 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana which came from O. sativa genomic DNA not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncovered genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana was 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of C ₀ t-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during the evolution process. The repetitive sequence reduplication might be one of the important causes of genome enlargement in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana; the O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana formed by reduplication, rearrangement and gene selective loss during the evolution process. Translated from Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2006, 39(6): 1083–1090 [译自: 中国农业科学]     

Comparative Analysis of Genomes in Oryza sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana with Cot- 1 DNA and Genomic DNA of Cultivated Rice

Fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） and comparative genomic hybridization （CGH） were applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana with labeled probes of Cot-1 DNA and genomic DNA＇from the cultivated rice. The coverage percentage （%） and size （Mb） of Cot-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana were 47.1 ±0.16, 38.61 ±0.13, 44.38＋_0.13, and 212.33 ± 1.21,269.42 ± 0.89, 532.56± 1.68 Mb, respectively. The coverage percentage and size of genomic DNA from O. sativa in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 91.0, 93.6% and 634, 1 123 Mb, respectively, in which 365 and 591 Mb in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were from O. sativa genomic DNA, but not from repetitive sequences of O. sativa, and the uncoverage genome size in O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were 64 and 78 Mb, respectively. In addition, karyotype analysis was conducted based on the signal bands of Cot-1 DNA in O. sativa, O. officinalis, and O. meyeriana. The results showed that highly and moderately repetitive sequences in Oryza genus were conserved as the functional genes during evolution. The repetitive sequences reduplication may be one of the important causes of the genome enlargement of O. officinalis and O. meyeriana, and O. officinalis genome enlarged more slowly when compared with O. meyeriana. Based on the above results, it is concluded that O. officinalis and O. meyeriana were formed by reduplication, rearrangement, and gene selective loss during the evolution process.     

Comparative karyotypic analysis of A and C genomes in the genus Oryza with C 0 t-1 DNA and RFLP

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to somatic chromosomes preparations of Oryza sativa L. (AA), O. glaberrima (AA), and O. officinalis Wall. (CC) with a labeled probe of C ₀ t-1 DNA. Genomic in situ hybridization to its own chromosomes (self-GISH) was conducted in a control experiment. The homologous chromosomes showed similar signal bands probed by C ₀ t-1 DNA, while karyotypic analysis of chromosomes between A genome in the two cultivated species and C genome in O. officinalis were conducted based on the band patterns. The ideograms with C ₀ t-1 DNA signal bands were also built. The nonuniform distribution of hybridization signals of C ₀ t-1 DNA from O. sativa and that on its own chromosome of O. officinalis were observed. However, the similarity and correspondence between C ₀ t-1 DNA signal patterns and genomic DNA signal patterns indicated that the self-GISH signals actually resulted from the hybridization of genomic repetitive sequences to the chromosomes. The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker, R2676, from the chromosome 8 of O. sativa and O. officinalis, was used as a probe to somatic hybrid on chromosomes for comparative karyotypic analysis between O. glaberrima and O. officinalis. The results showed that R2676 was located on the short arm of chromosome 7 in O. officinalis and chromosome 4 in O. glaberrima. The percentage distances from the centromere to hybridization sites were 91.56±5.62 and 86.20±3.17. Our results revealed that the relative length of O. officinalis chromosome 8 does not follow conventional chromosome length in descending order of number. C ₀ t-1 DNA of A genome signals were detected in the end of the short arm of O. officinalis chromosome 8, indicating that the highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences in this region were considerably similar between C and A genomes. However, the fluorescence intensity on the chromosomes of C ₀ t-1 DNA of A genome was less than that of its own C genome from O. officinalis, which would be one of the causes for the fact that highly and moderately repetitive DNA sequences were amplified in O. officinalis. No homology signal of C ₀ t-1 DNA from O. sativa was detected in the end of the long arm of O. glaberrima, indicating that repetitive DNA sequences of A genome in two cultivated rice were lost in the evolutional history. In this paper, using comparative karyotypic analysis of RFLP combined C ₀ t-1 DNA signal bands, the evolutionary mechanism of genome in genus Oryza was also discussed.     

