共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Akifumi OGINO Hideki ORITO Kazuhiro SHIMADA Hiroyuki HIROOKA 《Animal Science Journal》2007,78(4):424-432
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the environmental impacts of a beef cow–calf system using a life cycle assessment (LCA) method and to investigate the effects of scenarios to reduce environmental impacts on the LCA results. The functional unit was defined as one marketed beef calf, and the processes associated with the cow–calf life cycle, such as feed production, feed transport, animal management, the biological activity of the animal and the treatment of cattle waste were included in the system boundary. The present results showed that the total contributions of one beef calf throughout its life cycle to global warming, acidification, eutrophication and energy consumption were 4550 kg of CO2 equivalents, 40.1 kg of SO2 equivalents, 7.0 kg of phosphate (PO4) equivalents and 16.1 GJ, respectively. The contribution of each process to the total environmental impact in each environmental impact category showed a similar tendency to the contribution of each process in each environmental category reported in the case of the beef fattening system as a whole. The results from this analysis showed that shortening calving intervals by 1 month reduced environmental impacts by 5.7–5.8% in all the environmental impact categories examined in the current study, and increasing the number of calves per cow also reduced environmental impacts in all the categories, although the effects were smaller. 相似文献
2.
Michio Tsutsumi Kumiko Hikita Yoshitaka Takahashi Naoyuki Yamamoto 《Grassland Science》2014,60(3):150-159
Beef production contributes to environmental problems, such as climate change, air pollution and water pollution. Our objective was to determine how much the introduction of beef cow grazing on abandoned lands into a housing system (housed in barns throughout the year) alters environmental impacts. We used life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of beef cow‐calf systems with and without grazing on abandoned cultivated lands, on 11 Japanese farms. The functional unit was one marketed beef calf (Japanese Black) at 8 months of age. A reduction of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP) and eutrophication potential (EP) was found in all five grazing systems (including an experimental farm), compared with the average values for housing systems. A reduction of energy consumption was also found in the five grazing systems; however, the reduction was not large in one farm. Feed transportation and production were the main contributors to energy consumption, and unless there is a decrease in the energy consumption associated with these two processes, the energy consumption throughout the life cycle will not decrease. Thus, the introduction of grazing on abandoned lands can reduce environmental impacts, but the effects can be weakened or offset depending on the amount of imported feed. In the experimental farm with a grazing system, the reduction of GWP, AP, EP and energy consumption compared with the average values for the housing systems was 32, 48, 48 and 45%, respectively. In the four commercial farms with grazing systems, the reduction of GWP, AP, EP and energy consumption was 11–24, 13–22, 19–24 and 2–21%, respectively, which we regard as possible reductions in a real life situation. We conclude that a large reduction of environmental impacts could not be achieved solely through the introduction of grazing. 相似文献
3.
在奶牛养殖规模化水平不断提高,养殖成本日益增加,且区域间差异明显的背景下,饲料作为奶牛养殖主要投入品,了解其在规模化牧场生产成本中的结构对于优化奶牛日粮结构、降低养殖成本、缩小区域间养殖效益差距等具有重要意义。本文利用2018—2020年规模牧场月度调研数据,分析了我国规模化牧场饲料结构情况。研究发现,大城市周边产区和南方产区的精饲料和粗饲料的比例相对更加科学,华北产区仍有较大提升空间,并且玉米、豆粕、玉米青贮和苜蓿草在日粮中占有较大比重,达到84.62%;不同产区奶牛日粮结构具有明显差距,玉米青贮和苜蓿草在西北产区占比最高,玉米和豆粕在南方产区占比最高。注重发挥区域优势,加大优质粗饲料和可替代饲料的利用,有利于降低养殖成本,提高养殖的科学性和可持续性。 相似文献
4.
《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2012,62(4):336-346
Abstract This paper presents an assessment of atmospheric emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and associated land use for the production of milk, beef, grain and potatoes. It compares the less intensive (i.e. organic) farming system with the more intensive (i.e. conventional) food production system. The emission sources, trade-offs with land and potential for reduction of GHG emissions were analysed. The sources for farm accounts data on inputs and outputs are representative farm types constructed from data from the Norwegian Farm Accountancy Data Network. The analysis was carried out with life cycle assessment, including processes from manufacturing of inputs to farms, and on-farm production up to the farm gate. The results show that it is worthwhile considering a greater proportion of food energy from vegetable rather than from animal products, analysing grass-based meat production in more detail and reducing mineral fertilizer use. 相似文献
5.
