Effects of Dietary Vitamin A on Juvenile Red Sea Bream Chrysophrys major

A 55-d feeding experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin A on growth of juvenile red sea bream Chrysophrys major . Nine semi-purified diets with supplemental retinol palmitate at levels of 0, 300, 600, 1,500, 3,000, 4,500, 6,000, 15,000 and 30,000 retinol eq/kg diet, were fed twice daily to triplicate groups of 10 juveniles per tank with an initial weight of 1.178 ± 0.001 g. Weight gain and specific growth rate increased with the increase of supplemental retinol palmitate in the diet up to a level of 6,000 retinol eq/kg diet, beyond which those indices tended to decrease slightly or to plateau. Significantly lower weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet. No significant differences were found in survival rates among the different levels of supplementation. The crude protein, lipid, moisture and ash contents in the whole body were not affected by the different vitamin A supplemental levels. Besides the reduced growth, fish fed with low levels of vitamin A supplement showed no other signs of deficiency. No hypervitaminosis A symptoms were observed in fish fed on high levels of supplementation. Fish fed on diets with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg diet showed a significantly lower content of vitamin A (as a total retinol) in the liver than those in groups fed with higher levels of supplementation. Vitamin A was stored in the liver mainly as retinyl esters. Total retinal content of the eye showed no significant differences among the treatments; however, fish fed with 0 and 300 retinol eq/kg of diet had slightly higher concentrations. According to the results of the mean weight gain, specific growth rate and liver retinol content, the requirement of dietary vitamin A for juvenile red sea bream was estimated to be between 1,500 and 6,000 retinol eq/kg.     

Effect of Dietary Protein Sources in Microdiets on Feeding Behavior and Growth of Red Sea Bream,Pagrus major,During Weaning and Metamorphosis

ABSTRACT

The use of two protein sources, krill meal (protein 62% dry matter) and soybean protein (protein 85.2% dry matter), and their effect on growth performance and feeding behavior of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during weaning and metamorphosis, was studied using microbound diets. High levels of dietary soybean protein (25% of the diet) resulted in a poor feeding response and marked anorexia, resulting in high mortalities and poor growth. Moderate levels of dietary soybean protein (17-19% of diet) resulted in higher growth. Krill meal contributed to an increase in food consumption. A possible reason for the reduced growth of fish fed soybean protein-based diets was the lower palatability of these diets. Alternative sources of protein could replace fish meal, if these sources are more palatable to the fish.     

Effect of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Compensatory Growth and Body Composition of Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major

Compensatory growth of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during feed deprivation and after refeeding was investigated. Groups of three fish each were allocated into 28 cages. Fish were fed by a commercial feed to satiation twice a day. Four feeding groups of fish were prepared: one group with continuous feeding (C) for 9 wk and three other groups with feed deprivation for 1 wk (F1) in Week 3, 2 wk (F2) from Week 2 to Week 3, and 3 wk (F3) from Week 1 to Week 3, respectively. All fish in the feed deprivation treatments resumed feeding in Week 4. The full compensatory growth was achieved in F1 and F2 fish after refeeding for the first 3 wk but in F3 fish after refeeding for the second 3 wk. Specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in all fish experiencing fasting were higher than those of control fish after first 3 wk of refeeding. At the end of feed deprivation in Week 3, crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content of all fish experiencing fasting were lower than those of the control fish. These results indicated that red sea bream experienced 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐wk fasting could achieve full compensatory growth in the 9‐wk feeding trial.     

Growth and Survival of Larval Red Sea Bream Pagrus major and Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus Fed Microbound Diets

To establish the practical use of microbound diets (MBD) for larval fish in mass seedling production, rearing experiments of larval red sea bream, Pagrus major , and Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaeeus , were conducted. A mixture of various protein sources was used, and dietary amino acid patterns were approximated to those of larval whole body protein. Two thousand red sea bream larvae and 1,000 Japanese flounder larvae, all 10 days old, were placed in 100 liter tanks with running sea water under ambient water temperature, which ranged from 18 to 20C. The particle size of MBD was 125 μm at the beginning of the experiment and adjusted as fish size increased thereafter. Employing MBD together with a small amount of live food could sustain the growth and survival of larval red sea bream and Japanese flounder. Thus, data from the present study indicates that substitution of artificial feeds for live foods is possible for larval fish production, although improvements in MBD diets may be necessary before they are adequate for large scale seedling production.     

