Growth and photosynthesis characteristics of Chinese cabbage under poly-γ-glutamic acid

采用水培方法研究了聚-γ-谷氨酸对小白菜地上部生长、叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(G(n))、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)的影响.结果表明,随着养分含量的降低,聚-γ-谷氨酸处理小白菜较对照叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和Ci均有提高;在90％养分含量下施加聚-γ-谷氨酸显著提高了叶片中叶绿素a的含量;在70％～100％养分含量范围内,小白菜地上部产量较对照均有所提高,说明聚-γ-谷氨酸可通过降低气孔限制值、增加叶绿素含量和提高吸收光强的能力,从而促进小白菜对光能的捕获及其转化,提高其光能利用效率.     

Towards understanding the ecology and mechanisms of biocontrol of Clonostachys rosea IK726

Clonostachys rosea (syn. Gliocladium roseum) IK726 was originally selected as an effective biocontrol agent (BCA) against cereal seed borne diseases caused by Fusarium culmorum and Bipolaris sorokiniana. We have studied the efficacy of the antagonist against different pathogens in several crops and found that the antagonist also is able to control Alternaria radicina and A. dauci on carrot seeds and different cold-storage fungi in acorns. IK726 is also able to reduce…     

HPLC Analysis of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in Bovine Milk with C4 and C18 Column

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method with C4 column and C18 column for analyzing β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin in bovine milk was developed and the performance and characteristic of two columns were compared. Shiseido Proteonavi C4 column (250 mm×4.6 mm×5μm) and Shiseido CAPCELL PAK SG 300 C18 column (250 mm× 4.6 mm×5 μm) were used in the experiment. Phase A was composed of 0.1% (V/V) trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in ultrapure water and Phase B (organic phase) was composed of 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. Gradient elution was taken. Flow rate was 1 mL min-1. The detection wavelength was 215 nm. The injection volume was 20 μL and the column temperature was 30℃. The results showed that linear relationship was good and recovery of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin was 86.12%-104.38%, C18 column had stronger ability to resist acid and more stable, and the method with C4 column had excellent sensitivities and good separation.     

Effects of Mg on C and N Metabolism of Soybean at Different Nitrogen Supplying Levels

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of magnesium on carbon and nitrogen metabolism of soybean at different nitrogen supplying levels. The results showed that the effects of magnesium at low nitrogen rate on N content, soluble protein, soluble sugar contents were not alike at different growth stage, although nodule dry weights raised, the yield and protein content of seeds decreased, however, the oil content was improved. The application of magnesium at medium and high nitrogen supplying levels promoted the uptake of N effectively, increased the soluble protein and soluble sugar contents, but the nodule dry weights of application magnesium at medium nitrogen supplying level decreased and the yield increased only a little despite the improved quality. Application of magnesium at high nitrogen supplying level raised nodule dry weights and soybean yield significantly, the quality of seeds was also improved.     

Can food security and low carbon be achieved simultaneously? —An empirical analysis of the mechanisms influencing the carbon footprint of potato and corn cultivation in irrigation areas

Irrigated agriculture has tripled since 1950, accounting for 20% of the global arable land and 40% of food production.  Irrigated agriculture increases food security yet has controversial implications for global climate change.  Most previous studies have calculated carbon emissions and their composition in irrigated areas using the engineering approach to life-cycle assessment.  By combining life cycle assessment (LCA)-based carbon emissions accounting with econometric models such as multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling (SEM), we conducted an interdisciplinary study to identify the influencing factors and internal mechanisms of the carbon footprint (CFP) of smallholder crop cultivation on irrigation reform pilot areas.  To this end, we investigated corn and potato production data in the 2019–2020 crop years for 852 plots of 345 rural households in six villages (two irrigation agriculture pilot villages and four surrounding villages as controls) in Southwest China.  The crop CFP in the irrigation agriculture pilot areas was significantly lower than in non-reform areas.  Irrigation reforms mainly impacted the crop CFP through four intermediary effects: the project (implementation of field irrigation channels), technology (improving adoption of new irrigation technologies), management (proper irrigation operation and maintenance), and yield effects.  All effects inhibited the CFP, except for the project effect that promotes carbon emissions.  Among them, yield increase has the greatest impact on reducing CFP, followed by management and technology effects.  Furthermore, planting practices, individual characteristics, and plot quality significantly impacted the crop CFP.  This study has policy implications for understanding the food security–climate nexus in the food production industry.     