由于我国奶业转型发展仍存在原料奶成本高、乳制品竞争力弱等问题,奶业提质增效一直是政府和社会广泛关注的问题。本文利用2018—2021年奶牛养殖调研数据以及官方统计数据,比较分析了中美两国奶牛养殖成本构成以及成本收益情况。结果表明,我国奶牛养殖公斤奶成本明显高于美国,但差距不断缩小;饲料成本在两国奶牛养殖成本比重差异较大,中国平均占比为67.1%,美国为47.4%;中国在机械化和智能化设备方面投入明显少于美国,但美国奶牛养殖收益明显少于中国,且近几年一直处于亏损状态。大规模养殖场在成本和收益方面具有明显优势,大规模养殖场能更大程度发挥机械和智能化设备投入带来的规模经济。我国应加快发展优质饲草料产业,从根本上降低奶牛养殖成本、提高养殖收益;稳步提升奶业发展科技水平,增加机械和智能化设备投入,促进奶业现代化高质量发展。 相似文献
6.
[目的]分析青贮饲料对奶牛采食量、生产性能和相关生化指标的影响。[方法]选择在山东省潍坊市饲养的100 头健康中国荷斯坦牛作为研究对象,随机分成两组,对比分析稻草青贮饲料替换干稻草对奶牛采食量、生产性能和相关血清生化指标的影响。[结果]两组试验奶牛的采食量差异不显著,稻草青贮饲料试验组奶牛产奶量明显高于对照组,稻草青贮饲料试验组奶牛分泌牛奶的乳蛋白率、乳脂率均显著高于对照组。两组试验奶牛的相关血清生化指标均没有显著差异。[结论]本研究使用稻草青贮饲料对奶牛的日采食量、相关血清生化指标没有显著影响,能显著提高产奶性能和乳品质量,这为提高奶牛生产性能和推广使用稻草青贮饲料提供参考。 相似文献
7.
Le Thi MEN Seishi YAMASAKI John S. CALDWELL Ryuichi YAMADA Ryozo TAKADA Toshiaki TANIGUCHI 《Animal Science Journal》2006,77(3):320-329
An on‐farm trial was carried out to improve the current low‐income farmers’ diet and to assess farm conditions that could accept the new ingredients using locally available feed resources in the Mekong Delta region. A total of 42 local Large White‐type pigs, comprising 20 barrows and 22 gilts with initial‐to‐final mean live weight of 34.2–93.0 kg, were used. The trial was designed as a 3 × 3 factorial with three agricultural gross income levels of seven farm households and three dietary treatments. The annual income levels were high income (HI; $US2355 on average), medium income (MI; $US1439) and low income (LI; $US1116). The three types of diets were farmers’ common diet (FCD), rice‐based diet (RBD) and water‐hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)‐supplemented diet (WHD). A total of 12 pigs, consisting of two barrow–gilt couples in each diet treatment, were slaughtered at the end of the trial. The daily weight gain (DG) was higher and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower in the MI and LI pigs than in the HI pigs over the entire fattening period (P < 0.01). No significant effect of the diet treatments was observed on the aforementioned two parameters, but the backfat thickness was least in WHD (16.8 mm) and next least in RBD (17.1 mm), compared with that of FCD pigs (19.4 mm; P < 0.05). The iodine values of RBD and WHD backfat were lower (P < 0.001) than those of FCD backfat. The cost performance, defined as feed cost per kg weight gain, was lowest for MI, intermediate for LI and highest for HI levels (P < 0.05). Therefore, the benefit was highest at the MI level and lowest at the HI level (P < 0.05). In contrast, cost performance of the diet treatments tended to be higher in FCD, and lower in RBD and WHD (P < 0.1). Then, the benefit tended to be higher in RBD and WHD than in the FCD diet (P < 0.1). Overall, these results suggest that the RBD and WHD diets be recommended especially to households with medium and low agricultural incomes. 相似文献
8.
分析饲料因素对奶牛生产的影响,结果表明:饲料影响奶牛的生长发育、繁殖、泌乳量及健康.根据分析结果,从饲料管理、合理日粮配方、科学饲喂制度、合理提高泌乳量等四方面提出饲料因素对奶牛生产风险的规避措施. 相似文献
9.