Effects of Fish Size and Water Temperature on the Acute Toxicity of Copper for Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus,and Red Sea Bream,Pagrus major

The acute toxicities of copper were examined for Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and red sea bream, Pagrus major, in terms of fish size and water temperature. Artificial seawater of low pH of 5.4–6.7 was used as testing water to keep dissolved copper concentration at 0.04–41 mg Cu/L. Japanese flounder of 0.3–17 g and red sea bream of 0.5–13 g were exposed to different concentrations of copper for 96 h at 20 C under semistatic condition. Median‐lethal concentration for 96 h of Japanese flounder and red sea bream were 8.7–12.2 and 2.0–5.2 mg Cu/L, respectively. No significant relationships were observed between median‐lethal concentrations for 96 h and fish size for Japanese flounder, while the value decreased significantly with increasing fish size for red sea bream. Effect of water temperature on the acute toxicity was examined for Japanese flounder of 0.3 and 0.4 g at 10, 15, 20, and 25 C and red sea bream of 0.5 and 1.0 g at 12, 15, 20, and 25 C. Ninety‐six‐hour median‐lethal concentrations for Japanese flounder and red sea bream were 5.1–11.2 and 1.0–5.3 mg Cu/L, respectively. No significant relationships were observed between median‐lethal concentrations for 96 h and water temperature for both fish species.     

Effect of dietary oxidized fish oil and vitamin C supplementation on growth performance and reduction of oxidative stress in Red Sea Bream Pagrus major

A 50‐day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of dietary oxidized fish oil (OFO) and vitamin C (VC) on growth and oxidative stress in juvenile red sea bream. Test diets were formulated with 2 degrees of peroxide value (23 and 29 meq kg^?1) combined with 3 levels of VC (0, 400 and 800 ppm). No significant difference was found on growth performance between fish fed OFO with 400 or 800 mg VC and the control group that fed a diet with fresh fish oil after 50 days. However, fish fed OFO without VC supplement indicated significantly poor growth than the control group. Liver and muscle thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were reduced by increased VC intake of fish. Fish fed diets containing low OFO with 400 and 800 mg VC, high OFO with 800 mg VC, and fresh fish oil are allocated in the zone of high resistance against oxidative stress together with low oxidative stress condition. On the other hand, no VC supplemented group was under the highest oxidative stress condition. In conclusion, dietary oxidized lipid increased the oxidative stress condition of fish, but more than 400 mg VC kg^?1 of dietary supplement improved growth and health of juvenile red sea bream.     

Supplementations of dl‐Methionine and Methionine Dipeptide in Diets are Effective for the Development and Growth of Larvae and Juvenile Red Sea Bream,Pagrus major

Growth trials for larvae and juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major, were conducted to elucidate the efficacy of two molecular forms of methionine; dl ‐methionine (dl ‐Met) and methionine dipeptide (Met‐Met). For the larvae experiment, five experimental diets were formulated and fed to fish (42 mg) for 30 days. A diet which has 15% soy protein isolate served as the control diet. Similarly, test diets supplemented with dl ‐Met and Met‐Met at 0.5%, which were either precoated by zein or intact, were also formulated. For the juvenile experiment, five experimental diets were formulated wherein the control diet contained 25% soy protein isolate. Test diets were supplemented with dl ‐Met and Met‐Met at 0.75%, which were either coated by carboxymethycellulose or intact and fed to juveniles (0.75 g) for 56 days. The results of two feeding trials showed both dl ‐Met and Met‐Met can be equally utilized by red sea bream larvae and juveniles. Coating the amino acid significantly improved both fish larval and juvenile growth performance. The development of digestive protease activity of larvae was significantly influenced by coating the amino acid, but the type of methionine was not a factor in changing the protease activity of larvae.     

