Distribution of hydrogen in the near surface of Mars: evidence for subsurface ice deposits

Using the Gamma-Ray Spectrometer on the Mars Odyssey, we have identified two regions near the poles that are enriched in hydrogen. The data indicate the presence of a subsurface layer enriched in hydrogen overlain by a hydrogen-poor layer. The thickness of the upper layer decreases with decreasing distance to the pole, ranging from a column density of about 150 grams per square centimeter at -42 degrees latitude to about 40 grams per square centimeter at -77 degrees. The hydrogen-rich regions correlate with regions of predicted ice stability. We suggest that the host of the hydrogen in the subsurface layer is ice, which constitutes 35 +/- 15% of the layer by weight.     

Evidence for the exposure of water ice on Titan's surface

The smoggy stratosphere of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, veils its surface from view, except at narrow wavelengths centered at 0.83, 0.94, 1.07, 1.28, 1.58, 2.0, 2.9, and 5.0 micrometers. We derived a spectrum of Titan's surface within these "windows" and detected features characteristic of water ice. Therefore, despite the hundreds of meters of organic liquids and solids hypothesized to exist on Titan's surface, its icy bedrock lies extensively exposed.     

Rapid changes in tree leaf chemistry induced by damage: evidence for communication between plants

Potted poplar ramets showed increased concentrations and rates of synthesis of phenolic compounds within 52 hours of having 7 percent of their leaf area removed by tearing, as did undamaged plants sharing the same enclosure. Damaged sugar maple seedlings responded in a manner similar to that of the damaged poplars. Nearby undamaged maples had increased levels of phenolics and hydrolyzable and condensed tannin within 36 hours, but exhibited no change in rates of synthesis. An airborne cue originating in damaged tissues may stimulate biochemical changes in neighboring plants that could influence the feeding and growth of phytophagous insects.     

Holocene changes in sea level: evidence in micronesia

Investigation of 33 islands, scattered widely across the Caroline and Marshall Island groups in the Central Pacific revealed no emerged reefs in which corals had unquestionably formed in situ, or other direct evidence of postglacial high stands of sea level. Low unconsolidated rock terraces and ridges of reefflat islands, mostly lying between tide levels, were composed of rubble conglomerates; carbon-14 dating of 11 samples from the conglomerates so far may suggest a former slightly higher sea level (nine samples range between 1890 and 3450 and one approaches 4500 years ago). However, recent hurricanes have produced ridges of comparable height and material, and in the same areas relics from World War II have been found cemented in place. Thus these datings do not in themselves necessarily indicate formerly higher sea levels. Rubble tracts are produced by storms under present conditions without any change in datum, and there seems to be no compelling evidence that they were not so developed during various periods in the past.     

Rapid immunological induction of murine lymphomas: evidence for a viral etiology

A graft-versus-host reaction induced in (SJL/J x C57BL/1)F(1) hybrid mice by injection of SJL/J spleen cells resulted in 100 percent incidence of tumors at 40 days. Transplantation studies revealed that the tumors were antigenically C57BL/1. Since both SJL/J and C57BL/1 mice carry tumorigenic virus, the evidence suggests a viral etiology.     

Lunar surface: changes in 31 months and micrometeoroid flux

Comparison of pictures of the lunar surface taken 31 months apart by Surveyor 3 and Apollo 12 show only one change in the areas disturbed by Surveyor: a 2-millimeter particle, in a footpad imprint, that may have fallen in from the rim or been kicked in by an approaching astronaut. Vertical walls 6 centimeters high did not collapse and dark ejecta remained dark. No meteorite craters as large as 1.5 millimeters in diameter were seen on a smooth soil surface 20 centimeters in diameter; this indicates a micrometeoroid flux lower than 4 x 10(-7) micrometeoroids per square meter-second at an energy equivalent to about 3 x 10(-8) gram at 20 kilometers per second. This flux is near the lower limit of previous determinations.     

