铝胁迫下荞麦萌发特性分析及评价

以40份荞麦种质为对象,在A13+浓度为0.01,0.10mol/L和0.50 mol/L下开展芽期耐铝性研究,通过对发芽率、发芽指数、胚根长度和胚芽长度指标的测定和分析,对其耐铝性进行综合评价.结果表明,低浓度(0.01 mol/L) A13+胁迫可以提高部分荞麦种质的发芽率、发芽指数和胚芽长度,但严重抑制胚根发育;高浓度(＞0.1 mol/L) Al3+胁迫对荞麦种质的萌发特性具有很强的抑制作用.从40份荞麦种质材料中筛选出强耐铝材料1份,评价结果表明,多数材料耐铝性中等.     

酸、铝浸种对萝卜种子萌发和芽苗生长的影响

以萝卜为供试材料,研究了酸、铝浸种对萝卜种子萌发和芽苗生长的影响.结果表明,中强度的酸、铝浸种处理(pH≤4.5、铝浓度100～1 000μmol/L)对种子发芽率无显著影响,但显著提高了发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数,而对芽苗根长、茎长、芽苗总长、根重、地上部鲜重等生长指标有一定的抑制作用.低浓度铝(0～ 10μmol/L)处理时,芽苗生长指标随pH值(5.5～3.5)的下降,先上升后下降;中高浓度铝(100～5 000μmol/L)处理时,则随pH值的下降而不断下降;芽苗生长指标随铝浓度的增加总体呈下降趋势,且根系受胁迫影响最大,是反应最敏感的部位.这些结果表明,萝卜种子萌发期较芽苗生长期对酸、铝胁迫有更强的耐性.当pH值低于4.5,铝浓度达到1 000μmol/L时,即可显著抑制萝卜芽苗生长.     

不同消毒方法及铝浸种对麻疯树种子萌发的影响

以麻疯树种子为材料,分别采用1.25 g/L多菌灵、0.2 g/L高锰酸钾、1%双氧水、75%乙醇、1%硫酸铜等溶液对麻疯树种子进行消毒及铝浸种,研究了不同消毒方法及铝胁迫对麻疯树种子萌发的影响。结果表明,各处理均对麻疯树种子萌发有很大的影响,但经0.2 g/L高锰酸钾消毒处理后麻疯树种子发芽率最高,而综合发芽速度及染菌率,以1%硫酸铜消毒10 min为最佳的消毒方法;不同Al3+浓度浸种下,低浓度(25、50、100μmol/L)铝溶液能促进麻疯树种子萌发,高浓度(200、400μmol/L)的铝溶液对麻疯树种子的萌发有明显的抑制作用。     

PEG6000、PP333和CaCl2预吸胀处理对水稻种子耐铝性的影响

以铝敏感水稻品种湘中籼2号为材料,探讨了PEG 6000、PP333和CaCl2预吸胀处理对其耐铝性的影响.结果表明:适宜浓度的PEC 6000、PP333和CaCl2预吸胀处理后,可促进湘中籼2号的初生根伸长生长,显著提高其耐铝性,最适处理浓度分别为20%、50 μmol/L和30 mmol/L.     

大豆子叶节再生体系的建立

以吉农28、吉农27、吉农17三个基因型大豆子叶节作为外植体,采用正交实验设计方法,对大豆的基因型和子叶节再生中植物生长调节剂浓度进行了研究。结果表明:适合大豆子叶节不定芽诱导的基因型是吉农27,最佳诱导培养基是MS+6-BA3.Omg/L+IBA0mg/L+2,4-D0mg/L。适合大豆子叶节不定芽继代的基因型是吉农17,最佳继代培养基是MS+6-BA1.0mg/L+IBA0.1mg/L。适合大豆子叶节不定芽增殖的最佳基因型是吉农27,最佳增殖培养基是MS+6-BA1.Omg/L+NAA0.1mg/L+GA31.Omg/L。     

基于转录组测序的铝胁迫下甘蓝型油菜新内参基因的发掘与引物开发

为了研究甘蓝型油菜在铝胁迫条件下内参基因的稳定性,在受到主要铝毒害的根组织内发掘新内参基因,以甘蓝型油菜耐铝品种赣油杂7号和铝敏感品种蓉油18的苗期根组织为研究材料,对营养液培养的试验材料分别设置对照组(0 h)和2个时间梯度(3,24 h)的铝胁迫(100μmol/L AlCl3,pH值4.5)处理组.首先,采用有参...     