Effects of the Dietary Fermented Tuna By‐product Meal on Growth,Blood Parameters,Nonspecific Immune Response,and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

This study evaluated the effects of dietary fermented tuna by‐product meal (FTBM) in juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Five diets were formulated to replace fishmeal (FM) with FTBM at 0% (FTBM₀), 12.5% (FTBM_12.5), 25.0% (FTBM₂₅), 37.5% (FTBM_37.5), or 50% (FTBM₅₀). After 8 wk, weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency of fish fed FTBM₀ and FTBM_12.5 diets were significantly higher than fish fed the other diets (P < 0.05). Also, mean cumulative survival rates (%) of fish fed the FTBM₀ and FTBM_12.5 diets were significantly higher than those fed FTBM₅₀ diet at Day 9 postchallenge with Edwardsiella tarda (P < 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio of fish fed FTBM₀ and FTBM_12.5 diets was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than fish fed diets FTBM_37.5 and FTBM₅₀. Broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain showed an optimal FM replacement level of 10.65% with FTBM. Therefore, the optimal dietary inclusion of FTBM in juvenile olive flounder diets could be greater than 10.65% but less than 12.5% without any adverse physiological effects on fish health.     

维生素C剂型和剂量对仿刺参幼参免疫的影响

水温11.0～14.0 ℃,将平均体质量2.29 g的仿刺参幼参随机放入39个容水50 L的塑料水槽中,投喂以玉米蛋白为蛋白源,分别添加0、500、1000、2000、4000 mg/kg VC-2-三聚磷酸酯、 VC-棕榈酸酯和VC-磷酸酯镁的13种饲料.90 d的饲养结果表明,摄食添加VC-2-三聚磷酸酯、VC-磷酸酯镁和VC-棕榈酸酯饲料幼参的体腔液中平均过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性分别为0.514、0.458 U/ml 和0.438 U/ml,分别比对照组(0.391 U/ml)高30.18%、17.31%和12.21%;平均溶菌酶活性分别为5.435、5.297 U/ml 和4.161 U/ml,分别比对照组(2.699 U/ml)高101.39%、96.29%和54.17%;摄食添加VC-2-三聚磷酸酯饲料的幼参体腔细胞中溶酶体膜的平均稳定性最高(90.60%)、VC-棕榈酸酯(87.52%)次之,VC-磷酸酯镁最低(85.91%),分别比对照组(79.16%)高14.45%、10.56%和8.53%.提高免疫力效果,VC-2-三聚磷酸酯> VC-磷酸酯镁> VC-棕榈酸酯.     

饵料中添加海洋红酵母(Rhodotorula sp.) C11对幼参消化酶及免疫反应的影响

将海洋红酵母(Rhodotorula sp.) C11以104、105和106 CFU/g饵料添加到基础饵料中,每一剂量组设3个平行,每一平行50头幼参,用100 L塑料桶进行30 d静水充气养殖试验。试验期间每日投饵1次,投喂量为幼参体重的5%。投喂试验结束后,评估其对幼参消化酶及免疫反应的影响。结果显示,与对照组比较,投喂海洋红酵母C11 104、105 CFU/g,显著提高了幼参肠道胰蛋白酶活力(P<0.05);投喂海洋红酵母C11 104 CFU/g,显著增加淀粉酶活力(P<0.05)。投喂海洋红酵母C11 105 CFU/g,幼参体腔细胞的吞噬活力显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与投喂基础饵料的幼参比较,投喂海洋红酵母C11 105、106 CFU/g,幼参具有较高的体腔液溶菌酶(LSZ)活力(P<0.05)。投喂海洋红酵母C11 104 CFU/g,幼参具有较高的体腔细胞裂解液(CLS)LSZ活力(P<0.05)。投喂海洋红酵母C11 104 CFU/g,幼参体腔液总一氧化氮合酶(T-NOS)活力显著增加(P<0.05),投喂海洋红酵母C11 104、105、106 CFU/g,幼参CLS的T-NOS活力显著提高(P<0.05)。本研究表明,饵料补充海洋红酵母C11可促进幼参的消化酶活力和免疫反应。     

