泵站钟形进水流道试验与数值模拟

制作了泵站钟形进水流道水力模型,测试了其水力损失．采用了雷诺方程（RANS）和标准 湍流模型,数值模拟了钟形进水流道6种不同喇叭管悬空高度和4种不同流量方案下的流道内流场,分析了钟形进水流道关键部位的流态特征,揭示了流道特征断面的速度分布规律．分析比较了各方案的数值计算与试验结果,提出了钟形流道喇叭口悬空高的合理取值范围。     

泵站钟形进水流道三维湍流数值模拟与试验研究

采用雷诺方程(RANS)和标准k-ε湍流模型,数值模拟了钟形进水流道6种不同喇叭管悬空高度和4种不同流量方案下的流道内流场,分析了钟形进水流道关键部位的流态特征,揭示了钟形进水流道特征断面的速度分布规律。采用五孔探针实测了流道特征断面流速分布,并以流道出口速度均匀度和速度加权入流角为目标函数,分析比较了各方案的数值计算与试验实测结果,提出了钟形流道喇叭口悬空高的合理取值范围。     

大型低扬程泵站钟形进水流道水力特性研究

基于三维不可压缩流体的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和RNG κ-ε湍流模型,应用有限体积法计算了双隔墩钟形进水流道7种不同工况的流道内流场,分析了钟形进水流道的流动特性,归纳了不同工况喇叭管进出口断面的速度分布规律,预测了流道的水力损失并揭示了水力损失规律.通过分析钟形进水流道各个断面的轴向速度分布均匀度与速度加权平均角度,给出了钟形进水流道的叶轮名义高度的取值范围(1.25～1.4)D,验证了钟形进水流道高度低的特点,计算结果表明采用RNG κ-ε湍流模型能较好地分析进水流道的水力特性.     

大型泵站钟形进水流道三维紊流数

结合无锡市城市防洪工程中的仙蠡桥泵站钟形进水流道，采用雷诺平均N-S方程和标准k-ε湍流模型，运用SIMPLEC算法，对几种不同流量工况下的流道内流动进行了数值模拟，揭示了钟形进水流道内流场特征断面的速度分布及水力损失规律。研究结果表明：此进水流道在流量变化很大的情况下，能保持稳定的流态，从而较好地适应各种运行条件。此外，此流道的出水存在一定程度的偏流现象，可作进一步的水力优化。     

大型水泵装置全流道数值模拟与性能预测

采用计算流体动力学方法,对某大型混流泵装置进行了全流道数值模拟,对有泵与无泵进、出水流道的内部流动及水力损失进行了对比分析,实现了水泵装置性能预测．研究发现,水泵叶轮旋转和导叶出口剩余环量与进、出水流道的内部流场相互作用,进水流道的出口水流条件和出水流道的进口水流条件与单独计算时的假定有本质不同,对进、出水流道的水力损失和装置性能有显著的影响．在水泵装置中,进水流道的水力损失小于无水泵时的流道水力损失,在一定流量范围内,仍基本符合二次抛物线规律．与此相反,出水流道的水力损失远大于无水泵时的水力损失,在设计流量附近出现局部极小值,不再完全符合二次抛物线规律．数值计算结果得到了模型试验的验证．     

卧式泵站竖井进水流道三面进水水力特性数值模拟

针对某单向卧式引水泵站采用的竖井式进水流道进行优化设计,提出三面进水竖井进水流道,为分析三面进水下竖井进水流道的水力特性,基于雷诺时均N-S方程和k-ε标准湍流模型,采用CFD技术对该卧式泵站的三面进水竖井流道进行数值模拟,通过控制中墩的线型以及中墩宽度b形成不同的三面进水流道,从而分析不同三面进水流道的水力特性,具体分析不同方案进水流道出口断面的轴向速度分布、水平剖面的流线和速度分布以及流道水力损失的状况.研究结果表明:对于不同中墩宽度下的三面进水流道,流线型中墩较矩形中墩其流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角均较大,采用流线型中墩可以获得较好的流态;对于流线型中墩,随着中墩宽度b的减小,过水断面面积逐渐增大,各方案流速分布均匀度和速度加权平均角逐渐增大,当b=0.075B时,此时流线型中墩泵进口断面上的压力分布较矩形中墩更为均匀.     

