多不饱和脂肪酸研究及植物育种策略

多不饱和脂肪酸既具有重要的生理功能，又有食用和药用价值。通过介绍多不饱和脂肪酸的生物功能和可利用的生物资源，提出遗传改良油料作物多不饱和脂肪酸的育种策略。     

Effect of marine polyunsaturated fatty acids on biofilm formation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis

The effect of marine polyunsaturated fatty acids on biofilm formation by the human pathogens Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis was investigated. It was found that stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) have an inhibitory effect on mitochondrial metabolism of both C. albicans and C. dubliniensis and that the production of biofilm biomass by C. dubliniensis was more susceptible to these fatty acids than C. albicans. Ultrastructural differences, which may be due to increased oxidative stress, were observed between treated and untreated cells of C. albicans and C. dubliniensis with formation of rough cell walls by both species and fibrillar structures in C. dubliniensis. These results indicate that marine polyunsaturated fatty acids may be useful in the treatment and/or prevention of biofilms formed by these pathogenic yeasts.     

Novel seed oil types of Ethiopian mustard with high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids

Oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid have important industrial applications, both as drying oils in the manufacture of paints and coatings as well as in formulation of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. However, no oil types with high levels of polyunsaturation have been developed so far in Brassica oilseed crops. The objective of the present research was to select for high levels of linoleic acid and linolenic acid in Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun). Selection started from the F₃ (S₀) seed generation of crosses involving the high oleic acid, high erucic acid line N2-3591, the low linolenic, high erucic acid line HF-186, and the zero erucic acid line 25X-1. The analysis of individual S₀ seeds showed ranges of variation with maximum levels of 68.9% linoleic acid and 36.4% linolenic acid. Selection for increased levels of linoleic acid resulted in a S_1:2 high linoleic acid line BC-HL that showed average linoleic acid contents of 62.5%, 58.3%, and 59.6%, respectively in three contrasting environments, compared to 47.8%, 45.8%, and 52.1%, respectively in a high linoleic acid check line. Selection for increased levels of linolenic acid resulted in a S_1:2 high linolenic acid line BC-HLN that showed average linolenic acid contents of 27.1%, 25.8%, and 26.3%, respectively in the mentioned environments, compared to 23.9%, 21.2%, and 19.4%, respectively in a high linolenic acid check line. Both lines developed in the present research possess novel fatty acid profiles not available so far in Brassica oilseed crops and they may contribute to broaden the potential of Brassica oils for industrial applications.     

油用亚麻种质间各脂肪酸含量差异的相关分析

本试验利用气相色谱法测定了不同亚麻酸含量的油用亚麻品种(系)和杂交后代的籽粒各种脂肪酸含量,并且对各种种质的脂肪酸含量相关关系进行了分析,发现在亚麻酸含量差异大的（含突变基因的材料）种质间亚麻酸与亚油酸的相关系数较稳定（ r=-0.9911±0.0036）,亚麻酸与油酸的相关系数为r=0.7808±0.0502,这种显著的相关关系可以用于育种工作中的间接选择。在我国普通型的遗传基础稳定的普通亚麻品种（系）间或仅在突变型品系间进行相关分析,18碳不饱和脂肪酸含量的相关系数均不显著。     

Functional characteristic and application of omega-3

Omega-3 is a group of polyunsaturated fatty acids,which are important substances in human cells and cannot be synthesized in the human body which must be taken from the outside.The definition and physiological functions of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids(UFAs)were simply introduced in this paper.Application and significant development of omega-3 UFAs in domestic and foreign functional food were reviewed.The application prospect of omega-3 UFAs will be helpful to the development and utilization of omega-3.     

反式脂肪酸检测方法研究与应用

研究了甲醇钠-甲醇、氢氧化钾-甲醇、浓硫酸-甲醇和三氟化硼-甲醇4种甲酯化试剂的浓度、用量及甲酯化时间和温度对反式脂肪酸检测的影响,优化了色谱条件,建立了以三氟化硼-甲醇法甲酯化,RT-2560（100m×0.25mm×0.2μm）毛细管柱为基础的反式脂肪酸气相色谱检测方法,C18:1-9t,C18:1-11t,C18:2-9t,12t和C22:1-13t 4种反式脂肪酸的最小检出浓度在0.77-4.08 mg/kg之间。4种反式脂肪酸不同添标浓度回收率为98.44-101.23%,重复测定的相对标准差在0.22%-1.31%之间,有较好的准确度和重现性。应用该方法检测了武汉部分小型市场散装食用植物油和一些餐馆的废弃油脂,以所含脂肪为基准,其反式脂肪酸含量分别为：0.12%-0.25%、3.63%-6.58%。表明天然食用植物油中反式脂肪酸含量较低,但油脂在高温加工过程中会产生反式脂肪酸。     