维生素D3对仿刺参幼参生长、体组成及 抗氧化能力的影响

为研究维生素D3对仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)幼参生长、体组成及抗氧化能力的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0(D1)、250(D2)、500(D3)、1000(D4)、2000(D5)、3000(D6) IU/kg的维生素D3(实测值：95、334、570、1076、2063、3081 IU/kg),制作6组等氮等能的实验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(15.43±0.14) g仿刺参幼参56 d。结果显示,1) 维生素D3对仿刺参存活率(SR)无显著影响(P>0.05),显著提高了增重率(WGR)和特定生长率(SGR),D1组均显著低于其他组(P<0.05);D3、D4、D5组肠体比(IWR)显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),但3组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。2) 维生素D3对体壁水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量无显著影响(P>0.05);粗灰分含量随添加量的增加呈先升后降趋势,D5组达到最高值;羟脯氨酸含量呈先下降后上升趋势,D4组达到最低值;维生素D3显著提高了体壁Ca含量(P<0.05);体壁维生素D3的沉积量呈先上升后下降趋势,D4组达到最高值,显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。P含量呈先上升后平稳趋势;Mg含量呈上升趋势,D1组显著低于其他组(P<0.05);Fe含量呈先升后降趋势,D5、D6组显著低于其他组(P<0.05);Mn含量呈下降趋势,但各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。3) 随着维生素D3添加量的增加,肠道碱性磷酸酶(AKP)及总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活力呈先上升后下降趋势,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈下降趋势,各组间总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。研究表明,以增重率为评价指标,一元二次线性回归分析表明,初始体重为15.43 g的仿刺参对维生素D3的最适需求量为1587.5 IU/kg。     

维生素C对点带石斑鱼生长及其组织抗氧化性能的影响

采用单因子试验设计方法,研究了饲料中添加维生素C(Vc)对点带石斑鱼生长及组织抗氧化性能的影响。设计Vc含量为5个不同梯度(0、70、210、630、2000mg/kg)的等氮、等能饲料,进行为期6周的饲养试验,每个水平3个重复,每箱40尾。试验结果表明,对照组的质量增加率、特定生长率、存活率均低于各添加组,Vc的添加量为210mg/kg时,质量增加率和特定生长率最高。Vc并不影响鱼体的内脏体比指数和肥满度,却显著影响肝体比指数。以质量增加率为指标,点带石斑鱼饲料中Vc的适宜添加量为210mg/kg。添加Vc可显著提高肝脏、脾及血清中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力(P<0.05),而头肾、中肾及肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶变化不大(P>0.05)。Vc添加量为630mg/kg组中,肝脏、脾及血清中超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶最高,丙二醛含量最低。据此可知,Vc对点带石斑鱼是有效的抗氧化剂。     

维生素C对泥鳅幼鱼生长和免疫的影响

水温21~26℃下,分别在基础饲料中添加不同含量的维生素C(以抗坏血酸多聚磷酸酯为维生素C源,添加量分别为0、50、120、240、360、500mg/kg),研究维生素C对(1.996±0.176)g泥鳅幼鱼的影响。试验结果表明,随着维生素C添加量的增加,泥鳅幼鱼的特定生长率呈现先升后降趋势,并在添加量为132.2mg/kg时达到最高值,显著高于其他几个试验组(P0.05)。组织和肌肉中的维生素C积累量随着饲料中维生素C添加量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在132.2mg/kg时和248.8mg/kg时分别达到最高。随着饲料中维生素C含量的增加,溶菌酶活性也呈现出先升后降趋势,在362.6mg/kg时达到最高,显著高于其他组(P0.05);血清总抗氧化能力呈上升趋势,以特定生长率和血清溶菌酶含量为指标,做折线模型回归分析最终求得泥鳅幼鱼饲料中维生素C的最适添加量分别为95mg/kg和423.3mg/kg。     