非对称入流工况下钟形进水流道数

结合南水北调某大型泵站钟形进水流道的设计,采用雷诺平均纳维—斯托克斯方程(RANS)和标准 湍流模型,运用SIMPLEC算法,模拟了钟形进水流道两种设计方案在对称进水工况和偏流进水工况下的三维流场。结果表明：原设计方案在偏流进水工况下流道中易产生旋涡,而加设隔板后流道中则无旋涡产生。用泵装置模型试验对计算结果进行了验证,试验结果表明,加设隔板方案的泵装置性能较原设计方案的泵装置性能有了较大的提高,装置最高效率提高可达15%。说明在进行大型泵站钟形进水流道的优化设计时,应充分考虑到偏流进水对流态的影响。     

钟型进水流道轴流泵装置数值优化与试验分析

基于RNG k-ε紊流模型和雷诺时均N-S方程,运用流体计算CFD软件对钟型进水流道的轴流泵装置进行三维流动数值模拟以及水力性能的优化设计。通过先局部后整体的方法先单独对钟型进水流道进行优化,然后在整体泵装置内对弯管式出水流道进行优化,对进、出水流道进行三维参数化建模,进水流道以出口断面速度均匀度和水力损失为目标函数,出水流道以泵装置效率为目标函数,针对设计流量工况点,分别对进水流道和出水流道各控制参数方案进行数值模拟计算,分析不同控制尺寸对进、出水流道水力性能的影响。最后通过模型试验对优化方案数值计算结果进行可靠性验证。数值模拟和模型试验结果表明,优化后钟型进水流道的水力损失由0.348 m降低到0.148 m,钟型进水流道出口流速均匀度由54.59%提高到93.35%;弯管式出水流道的水力损失由0.464 m降低到0.415 m,通过优化流态得到了改善。模型泵装置试验在叶片安放角0°时,设计工况下泵装置效率达到74%,泵装置最高效率为76.47%,高效区运行范围较宽;进出水流道无漩涡产生,流态均匀,数值模拟和模型试验外特性曲线误差在5%以内,进水流道水力损失曲线趋势相同。运用数值模拟优化计算钟型进水流道的轴流泵装置,缩短了试验周期,节约了成本,可为同类泵站的设计和安全运行提供参考。     

大型箱涵式泵装置优化设计与试验

为了研究箱涵式泵装置进、出水流道的水力性能,采用了基于CFD数值模拟计算和模型试验的DOE正交设计试验方法。对进、出水流道进行三维参数化建模,以进水流道出口断面速度均匀度和水力损失为目标函数,针对进水喇叭管、导水锥和出水喇叭管、出水导流墩控制尺寸进行五因素四水平的正交试验设计。通过CFD数值模拟手段,针对设计流量工况点,分别对进水流道和出水流道各16个设计方案进行数值模拟计算,分析不同控制尺寸对进、出水流道水力性能的影响。最后通过模型试验对优化方案数值计算结果进行可靠性验证。数值模拟和试验结果表明,通过DOE正交设计方法进行进水流道优化设计,可以得到各控制参数对进水流道水力损失和出口断面均匀度的主次影响,进水流道最大水力损失达到8.56 cm,最小水力损失为3.91 cm,优化方案水力损失为3.65 cm,出口速度均匀度达到93.07%,较初始方案水力损失降低了1.31 cm,出口速度均匀度提高了1.17个百分点;出水流道最大水力损失为46.07 cm,最优组合出水流道水力损失为32.53 cm,较原始方案水力损失减小了7.96 cm。根据泵装置全特性曲线可知,该泵装置出水流道水力损失在设计工况下最小,最高运行效率达到70.04%,最高运行扬程为4.0 m,在设计扬程1.36 m时,效率为66.82%,对应流量为34.31 m3/s。模型试验最高运行效率达到71.5%,在设计扬程1.36 m时,试验运行效率在64%左右,与数值模拟结果吻合较好。     

卧式前轴伸泵装置流道三维流动及水力损失

采用数值计算方法对卧式前轴伸泵装置的三维流场及水力性能进行了初步研究,获得了设计流量时进、出水流道的流场图以及水力损失值.同时,还采用透明流道模型试验的方法,分别对卧式前轴伸泵装置进、出水流道数值计算的结果进行了试验验证.研究结果表明：卧式前轴伸泵装置进、出水流道内的流态,数值计算的结果与试验结果一致,进水流道内的水流仅在泵轴后有很小范围的局部旋涡,进水流道出口断面的流速均匀度为96.9%;出水流道进口的水流具有一定环量,水流呈螺旋状流入流道,流道外侧的流速较大,流道中心附近流速较小.进、出水流道水力损失值,数值计算值分别为0.142 m和0.163 m,流道模型试验值为0.137 m和0.168 m,两者非常接近.该泵装置在低扬程泵站具有一定的应用前景.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。