青海四种土蝗(直翅目:斑翅蝗科)染色体核型分析

用常规染色体制片方法研究了青海高山草地的四种土蝗：黄胫异痂蝗（Bryodemella bolderei holdereri Krauss,)、白边痂蝗（Bryodema luctuosum luctuosun Stoll),黄胫小车蝗（Oedaleus infernalis Sauss）、亚洲小车蝗（Oedaleu asiatisc B.-Bienko）的染色体数目和核型。四种土蝗染色体数目均为,（2n♂）＝23＝27＝22＋XO;全部染色体都为近端着丝点类型;四种土蝗染色体的核型公式均为K(2n,♂）＝23＝23T＝4L＋14M＋4S＋XO。结果表明,斑翅蝗科3属间的蝗虫主要区别为常染色体和性染色体相对长度有明显差异,小车蝗属内2种间区别主要为常染色体相对长度的差异。     

家鸡(Gallus domesticus)和鹌鹑(Coturnix coturnix)染色体核型及G带比较分析

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法和胰酶处理法，对家鸡和鹌鹑染色体的核型和G带进行了研究。结果表明，家鸡和鹌鹑染色体数目均为2n=78，但染色体的形态存在明显差异，主要表现在NO．1、NO．4、NO．6、NO．8和Z染色体上。NO．1染色体，家鸡为m型，而鹌鹑为sm型；NO．4、NO．6、NO．8和Z染色体，家鸡分别为sm、sm、m、m型，而鹌鹑全为t型。G带分析结果显示，家鸡和鹌鹑的G带差异主要反映在NO．1、NO．2染色体上，这可能是由于臂间倒位所致。     

赖草属三个八倍体和两个十二倍体物种的核型研究

本研究报道了赖草属3个八倍体和2个十二倍体植物的核型.核型公式如下,含糊赖草(Leymus ambiguus),2n=8x=56=42m(6SAT) 12sm(6SAT) 2st(2SAT);大赖草(L. racemosus),2n=8x=56=2M 46m 8sm;毛穗赖草(L.paboanus),2n=8x=56=42m 14sm(2SAT);窄颖赖草(L.angustus),2n=12x=84=62m 22sm;卡瑞赖草(L.karelinii),2n=12x=84=72m 12sm.它们的核型属2A或2B型.其中前2种的八倍体核型和2个十二倍体植物的核型为首次报道.     

南方紫花苜蓿及其原生质体再生植株染色体核型的对比分析

对选育的XN-1型紫花苜蓿及其原生质体再生植株的染色体核型进行对比分析.结果表明,原生质体再生植株与母株相比,染色体在长度、臂比、着丝粒指数等方面没有明显的差异,其核型均符合2n=4x=32=29m+3sm(SAT).     

鹅观草属三个物种及其居群间核型变异研究

报道了鹅观草属3个物种,毛叶鹅观草、竖立鹅观草和纤毛鹅观草及其居群间的核型,其中R. amurensis的核型2n=4x=28=24m(2SAT) 4sm为首次报道.结果表明,3个物种绝大多数由中部和近中部着丝点染色体组成,具1对随体,几乎都位于第14对染色体上.核型类型为2A.但在核型公式、平均臂比、臂比大于1.7的染色体比率等方面,不仅3个物种的种间存在一定的差异,而且R. ciliaris和R. japonensis的种内不同居群间也存在差异,表明R. ciliaris和R. japonensis种内具有较大的遗传多样性.     

Urinalysis in three species of captive rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, and Diceros bicornis)

This study reports urinalysis values for three species of captive rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, and Diceros bicornis) and evaluates individual and species differences. Repeated urinalysis was conducted on 11 individuals to establish normal reference ranges. Although no individual or species differences existed in urinary values for pH, all species differed in specific gravity. Rhinoceros urine demonstrated many physical and chemical properties similar to that of the horse, but reliability of this comparison was limited. Urinary pH in the rhinoceros was within range of that established for the horse and other large herbivores. However, all rhinoceros species exhibited urinary specific gravities below the lower limit of the normal equine reference range. Comparative urinalysis using an outside laboratory source confirmed the results of this study and illustrated the value of conducting in-house analysis. These results are the first data available on reference ranges for urine parameters in the greater one-horned, Sumatran, and African black rhinoceros and provide a useful diagnostic tool for the veterinary care of individuals in captivity.     