脂质伴随物对多不饱和脂肪酸乳液稳定性的影响研究进展

α-亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸、二十碳五烯酸以及n-6 PUFA亚油酸等多不饱和脂肪酸（PUFA）对人体具有显著的健康功效,目前被广泛应用于在食品、医药等领域。但是含有PUFA的油脂极易被氧化,且具有强疏水性,因此其应用受到一定限制。乳液递送体系是一种经典的脂质载体,现已被应用于高生物利用率的PUFA产品的研究与开发中。脂质伴随物是来源于油脂的天然植物化合物,主要包括多酚、植物甾醇、磷脂、脂溶性维生素等。研究表明,将一定量的脂质伴随物添加入乳液体系中能够有效改善体系的稳定性。基于此,本文主要归纳总结了极性多酚类化合物、双亲性植物甾醇及磷脂、非极性维生素等脂质伴随物对乳液稳定性的影响及潜在的作用机制,并针对研究中存在的科学问题以及发展方向进行了分析和展望。     

花生抗网斑病品种筛选及抗病性与产量损失的关系

花生茎点霉（Phoma arachidicola Marasas Pauer & Boerema）引起的花生网斑病在生产上普遍流行、危害严重,2018-2019年通过2年的田间接种试验对国内65份花生种质资源网斑病抗性进行测评。以采自山东莱西的病原菌菌株Wb2制备105/mL的孢子悬浮液喷洒于花生叶片表面进行接种,对照区喷施50%咯菌腈WP防治花生网斑病菌。结果表明,65份种质中,抗病（resistant,R）资源8份,占鉴定资源总数的12.3%;中度抗病（moderately resistant,MR）资源9份,占比13.8%;感病（susceptible,S）资源37份,占比56.9%;高度感病（high susceptible,HS）资源11份,占比16.9%。测定抗病性不同资源产量损失差异,结果表明,花生网斑病菌对花生产量影响显著,产量损失率随抗病性的降低而升高。本研究为花生抗网斑病育种提供抗源材料,并为病害产量损失评估提供理论依据。     

Evaluation of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids, in combination with alkanes, as markers in the estimation of the composition of four herbages in mixtures

The objective of the study was to assess if long-chain alcohols (alcohols) and long-chain fatty acids (acids), along with long-chain alkanes, could be useful as markers in estimating the composition of mixtures containing herbages found in the Inner Mongolia typical steppe in China. Four herbage species, Stipa daicalensis , Stipa grandis , Artemisia frigid and Cleistogenes squarrosa , were collected during the growing season to characterize the alcohol and acid profiles of these herbages. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine between-species differences in terms of their patterns of alcohols, acids and alkanes. Results confirmed earlier studies that alcohols and acids with even-numbered carbon chains were predominant and the total concentrations of alcohols or acids were generally higher than those obtained for alkanes. The results of PCA indicated that different marker types provided different discriminatory information. Alcohols and alkanes provided complementary discriminatory information, resulting in the clearest separation between the four species analysed. In choosing which markers to use, the results indicate that using more marker types does not always imply better estimates of the composition of mixtures .     

红花茶油和白花茶油脂肪酸组成及其在乡村振兴中开发应用

用气相色谱法分析了红花茶油和白花茶油的脂肪酸含量,在两种茶油中共检出38种脂肪酸类化合物,其中含量最高的十八碳烯酸,在红花茶油和白花茶油中分别占总峰面积的84.5%和79.5%;其次是十六烷酸,分别占总峰面积的7.58%和8.59%;两种茶油中含量最高的4种脂肪酸分别是十八碳烯酸、十六烷酸、亚油酸和十八烷酸,其总含量分别占所有脂肪酸总峰面积的98.28%和98.65%。红花茶油和白花茶油的不饱和脂肪酸含量分别达到89%以上。同时讨论了如何利用茶油的特殊化学组成为乡村振兴服务。     

Effects of a stay-green trait on the concentrations and stability of fatty acids in perennial ryegrass