Tomohiro MITANI Makoto TAKAHASHI Koichiro UEDA Hiroki NAKATSUJI Seiji KONDO Masahiko OKUBO 《Animal Science Journal》2005,76(4):331-337
The effects of supplementary corn silage (CS) of either 2 or 4 kg of dry matter (DM; S + 2 and S + 4, respectively) above the energy requirement for milk production and maintenance for grazing dairy cows (S) were determined. Time‐restricted grazing was used to compare the feed intake, milk production, and nitrogen and energy use of lactating cows. The experiment was carried out on two different pastures using a 3 × 3 Latin square design for each pasture. Cows were grazed for 5 h on a rotational grazing system and were fed concentrate (1 kg per 5 kg of milk yield). Herbage intake was measured using a weighing technique. To calculate the energy and nitrogen use, whole feces and urine were collected. There was no statistical effect of the pastures. Herbage intake decreased by the addition of CS (P = 0.02). The reduction of herbage DM intake per unit consumption of supplementary CS towards the S group were 0.80 and 0.45 kg for the S + 2 and S + 4 groups, respectively. The total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that for the S and S + 2 groups (P = 0.02). Milk yield did not differ among treatments, even though the total DM intake for the S + 4 group was higher than that of the S and S + 2 groups. Nitrogen and energy use did not differ with the addition of CS. 相似文献
10.
青贮玉米秸饲喂奶牛效果研究 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
采用在奶牛日粮中分别加入青贮玉米秸和玉米秸对比试验的方法,经过30d锔喂试验,表明试验组比对照组日均产奶高1．24kg,差异显著（P＜0．05）。 相似文献
11.
[目的]探究不同方式制备的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛后,对其生产性能和经济效益的影响。[方法]选定中国荷斯坦牛开展全株玉米青贮饲喂试验。将28头奶牛随机分为对照组和试验组,每组14头。前者饲喂不添加菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮,后者饲喂添加青贮菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮。统计各组奶牛日均干物质采食量、日均产奶量、料重比、乳脂率和乳蛋白率,计算各组奶牛日均经济效益和试验期总经济效益。[结果]采用添加青贮菌剂制备的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛后,奶牛日均干物质采食量和料奶比与对照组差异不显著,但日均产奶量、平均乳脂率和乳蛋白率显著提高（P<0.05）。每头牛日均产奶量增加1.91 kg,乳脂率增加0.22个百分点,乳蛋白率增加0.06个百分点。试验组经济效益明显提高,每头牛日均经济效益增加4.73元,正试期内总经济效益增加1 986.60元。[结论]采用添加青贮菌剂的全株玉米青贮饲喂奶牛,能有效提高奶牛的生产性能和经济效益。 相似文献
12.
青贮对饲料稻秸秆DM和NDF瘤胃降解特性的影响 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：7
选用3头带永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,以直接晒干饲料稻Oryza sativa秸秆(HRS)为对照,鲜湿稻秆青贮(SRS)为试验组,研究了青贮对饲料稻湘早籼24号秸秆干物质(DM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)瘤胃降解特性的影响.结果表明:青贮显著降低了NDF的含量(P<0.05),对粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、无氮浸出物(NFE)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)无显著影响(P>0.05);青贮极显著提高了饲料稻6、12、24 h时间点的DM和NDF的瘤胃消失率(P<0.01),显著提高了48和72 h时间点的DM和NDF的瘤胃消失率(P<0.05),对36 h时间点DM和NDF瘤胃消失率无显著影响(P>0.05);青贮极显著提高了DM和NDF慢速降解部分(b)和其降解速度常数(c)(P<0.01),对快速降解部分(a)无显著影响(P>0.05);极显著提高了DM和NDF瘤胃有效降解率(P<0.01).结论:青贮可改善饲料稻秸秆养分DM和NDF的瘤胃降解特性,是合理利用水稻秸秆,挖掘其饲用价值的有效途径. 相似文献
13.