A core set of microsatellite markers for conservation genetics studies of Korean goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) and its cross-species amplification in Caprinae species

In order to screen microsatellites for conservation genetics studies of the species, a total of 23 microsatellite loci from Korean goral (Naemorhedus caudatus), including 15 previously developed loci and 8 new loci in this study, were tested. Eleven microsatellites were screened and subjected to cross-species amplification using a test panel of four Caprinae species, Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus), Chinese gorals (Naemorhedus goral), Northern chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and domestic goats (Capra hircus). In addition, all eleven microsatellites (SY3A, SY12A, SY12B, SY48, SY58, SY71, SY76, SY84, SY84B, SY112, and SY129) satisfied the criteria to be a core set of microsatellites. This core set of microsatellites and cross-species amplification of Korean goral microsatellites were found to be helpful for high-resolution studies for conservation and management of Korean goral and other endangered Caprinae species.     

Adaptations in three species of large mammals (Antidorcas marsupialis,Hystrix africaeaustralis,Hyaena brunnea) to arid environments

Adaptations in the springbok Antidorcas marsupialis, porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis and brown hyaena Hyaena brunnea to arid environments are discussed. Springbok evolved in the arid west of southern Africa. The proximate factor triggering the onset of oestrus is improved nutrition following rainfall and adaptations have evolved to ensure the success of year-round opportunistic breeding. The porcupine can also breed throughout the year but in the Karoo with its dry cold winters, young are only born in warmer wetter months. Following a gestation period of 93 days and lactation anoestrus lasting 120 days, the female porcupine has evolved a special adaptation whereby she will only conceive during the third to seventh oestrous cycle following the end of lactation. This period may be shortened or lengthened thereby enabling her to adjust to climatic conditions in an unpredictable arid environment. The brown hyaena is well adapted to living along the Namib coastal region where severe extremes in temperature occur and bitterly cold south-west winds sweep along the coastal strip. Long hair and pilo-erection probably assist brown hyaenas in adjusting to these adverse climatic conditions. The spotted hyaena, Crocuta crocuta, does not occur along the coast. Morphological differences between the two species are considered in the light of climatic differences between the coastal and interior desert regions.     

Karyology of the redfin minnows,genus Pseudobarbus Smith, 1841 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae): one of the evolutionarily tetraploid lineages of South African barbines

The karyotypes of six species of Pseudobarbus Smith, 1841, namely P. afer (Peters, 1864), P. asper (Boulenger, 1911), P. burchelli Smith, 1841, P. burgi (Boulenger, 1911), P. phlegethon (Barnard, 1938) and P. tenuis (Barnard, 1938), were examined by conventional Giemsa staining and described. All six karyotypes have 2n = 100 chromosomes, dominated by bi-armed chromosomes, as does the only other member of the genus, P. quathlambae (Barnard, 1938). Sex-related intraspecific karyotype variation was not found. The shared chromosome numbers and general similarity of the karyotypes (FN = 186–192) provide a new synapomorphy to support their monophyly, which is already indicated by anatomical and mtDNA markers. Karyotype evolution within the genus has been accompanied by chromosomal inversions and centromeric shifts. Comparison of the diploid number found in Pseudobarbus with other African barbine cyprinines, which have in the region of 2n = 50 and lower FNs, suggests a tetraploid evolutionary origin of the genus, possibly by allotetraploidy.     

蜜蜂属分类研究现状及进展

总结了蜜蜂属分类现状,重点介绍了亚洲分布的蜜蜂属8个种的确立过程和一些新蜂种的提出,最后分析了蜜蜂属分类研究中需要进一步解决的问题。     

3种牧草根际平脐蠕孢形态和生物学特性

自甘肃环县沟壑草地牧草根部常规组织分离获得特异平脐蠕孢、高粱平脐蠕孢和麦根腐平脐蠕孢,并对其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明,3种平脐蠕孢在生物学特性上有明显差异,特异平脐蠕孢孢子萌发的温限为5～45℃,最适萌发温度为35℃,在45℃时萌发率仍高达85．1％;高粱平脐蠕孢孢子的萌发温限为5～40℃,最适萌发温度为15～30℃;麦根腐平脐蠕孢孢子的萌发温限为5～45℃,最适温度15～25℃,在45℃时萌发率仅为2．3％;不同pH值时特异平脐蠕孢孢子萌发率均较后2种高,且前者孢子萌发的最适pH值为5．59～6．47,后两者pH值均为6．47;土壤液等4种营养液对特异平脐蠕孢孢子萌发率在4h后有促进作用,对高粱平脐蠕孢在最初2h有促进作用,而对麦根腐平脐蠕孢则有抑制作用;3种菌萌发均需要液态水,但对光不敏感。     

Three new Chromadoropsis species (Nematoda,Desmodoridae) from Southern Africa and the North Sea

Three new Chromadoropsis species with four pharyngeal bulbi are described from Southern Africa, Namibia (S.W.A.) and the North Sea. C. granulosus sp.nov. is described from a sandy beach near Port Elizabeth. This species is characterized by a very distinct layer of yellow granules just below the cuticle. C. namibiensis sp.nov. is described from a sandy beach at Langstrand, Namibia. This species can be distinguished by the length and shape of the gubernaculum and spicules as well as the size of the capitulum. C. longispiculosa sp.nov. is described from the North Sea and is characterized by the long spicules and the presence of numerous porids. The genus Chromadoropsis Filipjev, 1918 is revised.     

