不同浓度乙烯利处理对甘蔗经济性状的效应

在甘蔗的分蘖初期用不同浓度的乙烯利处理，结果表明：５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，１００ｍｇ／Ｌ浓度的乙烯利处理明显促进了甘蔗前中期的生长，改善了甘蔗的经济性状，使蔗茎的节间长度、茎长、茎径、单茎重及有效茎数均有所提高，获得显著的增产效果，并且明显提高了甘蔗的蔗糖分及品质．     

几种化学物质对甘蔗某些生理特性和产量的影响

在甘蔗的分蘖初期用乙烯利、富镧稀土及其添加营养元素的复合制剂Ｈ１、Ｈ２进行叶面喷施。结果表明，各处理能明显提高甘蔗叶片的光合色素及水溶性蛋白质含量，增强叶片的苹果酸酶、酸性转化酶及多酚氧化酶等酶活性；并改善了甘蔗的产量性状，各处理的甘蔗有效茎数、茎长、茎径、单茎重及产量均高于对照。增产效应为Ｈ１＞Ｈ２＞乙烯利＞富镧稀土。     

宿根蔗后期叶面追肥对甘蔗品质和某些生理特性的影响

宿根蔗生长后期叶面喷施KH2PO4和石灰水,能有效地提高甘蔗蔗糖分,降低蔗汁还原糖分,以KH2PO4效果较好。KH2PO4和石灰水处理使甘蔗叶片的酸性转化酶活性降低,Mg2+－ATP酶和Ca2+－ATP酶活性则明显提高。KH2PO4处理明显降低了甘蔗叶片水溶性蛋白质含量,而提高了中性转化酶活性。石灰水处理提高叶片水溶性蛋白质和类胡萝卜素含量,而使水分含量和过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶活性降低。     

组培蔗在无性世代中农艺性状表现

观察了三代组培蔗及其第一年宿根大田主要农艺性状,结果表明:组培甘蔗第一、二代和宿根糖分含量不及供体;第三代较供体略好。茎径比供体小,差异明显。有效茎则明显多于供体。蔗产量、糖产量第二代及宿根组培蔗优于供体。组培蔗植株第一代有6%的形态变异,变异没有遗传性。讨论了甘蔗组培苗的应用价值。     

宿根蔗平茬技术应用效果分析

为了探讨宿根蔗平茬对甘蔗出苗的影响,就甘蔗品种“GT42”进行了宿根蔗平茬的试验。研究结果表明:宿根蔗平茬后能提高甘蔗发株率、分蘖率,增加甘蔗有效茎,提高产量和含糖量,对甘蔗株高、茎径影响不明显;平茬+腐殖酸处理与平茬处理效果相当。     

伸长期不同供水量处理对甘蔗生长、产量和品质的影响

在甘蔗大棚内于甘蔗伸长期间,进行相当于60、40、20、0 mm/旬降雨量的供水量处理(分别以处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ和CK表示),试验结果表明:(1)蔗茎伸长速度、群体叶面积指数动态变化、单株干物质积累量等生长指标,以处理Ⅱ的综合表现最佳,CK的综合表现最差;(2)处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ8~10月份的酸性转化酶活性和10月份、11月份的中性转化酶活性高于处理Ⅲ和CK的;(3)蔗茎产量、1月份甘蔗蔗糖分和1月份每公顷甘蔗含糖量等指标,处理Ⅱ>处理Ⅲ>处理Ⅰ>CK;处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ、处理Ⅲ的蔗茎产量和每公顷甘蔗含糖量与CK的差异显著。     

甘蔗专用高效液肥“蔗丰灵”的喷施效果试验

经１９９５年和１９９６年两个年度的试验证明，甘蔗专用高效液肥“蔗丰灵”具有显著的增产增糖双重效果。在甘蔗生长期间喷施两次“蔗丰灵”，能促进蔗茎伸长增粗，降低黑穗病发病率，提高甘蔗产量１２．１４％～１７．０３％；而且还明显改善甘蔗品质，提高甘蔗蔗糖分０．７９％～１．８８％（绝对值）。     