Interactions Ticks,Hosts and Pastures： Case of the Girolando Dairy Cattle and the Artificial Pastures of Panicum maximum and Panicurn maximum var. C1

On the Kpinnou ranch in Benin, it was observed that the Girolando dairy cattle which graze Panieum maximum var. CI are more susceptible to infestation of ticks. The purpose of this study was to highlight the interactions between ticks and their bovine hosts and two types of artificial grazing pastures. Nineteen young Girolando dairy cattle were used during the big rainy season （March-June） 2009. All present ticks on the animals have been counted according to the body region. The bovine have been divided into two relatively homogeneous groups often and nine animals. The group I of 10 animals had been grazed on Panicum maximum whereas the group 2 of 9 animals had been grazed on Panicum maximum var. C 1. During the two months of grazing, a weekly monitoring of the evolution of the load in ticks has been achieved. Four genera of ticks were identified on the bovine Girolandos （Amblyomma, Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus and Boophilus）. The Boophilus genus is the most abundant （P 〈 0.05）. The animals having grazed Panicum maximum var. C I are more infested than those that have been grazed Panicum maximum. A variation of the rate of infestation of the animals has been observed in relation to the different body areas. The colour of the coat also has an effect on the load in tick of the bovine. The bovine of dark coat are in general more infested （P 〈 0.05） than those of clear colour.     

Changes in Transformation of Soil Organic C and Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community Under Different Land Uses

Changes in soil biological and biochemical properties under different land uses in the subtropical region of China were investigated in order to develop rational cultivation and fertilization management. A small watershed of subtropical region of China was selected for this study. Land uses covered paddy fields, vegetable farming, fruit trees, upland crops, bamboo stands, and forestry. Soil biological and biochemical properties included soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of soil organic C, and soil microbial biomass and community functional diversity. Soil organic C and total N contents, microbial biomass C and N, and respiration intensity under different land uses were changed in the following order: paddy fields (and vegetable farming) > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland). The top surface (0–15 cm) paddy fields (and vegetable farming) were 76.4 and 80.8% higher in soil organic C and total N contents than fruit trees (and upland) soils, respectively. Subsurface paddy soils (15–30 cm) were 59.8 and 67.3% higher in organic C and total N than upland soils, respectively. Soil microbial C, N and respiration intensity in paddy soils (0–15 cm) were 6.36, 3.63 and 3.20 times those in fruit tree (and upland) soils respectively. Soil microbial metabolic quotient was in the order: fruit trees (and upland) > forestry > paddy fields. Metabolic quotient in paddy soils was only 47.7% of that in fruit tree (and upland) soils. Rates of soil organic C mineralization during incubation changed in the order: paddy fields > bamboo stands > fruit trees (and upland) and soil bacteria population: paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry. No significant difference was found for fungi and actinomycetes populations. BIOLOG analysis indicated a changing order of paddy fields > fruit trees (and upland) > forestry in values of the average well cell development (AWCD) and functional diversity indexes of microbial community. Results also showed that the conversion from paddy fields to vegetable farming for 5 years resulted in a dramatic increase in soil available phosphorus content while insignificant changes in soil organic C and total N content due to a large inputs of phosphate fertilizers. This conversion caused 53, 41.5, and 41.3% decreases in soil microbial biomass C, N, and respiration intensity, respectively, while 23.6% increase in metabolic quotient and a decrease in soil organic C mineralization rate. Moreover, soil bacteria and actinomycetes populations were increased slightly, while fungi population increased dramatically. Functional diversity indexes of soil microbial community decreased significantly. It was concluded that land uses in the subtropical region of China strongly affected soil biological and biochemical properties. Soil organic C and nutrient contents, mineralization of organic C and functional diversity of microbial community in paddy fields were higher than those in upland and forestry. Overuse of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields with high fertility might degrade soil biological properties and biochemical function, resulting in deterioration of soil biological quality.     

Variation of 184C→T of goat callipyge gene in different populations and its effect on body weight

In order to investigate its distribution in different goat populations, one SNP (184C→T, corresponding to AY850925) of goat callipyge (CLPG) gene recognized by Fork I was identified after sequencing 23 individuals from 10 breeds. PCR-RFLP was carried out according to the variation site in 584 goats of 14 populations from 11 provinces and autonomous regions in China. An interesting result was found that the Boer goat having the characteristics of double muscle had significantly higher T allele (0.2465) frequency and lower C allele (0.7535) frequency compared to other breeds. It could be inferred that the 184C→T mutation might be related to the double muscle characteristics of the Boer goat. The general linear model analysis showed that parental genotype had significant effect on the body weight of their offspring at different ages. It could be inferred that transition of 184C→T might be a paternal imprinting form, a polar over-dominance, in which only individuals that received the allele from their mother expressed the callipyge phenotype. The double muscle characteristics of the Boer goat might be related to its maternal genotype. More data with detailed information need to be investigated in order to confirm this assumption.     