Abstract Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of a stay‐green trait in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) on concentrations of fatty acids as well as their susceptibility to peroxidation during wilting and to biohydrogenation by rumen bacteria. Fatty acid concentrations were recorded in stay‐green and corresponding normal perennial ryegrass selection lines over eight cuts during 1998. There was a progressive increase in total fatty acid concentrations [from 20·8 to 34·6 g kg^?1 dry matter (DM)] and the proportion of fatty acids as α‐linolenic acid (from 0·62 to 0·70 g g^?1) from early to late season. A second study compared fatty acid concentrations in stay‐green and normal herbage that was wilted for up to 48 h. There was a loss of 0·2–0·3 g g^?1 fatty acids during 48 h of wilting and a small reduction in the rate of loss of α‐linolenic acid in stay‐green perennial ryegrass compared with normal herbage (0·223 vs. 0·290 g g^?1 lost after 48 h). Stay‐green and normal perennial ryegrasses were offered to grazing lambs in a third study. Higher concentrations of trans‐vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acid in plasma from lambs offered less mature grass in the pre‐experimental period than during the experiment are considered to reflect a greater supply of precursor (linoleic acid). There were higher concentrations of conjugated linoleic (0·0070 vs. 0·0039 g l^?1) and linoleic (0·092 vs. 0·070 g l^?1) acids, without an increase in trans‐vaccenic acid, in plasma from lambs grazing stay‐green perennial ryegrass than normal perennial ryegrass. This suggests that the stay‐green trait affected the rate of degradation of fatty acids in the rumen. These results demonstrate the potential for obtaining proportionately large differences in fatty acid profiles of ruminant products by altering grassland management.     

植物甾醇脂肪酸酯酶法合成及热力学特性研究进展

植物甾醇脂肪酸酯作为一种降胆固醇的有效成分而受到人们的重视。文章详细介绍了国内外酶催化合成植物甾醇脂肪酸酯的研究进展，同时介绍了植物甾醇脂肪酸酯的热力学行为，为开发添加植物甾醇酯的功能性食品提供理论依据。     

Effects of soybean genotype and growing location on oil and fatty acids in tofu

Soyfood products like tofu are becoming popular among American consumers due to health benefits. In order to increase production to meet consumer demands, it is imperative that factors that effect quantity and quality of tofu be characterized. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of soybean genotypes and growing locations on contents of oil and fatty acids in tofu which was prepared from twelve soybean genotypes (BARC-8, BARC-9, Enrei, Hutcheson, MD86-5788, Nakasennari, S90-1056, Suzuyutaka, V71-370, V81-1603, Ware, and York) grown at three southern U.S. locations (Huntsville, Alabama; Princess Anne, Maryland; and Petersburg, Virginia) during 1995. The results showed that tofu quality was determined by the soybean genotype. The tofu made from seeds of high seed-protein and low seed-oil genotypes (BARC-8 and BARC-9) resulted in tofu with low contents of oil (15.8 and 11.3 g/100g, respectively) and total saturated fatty acids (2.59 and 160 g/100g, respectively). Tofu made from seeds of conventional grain type genotypes, such as Hutcheson, resulted in higher oil (24.0 g/100g) and total saturated fatty acids (3.80 g/100g) contents in tofu. Effects of growing environment on contents of oil were not significant but tofu made from seeds grown in Alabama had significantly higher content of total saturated fatty acids (3.50 g/100g) as compared to that made from seeds grown in Maryland (2.88 g/100g) or Virginia (2.96 g/100g). Tofu made from seeds of large and medium-seeded genotypes had higher contents of total monounsaturated fatty acids in tofu as compared to that made from small-seeded genotypes. Highly positive correlation existed between contents of oil, 18:1, 18:2, total saturated, and total unsaturated fatty acids in the seeds and their contents in the tofu (+0.80, +0.75, +0.79, +0.62, +0.68, respectively). These results indicated that tofu quality is governed by soybean genotype, seed size and growing location.     

Seasonal changes of lipids and fatty acids in two varieties of Avocado pear fruits

The study of the lipid content of two varieties of Avocado pear (Fuerte andDeuke), cultivated in Egypt, revealed marked increase during fruit growth and development. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acids of the lipids were determined by gas-liquid chromatography; the results obtained showed that the total unsaturated fatty acids (particularly oleic acid) increased during fruit growth and reached its maximum at the maturity stage in both varieties i.e. after 32 and 16 weeks for Fuerte and Deuke respectively.

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Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung des Lipidgehaltes zweier in Ägypten kultivierter Avocado-Birnen-Arten (Fuerte undDeuke) ergab während der Fruchtentwicklung einen merklichen Anstieg. Die gesättigten und ungesättigten Fettsäuren des Lipids wurden gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren, insbesondere Ölsäure, während der Fruchtentwicklung zunimmt und für Fuerte und Deuke sein Maximum nach 32 bzw. 16 Wochen erreicht.

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Résumé L'étude du taux des lipides de deux variétés de fruits d'Avocado (Fuerte etDeuke) cultivés in Egypte, révèle une augmentation marquée durant le développement et la maturation des fruits. Les acides gras saturés et non saturés du lipide ont été déterminés par la chromatographie gas liquide. Les résultats obtenus montrent une augmentation de tous les acides gras non saturés (particulièrement l'acide oleic) surtout pendant du developpement des fruits et atteint son maximum au stage de maturation dans les deux variétés viz. après 32 et 16 semaines pour les variétésFuerte et Deuke respectivement.