基于APSIM模型的低纬高原蔗区甘蔗生产潜力

针对中国（云南）低纬高原蔗区甘蔗产业高质量发展受限于不同生态条件下的甘蔗生产潜力缺乏系统评估的问题,该研究基于低纬高原不同生态蔗区17个代表站点1981-2010年的气象资料,采用大田试验数据统计结合APSIM作物模型模拟的方法,分析了典型播期充分灌溉和雨养条件下甘蔗主栽品种的蔗茎产量和糖分差异,并对不同水平的甘蔗生产潜力进行了系统评估。结果表明,无论在灌溉模式还是雨养模式下,不同生态蔗区的甘蔗生产潜力和产量差均存在差异,特别是半湿润蔗区的灌溉模式与雨养模式之间产量差异显著（P<0.05）,增产潜力大;典型春播种植模式下,湿润区的潜在产量为123.1～134.6 t/hm2,半湿润区的潜在产量为99.3～132.7 t/hm2,当前农户平均单产已达72 t/hm2,仍有25.2%～45.4%的蔗茎增产潜力,7.4%～11.1%的糖分增产潜力,以及25.5%～49.7%的蔗糖增产潜力。蔗区生态气候、播期水氮管理优化和良种推广是影响和提升甘蔗生产潜力的重要因素。在生态气候上,湿润蔗区降雨充足,灌溉模式与雨养模式之间的潜在产量差小,进行补充灌溉对蔗茎产量的增产效果不明显,还会降低蔗茎糖分,适合采用雨养模式为主,注重高产稳产的种植策略;半湿润蔗区降雨不足,灌溉模式与雨养模式之间的潜在产量差大,灌溉模式较雨养模式增产增糖效果明显,适合采用节水灌溉为主,注重高糖高效的种植策略。在播期和水氮优化上,春植蔗生育期长度适中（360 d）,水氮需求适中（施氮120 kg/hm2,湿润区灌水656 mm,半湿润区灌水970 mm）,远低于秋植蔗的生育期时间（480 d）和水氮需求（施氮240 kg/hm2,湿润区灌水964 mm,半湿润区灌水1 342 mm）,但仍可获得较高的产量（120～133 t/hm2）,因此,以春植蔗为主的播期和水氮优化种植模式在低纬高原蔗区被广泛接受,是促进甘蔗产业提质增效的有效措施。在良种推广上,云蔗05-51产量表现突出,在湿润蔗区和半湿润蔗区均可作为主推品种;桂柳05-136糖分表现突出,可作为湿润蔗区的主推品种。研究结果为低纬高原蔗区甘蔗产业可持续发展特别是节水抗旱栽培提供依据。     

硝酸镧、混合稀土对甘蔗叶片多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的影响

在3个甘蔗品种的分蘖初期,分别喷施硝酸镧和混合稀土溶液,结果这两种处理都能促使甘蔗叶片在不同生长期的多酚氧化酶活性极显著高于喷清水的对照,而且喷施混合稀土的又极显著高于硝酸镧处理。混合稀土还能使即将进入工艺成熟期的甘蔗叶片的过氧化物酶活性高于对照。     

不同种植模式对甘蔗根际土壤生物学特性的影响

甘蔗多年单一化的宿根栽培导致甘蔗产量下降，而套种豆科作物能较明显地提高宿根蔗产量。本研究以赣蔗18 的新植栽培、 宿根栽培和宿根/大豆套种栽培的甘蔗根际土壤为对象，结合土壤微生物区系、 土壤酶活性，甘蔗基本农艺性状及其产量、 质量指标，揭示宿根蔗套种大豆的增产机制及生物学意义。结果表明，不同种植模式下甘蔗蔗糖含量基本一致，但宿根蔗套种大豆由于茎径粗大而较宿根连作表现出明显的产量优势。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤酶活性有显著差异，套种明显提高了宿根蔗根际土壤酶活性，尤其是与碳、 氮、 磷循环相关的蔗糖酶、 脲酶、 酸性磷酸单酯酶。不同栽培模式下甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量有显著性差异，单一宿根连作甘蔗根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例降低，而宿根蔗套种大豆根际土壤微生物总量和细菌/真菌比例提高，使甘蔗根际土壤微生物从真菌型向细菌型转变。总之，单一的宿根连作可导致根际土壤总微生物量及酶活性下降，引起土壤微生物介导的营养循环受阻，从而使甘蔗产量下降，而宿根蔗套种大豆模式对根际土壤微生物区系具有明显的改善作用，宿根蔗具有明显的产量优势。     

甘蔗四种下种方式的效果比较研究

采用广西推广面积最大的桂糖１１号和正积极推广的新台糖１６号两个甘蔗品种作试验材料,分砍种浸种消毒（Ａ）,砍种不浸种（Ｖ）,剥叶不砍种（Ｃ）,不剥叶不砍种（Ｄ）４种下种方式。试验结果表明,在前期土壤水分及温度基本满足甘蔗萌芽与生长要求的条件下,两个甘蔗品种均以砍种浸种消毒种茎处理的出苗早、出苗率高,糖１１号Ａ处理出苗率比Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ处理高２７．０％￣６４．７％,新台糖１６号Ａ处理出苗率比Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ处理     

Pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria accelerate germination, growth and yield of sugarcane clone Co86032 (Saccharum officinarum L.)