Makoto Mitsumori Toshiya Hasunuma Tomoko Okimura Takumi Shinkai Yosuke Kobayashi Makoto Hirako Shiro Kushibiki 《Animal Science Journal》2019,90(12):1556-1566
Ruminant animals are able to convert plant materials (grain and the human‐indigestible portion of carbohydrates) to milk and meat. In this conversion, most of the plant materials are digested by rumen fermentation and are changed to short‐chain fatty acids, microbial cells, and methane, which is released into the atmosphere. The relationships among feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production are poorly understood. Here we report a novel indicator of characteristics of rumen fermentation, theoretical turnover rate (TTOR) of the rumen liquid fraction. The TTOR was calculated from the presumed rumen volume (PRV) which is estimated by dividing the methane yield by the methane concentration of rumen fluid. The formula for the TTOR is: TTOR = PRV/body weight0.75. Our present analyses confirm that the TTOR as an indicator is capable of connecting feed, rumen fermentation, and milk production, because dry matter intake/TTOR showed a strong correlation with milk yield/TTOR. In addition, the TTOR may be related to ruminal pH, as we observed that the ruminal pH decreased as the TTOR increased. We propose that the TTOR is a factor characterizing rumen fermentation and a good indicator of the productivity of ruminants and dysbiosis of the rumen microbiome. 相似文献
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15.
试验旨在探讨苜蓿青贮料替代不同比例苜蓿青干草对奶牛生产性能、乳品质、营养物质表观消化率、血液生化指标及经济效益的影响。选取体重、产奶量、胎次相近的健康泌乳中期中高产中国荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5个重复,每个重复1头牛。对照组饲喂4.0 kg苜蓿青干草,试验A、B组分别用4.4,8.8 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0和4.0 kg等干物质的苜蓿青干草,正试期64 d。结果表明,1)各组间干物质采食量差异不显著(P>0.05),B组产奶量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),A组与对照组、B组间差异不显著(P>0.05); 2)用50%,100%的苜蓿青贮料替代等干物质的苜蓿青干草,其乳蛋白、乳脂率、乳糖均有所改善,但只有B组的乳脂率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余指标各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05);3)A、B组与对照组的中性洗涤纤维表观消化率、钙表观消化率无显著性差异(P>0.05),A、B组间粗蛋白和磷表观消化率差异不显著(P>0.05),但是粗蛋白表观消化率均显著低于对照组、磷表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);4)苜蓿青贮料替代苜蓿青干草其血清总蛋白、白蛋白、血尿素氮、血糖、二氧化碳结合力等指标没有显著性改变(P>0.05);5)试验A、B组经济效益均有所增加,其中A组的净增收益最高,为0.61元/(头·d)。综上,用4.4 kg苜蓿青贮料代替2.0 kg苜蓿青干草对中高产奶牛是适宜的,能提高其生产性能,改善乳品质,增加收益。 相似文献
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以青刈苎麻(Boehmeria nivea)与玉米(Zea mays)、水稻(Oryza sativa)秸秆为原料,调制鲜苎麻∶玉米秸∶水稻秸重量比分别为1∶1∶0 (ZY)、1∶0∶1 (ZD)、2∶1∶1 (ZH)、1∶1∶1 (ZL)及苎麻∶蔗糖重量比为99∶1 (ZT)的混合青贮饲料,并以全苎麻青贮为对照(ZQ),通过感官评定和营养品质分析,探讨苎麻混合青贮的可行性及其饲用价值。结果表明:1)苎麻可单独调制青贮饲料,并可降低中性洗涤纤维(neutral detergent fiber, NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber, ADF)含量,显著提高干物质摄入量(dry matter intake, DMI)和相对饲料价值(relative feed value,RFV),但造成23.6%的粗蛋白(crude protein, CP)损失,且因pH高、饲料质地差,导致发酵品质较低;2)单独添加外源糖分(蔗糖)可减少CP损失但整体饲用价值下降;3)添加玉米、水稻秸秆可显著减少CP损失、提高青贮饲料发酵品质、均衡养分结构,但提高NDF、ADF含量,整体降低饲用价值;4)苎麻与水稻秸秆混贮饲用价值优于与玉米秸秆混贮,但苎麻与玉米秸秆混贮对保存CP效果更为明显;5)苎麻、水稻秸秆和玉米秸秆三类原料混合青贮劣于苎麻与其中一类秸秆混合效果。本研究认为与鲜苎麻混合青贮是挖掘南方青粗草料饲用价值的有效途径,但需针对NDF、ADF含量调控进行深入研究。 相似文献
17.