     

甘蓝型油菜抗倒性评价及抗倒性与株型结构的关系

以一批抗倒伏和易倒伏的甘蓝型油菜进行田间试验，研究甘蓝型油菜抗倒性评价指标及抗倒性与株型结构关系。结果表明，成熟期田间测定抗拉力可反映出品种的抗根倒能力，成熟期根重及根颈粗与品种的抗根倒能力也有密切关系。成熟期室内测定的茎秆抗折力矩可反映出品种抗茎倒能力，茎重，尤其是茎干重/茎秆长也能反映品种茎秆的抗倒能力。株高、茎秆重心高度/株高等形态指标与品种抗倒性有密切关系。株高、分枝点高/株高适中、重心高度/株高较小、分枝数适中、角果分布均匀、株型为紧凑型的品种较抗倒伏，单株生产力也较高，是理想的抗倒株型。     

Effects of extended wilting, shading and chemical additives on the fatty acids in laboratory grass silages

This work investigated the range of fatty acid concentrations in grass silages made from the regrowth of perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne using different techniques involving combinations of shading of the crop before cutting, wilting and the use of chemical additives. The effects of the different silage additives on overall fermentation were large, with many of the formic acid and formalin-treated silages having a very restricted fermentation. Nonetheless, effects on levels and proportions of fatty acids were numerically small. The major differences between silages were generated during field operations (shading and wilting), with little further changes in fatty acids within the silage clamp. The extended wilt had the most dramatic effect on fatty acids with a marked reduction in both total fatty acids (24·6 vs. 17·5 g kg⁻¹ dry matter; s.e.d. = 0·65, P  < 0·001) as well as in the proportion of total fatty acids as α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n -3; 0·55 vs. 0·48; s.e.d. = 0·013, P  < 0·01). Shading the grass with a black plastic sheet for 24 h before cutting had a similar effect.     

Distribution of unsaturated fatty acids in oil from olives grown in Israel

Summary Forty samples of crude oil pressed from locally-grown olives were analysed spectrophotometrically after alkali isomerisation. Oleic, linoleic, linolenic and total saturated fatty acid contents are reported. The fact that olive oil may contain appreciable amounts of linolenic acid is stressed and a quantitative correlation between the latter and oleic acid established.

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Zusammenfassung Aus vierzig Proben von Oliven lokaler Herkunft wurde das Öl ausgepresst und nach alkalischer Isomerierung spektrophotometrisch untersucht. Durchschnittliche Gehaltsangaben für Ölsäure, Linol- und Linolensäure wie auch für die gesamten gesättigten Fettsäuren werden angeführt. Es wurde festgestellt, daß Olivenöl beachtliche Mengen an Linolensäure enthalten kann. Das Vorhandensein einer statistisch einwandfreien negativen Korrelation zwischen dem Gehalt des Olivenöls an Linolen- und an Ölsäure wird unterstrichen.

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Résumé L'huile pressée de quarante échantillons d'olives de provenance locale a été examinée spectrophotométriquement après isomérisation alcaline. Les concentrations moyennes d'acide oléique, d'acide linoléique et d'acide linolénique ainsi que des acides gras saturés sont indiquées. Il a été trouvé que l'huiled' olives peut contenir des quantités considérables d'acide linolénique. Une corrélation négative significative entre l'acide oléique et l'acide linolénique a été établie.

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with 1 fig.

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Eng.E. J. Better, pioneer of oil research in Israel, passed away while these experiments were in progress.     

Factors affecting the relationship between tuber size and dry-matter content

Two experiments are reported which examined the effect of various treatments on the relationship between tuber dry-matter content and tuber size using 0.25 inch size grade increments. The data were analyzed by an orthogonal polynomial technique and it was found that the relationship was of a quadratic nature in all cases. Significant treatment differences were found between planting densities, row widths and varieties. At small tuber sizes treatments with high stem densities produced tubers with a higher dry-matter content than tubers from low stem densities. At larger tuber sizes the dry-matter content of tubers from high densities declined most rapidly. The treatment differences at small tuber sizes were generally explained by the rates of water use by the crop and it is suggested that the decline in tuber dry-matter content at large tuber sizes may be a result of a moisture sress induced change from starch to sugar in parts of the tuber. The implications of these findings are discussed. The type of relationship found would indicate that the production of large tubers does not necessarily result in high dry-matter content. It is clearly essential to use very closely graded sizes of tuber when examining treatment effects on factors such as dry-matter content.