Rapid and recent changes in fungal fruiting patterns

Information on responses of higher organisms to climate change is dominated by events in spring. Far less is known about autumnal events and virtually nothing about communities of microorganisms. We analyzed autumnal fruiting patterns of macrofungi over the past 56 years and found that average first fruiting date of 315 species is earlier, while last fruiting date is later. Fruiting of mycorrhizal species that associate with both deciduous and coniferous trees is delayed in deciduous, but not in coniferous, forests. Many species are now fruiting twice a year, indicating increased mycelial activity and possibly greater decay rates in ecosystems.     

4-6月东太平洋赤道公海鸢乌贼生物学特性初步研究

根据2013年4-6月在赤道公海探捕期间采集的539尾鸢乌贼样本,对赤道公海鸢乌贼的生物学进行了研究。结果表明,样本的胴长范围为137~338 mm,优势胴长组为160~220 mm,占样本总数的81.45%;样本的体重范围为95~1300 g,优势体重组为150~450 g,占样本总数的80.67%。不同月份鸢乌贼的胴长和体重组成不同,随着月份的增加优势胴长和优势体重逐渐增加。鸢乌贼体型瘦小,净重比例介于40.57%~87.76%之间,平均为59.43%;回归分析表明鸢乌贼的胴长与体重、胴长与净重的生长分别最适合用幂函数和指数函数表示。样本的雌、雄比例为76∶1,并且主要由性成熟个体组成,Ⅲ期及以上样本占全部样本的比例为68.83%;不同月份,鸢乌贼的性腺成熟度组成不同,随着月份的增加,样本日渐成熟。样本胃饱满度以0~2级为主,占样本总数的89.42%,胃含物主要由鱿鱼类、甲壳类和仔鱼组成。     

Luna 9 photographs: evidence for a fragmental surface layer

The morphological features of the lunar surface photographed by Luna 9 indicate a surficial layer of weakly cohesive to noncohesive frag mental material. Most of this material is finer than a centimeter and probably finer than a few millimeters, although objects of centimeter size and larger are plentiful.     

基于近红外光谱的金鲳鱼新鲜度快速检测技术

挥发性盐基氮(Total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)是动物性食品的新鲜度指标.传统的TVB-N检测技术工序繁杂,对鱼肉具有不可逆的破坏性.本研究拟用近红外光谱技术进行金鲳鱼肉质新鲜度的检测,采用一阶微分(1st Der)、二阶微分(2nd Der)、多元散射校正(Multiplicat...     

Rapid evolution of reproductive isolation in the wild: evidence from introduced salmon

Colonization of new environments should promote rapid speciation as a by-product of adaptation to divergent selective regimes. Although this process of ecological speciation is known to have occurred over millennia or centuries, nothing is known about how quickly reproductive isolation actually evolves when new environments are first colonized. Using DNA microsatellites, population-specific natural tags, and phenotypic variation, we tested for reproductive isolation between two adjacent salmon populations of a common ancestry that colonized divergent reproductive environments (a river and a lake beach). We found evidence for the evolution of reproductive isolation after fewer than 13 generations.     

基于近红外光谱技术的茶园土壤酸碱状况快速判别

为了实现对茶园土壤酸碱状况量化判别,以7个省份茶园313份土壤为材料,以酸碱度(pH表示)值在4.5~5.5的范围为最适宜茶树生长区间,将pH值划分为4.5,4.5~5.5和5.5 3个范围,提出了将近红外光谱信息与贝叶斯(Bayes)判别相结合进行定性判别酸碱状况是否适合茶树正常生长。在此基础上,采用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression,MLR)定量预测pH值。通过一阶导数(first derivative,1stDer)对光谱预处理,通过逐步判别分析(stepwise discriminant analysis)优选20条特征光谱,基于特征光谱数据结合Bayes判别构建定性判别模型,再通过MLR构建pH值的定量预测模型。结果表明,采用本研究的方法和构建的模型对茶园土壤酸碱状况总体准确判别率达83.54%,pH值预测相关系数均在0.9286以上,预测精度较高。证明运用该方法能实现对茶园土壤酸碱状况快速预测。     