纳米材料钼对大豆子叶节诱导的影响

为提高大豆子叶节转化效率,以豫豆22为试验材料,研究不同浓度(0,20,40,60 mol/L)纳米材料钼(Mo)对大豆子叶节的影响.结果表明,纳米材料钼对出芽、抽茎和生根都有促进作用,在0～40 mol/L范围内随着浓度的升高逐渐增加,40 mol/L时达到最大值,出芽率、抽茎率和生根率分别比对照提高了13.54％、13.18％和11.96％;在60 mol/L时,3项指标均下降,出芽率仍显著高于对照,抽茎率降至与对照无显著差异,生根受到抑制,生根率下降了4.76％,显著低于对照.因此,在0～40 mol/L浓度范围内,向培养基中添加纳米材料钼可以提高大豆子叶节的诱导效果.     

土壤中矮壮素 缩节胺的残留对番茄酱品质的影响

采用HPLC-MS/MS技术,同时测定土壤中的矮壮素和缩节胺残留。土壤样品经缓冲溶液提取后,经Agilent ZORBAX Rx-Sil(100 mm×3.0 mm,1.8μm)型色谱柱分离,以含10 mmol/L NH4CH2COOH+0.2%HCOOH的水溶液和甲醇(体积比60∶40)为流动相进行等度洗脱,经正离子多反应监测模式测定目标化合物。结果表明,2种化合物在质量浓度1.0~50.0μg/L线性关系良好,定量限(LOQ)矮壮素为0.8μg/L,缩节胺为0.6μg/L;加标回收率平均为97.6%~99.5%;相对标准偏差(RSD)平均为2.5%~2.9%,适用于检测土壤中矮壮素和缩节胺。     

土壤中矮壮素缩节胺的残留对番茄酱品质的影响

采用HPLC-MS/MS技术,同时测定土壤中的矮壮素和缩节胺残留。土壤样品经缓冲溶液提取后,经Agilent ZORBAX Rx-Sil（100 mm×3.0 mm,1.8μm）型色谱柱分离,以含10 mmol/L NH4CH2COOH+0.2% HCOOH的水溶液和甲醇（体积比60∶40）为流动相进行等度洗脱,经正离子多反应监测模式测定目标化合物。结果表明,2种化合物在质量浓度1.0~50.0μg/L线性关系良好,定量限（LOQ）矮壮素为0.8μg/L,缩节胺为0.6μg/L;加标回收率平均为97.6%~99.5%;相对标准偏差（RSD）平均为2.5%~2.9%,适用于检测土壤中矮壮素和缩节胺。     

铝胁迫对西瓜幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探明铝胁迫对西瓜光合特性的影响。以西瓜品种早蜜王(ZM)、早春红玉(HY)为材料,研究不同浓度铝(0,250,500,1 000,1 500μmol/L)处理下西瓜幼苗生长指标、叶绿素含量、光合特性及叶绿素荧光参数的变化。随铝浓度升高,铝处理对两西瓜品种幼苗根长及生物量的影响基本都表现为"先促后抑",且对ZM的抑制作用较HY更明显。对光合作用的影响主要有以下3个方面:铝处理下HY叶绿素含量均高于对照,ZM叶绿素含量仅在低浓度(250μmol/L)铝处理下高于对照;HY叶绿素a/b随铝浓度升高呈下降趋势;Al3+≤500μmol/L的铝处理下,ZM气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、净光合速率、蒸腾速率受影响程度较HY明显,在Al3+≥1 000μmol/L处理下,HY、ZM的4个参数均呈降低趋势。在大于250μmol/L的铝处理下,两西瓜品种在铝胁迫下荧光参数变化表现为:初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际量子产量Y(Ⅱ)下降,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)上升,光化学猝灭(q P)与PSⅡ电子传递速率(ETR)降低。HY较ZM耐铝在荧光参数变化上表现为:低浓度胁迫(250μmol/L)下,Fo、Fm、Fv/Fo、Fv/Fm更加稳定;电子传递速率受铝处理影响较小,非光化学猝灭(NPQ)在不同浓度铝处理下较为恒定,即能够维持恒定的光保护能力。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.