The existence of Methylobacterium as a symbiont with sugarcane and its influence on crop growth at various stages was examined. Pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic bacteria (PPFMs) strains isolated from different parts of the sugarcane clone Co86032 showed growth on methanol, and were further confirmed based on the mxaF gene encoding the -subunit of the methanol dehydrogenase by polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific primers. True seeds inoculated with PPFMs had a higher germination percent and rate of germination than the control. A combined treatment of seed imbibition, soil application and phyllosphere spray increased specific leaf area, plant height, number of internodes, and cane yield. Immunological determination of cytokinin in young and mature leaves significantly increased when the epiphytic population on the leaf surface increased. Trends in sugar qualities in the form of Pol (sucrose) % in cane, Brix % in cane, and commercial cane sugar were similar to that of cane yield. These effects might be mediated by the production or synthesis of plant hormones.     

甘蔗增糖增产剂示范应用研究

为探讨复合性营养型的化学催熟剂──甘蔗增糖增产剂在广西柳城县蔗区应用的可行性,于１９９４／１９９５年榨季实施了＂甘蔗增糖增产剂示范推广（４００ｈｍ２）＂项目。每公顷用４５００ｍＬ增糖增产剂兑水７５０ｋｇ进行叶面喷施,２８ｄ后调查表明：可增加甘蔗蔗糖分１．４１％,田间锤度增加１．８３％,每公顷增产１０％左右。大机压榨甘蔗蔗糖分增加０．５９％,重力纯度增加０．７９％,还原糖分下降０．０４％,每公顷新增经济收入２１４５元,项目新增经济效益为８６．１万元。     

Sugarcane by-products used as soil amendments on a sandy soil: Effects on sugarcane crop nutrition and yield

Agricultural by-products applied as soil amendments have the potential to improve crop production on low organic matter (OM) soils. This two-year study investigated the use of two readily available sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) milling by-products, mill mud, and mill ash, as soil amendments to improve first sugarcane crop (plant cane) and subsequent crop (first ratoon) grown on a sandy Spodosol. Sugarcane was grown in lysimeters receiving mill mud, mill ash, and a 50:50 (v:v) mill mud to mill ash mix. Amendments were applied at low, medium, and high application rates (5, 10, and 15 cm depths, respectively) and then incorporated 30 cm deep. Amendment effects on plant nutrition, soil characteristics, and crop yield were determined. High rate applied mill mud and mill ash had the highest soil OM content for both years and soil OM did not significantly change between crops for all treatments except for high rate mill mud, which increased the second year (ratoon crop). Leaf nutrient levels for nitrogen (N), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) for all treatments both years were insufficient; nutrient levels for magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si) were within marginal to sufficient range for all treatments both years. All amendments produced significantly higher biomass and sucrose yields for plant cane and first ratoon crops compared to the control. Mill ash treatments produced the greatest increase in sucrose and biomass yields from plant cane to ratoon crops, which corresponded with an increase in potassium (K) in leaf tissue. However, mid and high rates of mix produced the highest sugarcane biomass and sucrose yields for the both the plant cane and ratoon crops.     

Efficiency of Urea,Nitrification Inhibitor treated Urea and Slow Release Nitrogen Fertilizers for Sugarcane

A field experiment conducted for two crop seasons (1976-77 and 1977-78) showed that the treatment of urea with nitrification inhibitor Nitrapyrin (also refered as ‘N-Serve’) or neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) cake increased its efficiency by preventing N losses and produced significantly more cane. In one of the years sulphur coated urea (Gold N) at lower rate (75 kg N/ha) gave higher sucrose content in juice and significantly more commercial cane sugar (CCS) than uncoated urea. Considering both the cane yield and CCS production mixing or coating of urea with neem cake holds considerable promise and needs wider testing along with and in comparison to nitrification inhibitors and sulphur coated urea and other slow release fertilizers for increasing the efficiency of nitrogen applied to sugarcane.     

甘蔗增糖增产剂试验结果

１９９３年９月下旬至１０月中旬，采用广西农业大学研制、生产的甘蔗增糖增产剂在对旱地和水田蔗的５个品种进行试验，喷药后４０～９０ｄ测定１３个点的甘蔗蔗糖分，平均比对照提高１．３０％（绝对值），甘蔗产量增加５８５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；８月份和９月份追施氮肥的甘蔗增糖增产较显著，甘蔗蔗糖分提高１．６９％（绝对值），增产１０３５１．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；８月份和９月份不追肥的甘蔗．喷施增糖增产剂的效果相对较差。平均来说，糖厂增利２５８２．２５元／ｈｍ２，农民增收８１９元／ｈｍ２。