Morphological and molecular identification of three species of Sarcocystis in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Iceland

Six Sarcocystis species have previously been described from reindeer in Norway based on sarcocyst morphology and DNA sequencing. The aim of this study was to determine whether reindeer in Iceland, which descend from reindeer imported from Norway in 1787, also were infected with Sarcocystis, and to identify and genetically characterise any species present. Muscle tissue from the heart, diaphragm and/or oesophagus was collected from 36 reindeer in Iceland. Pieces of all tissue samples were examined histologically. Frozen/thawed samples of cardiac muscle, oesophagus and/or diaphragm from 11 of the 36 reindeer were also examined under a stereoscopic microscope and sarcocysts present were identified to species either in situ or under a light microscope. Two cysts of each species, originating from two different reindeer were randomly selected for DNA analyses. The complete ssu rRNA gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. In addition, two sarcocysts that could not be classified by microscopic examination were selected for partial ssu rRNA gene sequence analysis. By histology, sarcocysts were found in the diaphragm and/or oesophagus of 8 of 36 (22.2%) animals. By examination of fresh tissue, sarcocysts of Sarcocystis rangi, S. tarandivulpes and S. hardangeri were found in the oesophagus of seven of nine (77.8%) animals, suggesting a high prevalence of Sarcocystis in the Icelandic reindeer population. Cyst morphology and the ssu rRNA gene sequence of each of the three species were identical to isolates of the same species from Norwegian reindeer. DNA sequencing was useful in order to identify cysts with an ambiguous morphology. This is the first record of these Sarcocystis species in reindeer outside Norway.     

New Records of Ocnerodrilidae and Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta) from South African Rivers

The columella amis in Crocodilus niloticus has been found to comprise the two upper segments of the hyoid arch, viz., a forked pharyngohyal and an epihyal. To these two primary arch divisions becomes added a laterohyal component derived from delaminating subepidermal blasteme. The crocodilian stapes represents the infrapharyngohyal; the suprastapedial stem (or basal portion of the lacertilian dorsal process) represents the suprapharyngohyal while the extrastapedial represents essentially the epihyal to which laterohyal material contributes the tympanic process as well as the suprastapedial (or lacertilian intercalary). The lateral limb of the so-called lateral prong of the reptilian and avian columella auris is also a laterohyal derivative. It is concluded that in reptiles and birds: (a) the lateral limb and intercalary represent the dorsal articular head of the rhipidistian hyomandibula, (b) the proximal end of the epihyal represents its ventral articular head and (c) the so-called Huxley's foramen is the original passage between the two. Since the lacertilian internal process arises from the pharyngohyal it cannot represent the original rhipidistian quadrate-hyomandibular articulation.     

我国片形吸虫线粒体NADH脱氢酶亚单位1基因(nad1)多态性的研究

用γ^33P对引物进行标记，首次对来自国内不同地区、不同宿主的片形吸虫线粒体烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)脱氢酶亚单位Ⅰ基因部分序列(pnad1)进行PCR扩增及DNA单链构象多态性(PCR-SSCP)分析，结果76个虫体均成功地扩增出约200bp的基因片段；76个样品经过PCR-SSCP分析后，筛选出11个代表性样品进行测序。测序结果显示我国片形吸虫pnad1序列种间差异大于种内变异，表明nad1序列可以作为片形吸虫种内和种间遗传多态性研究的标记。     

3种兔球虫ITS-1序列测定与系统发育分析

从河北省兔场分别单卵囊分离孢子化大型艾美耳球虫卵囊、黄艾美耳球虫卵囊及肠艾美耳球虫卵囊,接种无球虫兔后获得纯种卵囊,CTAB法提取孢子化卵囊基因组DNA。利用艾美耳属球虫18SrDNA和5．8SrDNA保守引物,PCR扩增3种兔球虫ITS-1片段,产物纯化后测序。将3种球虫ITS-1测序结果与GenBank发布的兔球虫ITS-1序列进行比对和遗传距离比较,绘制系统发育树。结果表明,大型艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫及肠艾美耳球虫河北株分别扩增出424、455、434bp的ITS-1片段。大型艾美耳球虫、黄艾美耳球虫及肠艾关耳球虫河北株与GenBank中发布的同种兔球虫ITS-1序列相似性分别为97．4％、97．9％和96．9％。系统发育树显示兔球虫ITS-1序列形成1个单系群,该单系群根据寄生部位分为2个姊妹群。