近红外光谱法快速测定甘蔗蔗汁蔗糖分

本试验应用傅立叶变换近红外光谱透射技术快速定量分析甘蔗蔗汁蔗糖分。利用内部交叉证实和自动优化功能对预测数学模型进行优化 ,得到蔗汁蔗糖分预测数学模型的决定系数为99.4 1% ,均方差为 0 .2 14;蔗汁蔗糖分近红外分析结果的准确度是可接受的。对近红外光谱技术在甘蔗科研和生产中的应用前景进行了讨论     

Hydrated salt minerals on Ganymede's surface: evidence of an ocean below

Reflectance spectra from Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) suggests that the surface of Ganymede, the largest satellite of Jupiter, contains hydrated materials. These materials are interpreted to be similar to those found on Europa, that is, mostly frozen magnesium sulfate brines that are derived from a subsurface briny layer of fluid.     

A 5-micron-bright spot on Titan: evidence for surface diversity

Observations from the Cassini Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer show an anomalously bright spot on Titan located at 80 degrees W and 20 degrees S. This area is bright in reflected light at all observed wavelengths, but is most noticeable at 5 microns. The spot is associated with a surface albedo feature identified in images taken by the Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem. We discuss various hypotheses about the source of the spot, reaching the conclusion that the spot is probably due to variation in surface composition, perhaps associated with recent geophysical phenomena.     

Ice core evidence for extensive melting of the greenland ice sheet in the last interglacial

Evidence from ice at the bottom of ice cores from the Canadian Arctic Islands and Camp Century and Dye-3 in Greenland suggests that the Greenland ice sheet melted extensively or completely during the last interglacial period more than 100 ka (thousand years ago), in contrast to earlier interpretations. The presence of dirt particles in the basal ice has previously been thought to indicate that the base of the ice sheets had melted and that the evidence for the time of original growth of these ice masses had been destroyed. However, the particles most likely blew onto the ice when the dimensions of the ice caps and ice sheets were much smaller. Ice texture, gas content, and other evidence also suggest that the basal ice at each drill site is superimposed ice, a type of ice typical of the early growth stages of an ice cap or ice sheet. If the present-day ice masses began their growth during the last interglacial, the ice sheet from the earlier (Illinoian) glacial period must have competely or largely melted during the early part of the same interglacial period. If such melting did occur, the 6-meter higher-than-present sea level during the Sangamon cannot be attributed to disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet, as has been suggested.     

The composition of phobos: evidence for carbonaceous chondrite surface from spectral analysis

A reflectance spectrum of Phobos (from 200 to 1100 nanometers) has been compiled from the Mariner 9 ultraviolet spectrometer, Viking lander imaging, and ground-based photometric data. The reflectance of the martian satellite is approximately constant at 5 percent from 1100 to 400 nanometers but drops sharply below 400 nanometers, reaching a value of 1 percent at 200 nanometers. The spectral albedo of Phobos bears a striking resemblance to that of asteroids (1) Ceres and (2) Pallas. Comparison of the reflectance spectra of asteroids with those of meteorites has shown that the spectral signature of Ceres is indicative of a carbonaceous chondritic composition. A physical explanation of how the compositional information is imposed on the reflectance spectrum is given. On the basis of a good match between the reflectance spectra of Phobos and Ceres and the extensive research that has been done to infer the composition of Ceres, it seems reasonable to believe that the surface composition of Phobos is similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. This suggestion is consistent with the recently determined low density of Mars's inner satellite. Our result and recent Viking noble gas measurements suggest different modes of origin for Mars and Phobos.     

近红外光谱结合灰色关联度分析快速综合评价猪肉新鲜度

为了实现肉品新鲜度的快速综合评价,本研究以贮藏1～14 d的猪肉为研究对象,将近红外光谱技术与灰色关联度分析结合,构建了新鲜度指标(L~*、pH和挥发性盐基氮)的快速预测模型,并对猪肉的新鲜度等级进行了综合评价。结果表明,将光谱经过双波段融合、光谱预处理、样条插值数据重排、特征波长筛选后,建立的L~*、pH和挥发性盐基氮预测模型的验证集相关系数分别为0.975 4、0.964 2和0.967 7。结合加权灰色关联度分析,充分利用肉品多元信息,将其划分为良好、合格、差和极差4个等级。该研究结果为快速、客观地综合评价肉品新鲜度提供了1种新的方法和技术。