本试验的目的是确定饲粮中青贮银合欢添加水平对奶牛瘤胃微生物种群、氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成的影响。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,选择12头初始体重为163±16 kg、带有瘤胃瘘管的奶牛,随机分为4个组,每组3个重复,每个重复1头牛。基础日粮以100%的水稻秸秆为原料,处理组分别用30%、60%和100%的青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆,奶牛自由采食水稻秸秆和青贮银合欢,每天按照体重的0.2%补充浓缩料。结果表明,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆组奶牛瘤胃微生物群,尤其是纤维素分解菌、蛋白分解菌和厌氧真菌的数量显著增加(P<0.05),各组对淀粉分解菌群无显著影响(P>0.05)。原生动物种群数量随日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的增加呈线性下降(P<0.05)(P<0.05)。此外,氮平衡和微生物蛋白合成均随着日粮青贮银合欢添加水平的升高而升高(P<0.05),其中以60%青贮银合欢组最高。结论:在本试验基础上,用60%青贮银合欢替代水稻秸秆可以显著提高奶牛体内的微生物数量和微生物蛋白的合成。 相似文献
18.
Hidehiko Inoue Masanori Tohno Morinobu Matsuo Yoichiro Kojima Toshihiko Ibuki Ryuichi Uegaki 《Grassland Science》2013,59(4):226-229
We examined three types of ensiling container and two storage periods with respect to the fermentation quality of rice grain silage, and our findings confirmed that a method previously identified as optimal for silage production at the laboratory scale was also appropriate for farm‐scale production. Crushed rice grain was adjusted to 30% moisture content, inoculated with lactic acid bacteria and ensiled in plastic pouches (200 g), plastic drums (15 kg) and flexible containers (100 kg). Samples of silage from the surface layer in the flexible containers had the pH value >5 and fungal growth was observed, but all internal samples had low pH (<4). Extending storage in the drums from 60 to 365 days reduced the lactic acid content of the internal samples, but pH remained at an acceptable level of <4.2. Overall, the production method outlined is appropriate at the farm scale. 相似文献
19.
利用系统工程的理论和方法对黄冈市奶牛生产进行系统分析,利用系统诊断的方法,确定奶牛生产风险的主要因素、次要因素和一般因素。通过对影响奶牛生产风险因素的分析,并根据奶牛生产风险评价指标体系建立的原则,确立黄冈市奶牛生产风险评价指标体系,依据评价标准确定的原则,提出比较适宜的黄冈市奶牛生产风险评价标准。 相似文献
20.
在苜蓿（Medicago sativa）中添加5%的糖蜜,并进行苜蓿大窖青贮和饲喂试验,研究以青贮苜蓿（试验组）替代相同干物质量（DM）的苜蓿干草（对照组）对奶牛生产性能、尿素氮及血液生化指标的影响。结果表明,给奶牛饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于提高奶牛干物质采食量（Dry Matter Intake,DMI）、日产奶量和乳脂率,试验后期乳蛋白含量有所下降,但差异均不显著（P0.05）;乳尿素氮（Milk Urea Nitrogen,MUN）及尿液尿素氮（Urinary Urea Nitrogen,UUN）含量均呈现下降趋势,血浆尿素氮（Plasma Urea Nitrogen,BUN）先下降后上升,其中试验组MUN和BUN低于对照组（P0.05）,UUN则高于对照组,在试验后期,试验组和对照组UUN分别为48.35和27.52 mmolL-1,差异显著（P0.05）;谷丙转氨酶（Alanine Aminotransferase,ALT）、谷草转氨酶（Aspartate Transaminase,AST）和碱性磷酸酶（Alkaline Phosphatase,ALP）含量均为试验组高于对照组,差异不显著（P0.05）;血浆中总蛋白（Albumin,ALB）和葡萄糖（Glucose,GLU）含量试验组逐渐降低,且低于对照组,但差异不显著（P0.05）;胆固醇（Chinese Hamster Ovary,CHO）的含量试验组逐渐升高,对照组逐渐降低,在试验后期分别为3.64和2.82 mmolL-1（P=0.059）,差异最大。总之,饲喂苜蓿青贮饲料有利于改善奶牛的生产性能和机体代谢能力,由于美拉德反应的发生,试验后期降低了苜蓿青贮饲料营养物质在奶牛体内的代谢利用效果。 相似文献