Foliar δ~(13)C Values and Water Use Efficiency of Semi-arid Plants in Horqin Sandy Land,China

Water was a key factor restricting the plantation in sandy areas. Foliar δ~(13)C value regarded as an indicator of longterm water use efficiency(WUE) of plants was generally used to evaluate the adaptability of plants to arid and semi-arid environment. In Horqin sandy land of China, the foliar δ~(13)C values of 114 species in 35 families naturally growing in the area, and 15 species of sand-fixing trees and shrubs were measured and analyzed in 2012. The results showed that 97 species in all 114 species were C_3 plants and only 17 species were C_4 plants. Most C_4 plants belonged to Gramineae family. The foliar δ~(13)C value of C_3 plants was between -25.000 and -31.075‰ with an average of-28.226‰, while those of C_4 plants between -12.578 and -16.334‰, with an average of -13.678‰. The δ~(13)C values of mature leaves collected in August were averagely 0.85‰ less than that of juvenile leaves collected in June. The foliar δ~(13)C values and WUE of 15 sand-fixing tree species in Horqin sandy land ranked in the order as: S.vulgaris H.rhamnoides C.ovata P.mongolica T.chinensis R.typhina S.matsudana E.angustifolia U.pumila S.gordejevii X.sorbifolia C.microphylla H.fruticosum C.korshinskii E.bungeanus.     

Associations of Two Polymorphic Loci: A HinfⅠLocus of the Porcine Subunit C of Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex (SDHC) Gene and A MspⅠLocus of the Porcine Rod cGMP-Phosphodiesterase γ-Subunit (PDE6G) Gene

A Hinf I locus of the porcine subunit C of succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHC) gene and a Msp I locus of the porcine rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase γ-subunit (PDE6G) gene had been reported before, but the association analysis between the different genotypes and the traits had not been done. 300 Large White × Meishan F2 pigs were used as experimental materials to performe the PCR-RFLP analysis and association analysis for the two loci, results revealed that the polymorphism of the porcine subunit C of succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHC) gene was significantly associated with the traits which included the carcass length, the estimated lean meat percentage, the estimated backfat thickness at last rib, the estimated backfat thickness at last 3-4th rib, the fat meat weight, the fat meat percentage, the lean meat weight,the lean meat percentage, the ratio of lean meat to fat meat, the leaf fat weight, the backfat thickness at shoulder, the backfat thickness at thorax-Waist, the backfat thickness at 6-7th thorax and the average daily gain. Seven other traits, the meat color value (Biceps femoris, BF), the meat marbling (Biceps femoris, BF), the water moisture (Longissimus dorsi, LD),the bone weight, the bone percentage, the loin eye width and the loin eye area, were found to be significantly correlated with the polymorphism of the porcine rod cGMP-phosphodiesterase γ-subunit (PDE6G) gene. Based on these results, it is necessary to apply the two genes as candidate genes to marker assistant selection (MAS) in pig breeding.     

A Fragment of Cadherin-Like Protein Enhances Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1B and Cry1C Toxicity to Spodoptera exigua（Lepidoptera：Noctuidae）

Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are effective biological insecticides against certain insect species.In this study,bioassay results indicated that CrylB and Cry1C were toxic to Spodo...     

Cloning and Functional Analysis of Lycopene ε-Cyclase （lbL C Ye） Gene from Sweetpotato, Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.

This paper reported firstly successful cloning of lycopene ε-cyclase(IbLCYe) gene from sweetpotato,Ipomoea batatas(L.) Lam.Using rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE),IbLCYe gene was cloned from sweetpotato cv.Nongdafu 14 with high carotenoid content.The 1 805 bp cDNA sequence of IbLCYe gene contained a 1 236 bp open reading frame(ORF) encoding a 411 amino acids polypeptide with a molecular weight of 47 kDa and an isoelectric point(pI) of 6.95.IbLCYe protein contained one potential lycopene ε-cyclase domain and one potential FAD(flavinadenine dinucleotide)/NAD(P)(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)-binding domain,indicating that this protein shares the typical characteristics of LCYe proteins.The gDNA of IbLCYe gene was 4 029 bp and deduced to contain 5 introns and 6 exons.Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of IbLCYe gene was significantly higher in the storage roots of Nongdafu 14 than those in the leaves and stems.Transgenic tobacco(cv.Wisconsin 38) expressing IbLCYe gene accumulated significantly more β-carotene compared to the untransformed control plants.These results showed that IbLCYe gene has an important function for the accumulation of carotenoids of sweetpotato.