低温胁迫下水稻基因组DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

[目的]研究低温胁迫对水稻幼苗DNA甲基化水平及模式变化。[方法]以水稻幼苗为材料,利用66个不同的引物组合对来自对照(CK)、4℃低温胁迫1 d(T_1)、4℃低温胁迫2 d(T_2)、4℃低温胁迫3 d(T_3)和恢复2 d(T_4)的水稻DNA样品进行甲基化敏感扩增多态性(MSAP)分析,探讨低温胁迫和恢复后,DNA的甲基化水平及模式变化。[结果]甲基化水平分析表明,CK、T_1、T_2、T_3处理样本中总甲基化率分别为37.19%、33.79%、33.67%和32.67%。进一步分析表明低温胁迫处理导致水稻DNA总甲基化水平降低,然而恢复处理组(T_4)减缓了这种趋势。[结论]水稻基因组部分位点的甲基化可能参与了水稻对低温胁迫的响应。     

利用栽培稻基因组DNA对非洲野生稻进行染色体荧光原位杂交分析

以地高辛标记的栽培稻基因组(基因组为AA)DNA为探针,对非洲野生稻(基因组为BBCC)的体细胞染色体进行荧光原位杂交分析,研究AA染色体组和BBCC染色体组之间的关系,同时对杂交后的染色体进行同源染色体配对。结果表明:栽培稻A基因组和非洲野生稻基因组有较高的同源性,其中高度重复DNA序列在栽培稻和非洲野生稻间具有保守性。     

水稻ISA1基因的克隆与分析(英文)

[目的]克隆水稻ISA1基因,分析ISA1基因在不同组织和不同灌浆期胚乳中的表达情况。[方法]以粳稻品种日本晴为试验材料,胚乳总RNA提取参照Bioteke公司植物多糖多酚总RNA提取试剂盒说明书,用琼脂糖凝胶和Nano-drop检测RNA纯度和浓度。完整性和纯度较好的RNA样品逆转录合成cDNA第1链。根据已发表的水稻ISA1基因序列设计引物IsoaF1和IsoaR1,用于扩增包含全长ORF在内的ISA1cDNA序列。利用TakaraLAPCR试剂在25μl的体系中进行PCR反应。目标片段经切胶回收后连接到pGEM-Teasy载体,转化后进行测序鉴定。利用DNAstar进行序列分析和同源性比对,基因结构与染色体定位分析采用Gramene数据库,核酸和蛋白质序列BLAST检索采用NCBI数据库。利用ClustalW比对和NJ方法在MEGA4中构建系统进化树。利用半定量RT-PCR分析ISA1基因在水稻不同组织(叶、根、茎和胚乳)以及在不同灌浆期胚乳(灌浆3～24d)中的表达情况。[结果]水稻淀粉去分支酶1cDNA序列ORF编码811个氨基酸残基ISA1基因位于第8号染色体,由18个外显子组成;同源性比较和系统进化树分析表明,水稻ISA1基因与其他物种已发表的ISA1基因核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分别在66.8%～83.0%和69.0%～82.5%,且与大麦、小麦等物种亲缘关系最近;半定量RT-PCR分析表明,ISA1基因在叶、根、茎中不表达,在灌浆期12d胚乳中的表达量最大。[结论]该研究结果为进一步研究ISA1基因的表达和调控机制奠定了基础。     

水稻ISA1基因的克隆与分析

[目的]克隆水稻ISA1基因,分析ISA1基因在不同组织和不同灌浆期胚乳中的表达情况。[方法]以粳稻品种日本晴为试验材料,采用半定量RT-PCR技术分析ISA1基因在不同组织和不同灌浆期胚乳中的表达情况。[结果]水稻淀粉去分支酶1cDNA序列ORF编码811个氨基酸残基;同源性比较和系统进化树分析表明,水稻ISA1基因与其他物种已发表的ISA1基因核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列的同源性分别在66.8%～83.0%和69.0%～83.3%,且与大麦、小麦等物种亲缘关系最近;半定量RT-PCR分析表明,ISA1基因在叶、根、茎中不表达,在灌浆期12d胚乳中的表达量最大。[结论]该研究结果为进一步研究ISA1基因的表达和调控机制奠定了基础。