真鲷幼鱼对饵料中蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物需求量的研究

采用 9种人工配合饵料 ,研究真鲷 (Pagrusmajor(T&S) )幼鱼饵料中的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的需求量。在 4 5d的试验期内 ,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物含量分别为 4 4 6 %、17 6 %、15 5 %时 ,真鲷幼鱼生长最快。饵料系数为 1 4。     

Pharmacokinetics of Dietary 13C-Labeled Docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosapentaenoic Acid in Red Sea Bream Chrysophrys major

The objectives of this study were to investigate: 1) the pharmacokinetics of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) using ¹³C-labeled fatty acids; 2) the interorgan transport of DHA in the red sea bream by monitoring the DHA level of several organs; and 3) the relationship between the plasma DHA level and optimum dietary DHA level in the plasma of the red sea bream Chrysophrys major . For this purpose, a mixture of 38.5% of [¹³C]DHA, 8.5% of [¹³C]DPA, and 4.2% of [¹³C]palmitic acid were given to the red sea bream at dose level of 8.0, 16.0, and 47.9 mg/kg by a single oral administration. For [¹³C]DHA, the maximum plasma concentration (t_max) occurred at 2.00–3.00 h after the oral administration. The peak plasma concentration (C_max) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve to 24 h (AUC_0-24 for [¹³C]DHA level linearly increased with respect to dosage. [¹³C]DHA appeared in each organ (plasma, erythrocyte and the fat body of the orbit, liver, intestine, skin, brain, heart and muscle) at 0.5 h and was observed until 24 h. From the values determined for the pharmacokinetic parameters, the range of the effective plasma DHA level for normal growth of the red sea bream was suggested to be between 21.0 and 40.3 μg/mL. For [¹³C]DPA, the AUC_0-24 and C_max values also linearly increased with the dosage, but t_max did not depend on it.     

Effects of Small Peptides on Nonspecific Immune Responses in Sea Cucumber,Apostichopus japonicus

The potential immunostimulatory effects of small peptides on sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, were investigated in vivo and in vitro. Small peptides were injected into sea cucumbers and a control group was injected with equal volume of sterile filtered seawater. The nonspecific humoral and cellular responses were determined, respectively, and sea cucumbers were challenged by Vibrio splendidus. The results showed that test groups significantly enhanced most of the immune parameters tested (P < 0.05). Both phagocytic capacity and respiratory burst activity were up to maximum value on the fourth day and the values were 2.3 and 1.4 times as high as the control group, respectively. However, small peptides had no significant effect on total coelomocytes counts. Among the humoral responses, the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and superoxide dismutase were up to maximum value on the fourth, fourthth and seventh day, respectively. The values were 2.3, 2.2, and 2.0 times as high as the control group, respectively. At the end of the challenge, the cumulative mortality rate of sea cucumber injected with 0.5 mg small peptides (43.3%) was significantly lower than the control group (66.7%). In conclusion, small peptides as an additive could improve the nonspecific immunity level of Apostichopus japonicus.     

The Effect of Kefir as a Dietary Supplement on Nonspecific Immune Response and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)

In this study, juvenile rainbow trout fed with commercial pellets containing kefir provided increased nonspecific immune response and improved disease resistance against lactococcosis and yersiniosis. Kefir was used as a feed supplement at 2, 5, and 10% inclusion rates and several nonspecific immune parameters were observed at day(s) 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 following the treatment. A total of four experimental groups, including control, was established. The various parameters including hematocrits, nitroblue tetrazolium positive neutrophils, total leukocytes, serum lysozyme activity, total serum protein, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were examined. As a result of this study, kefir‐fed fish had an increase in measured nonspecific immune parameters, especially in the group received the 10% kefir treatment. The challenged fish fed with kefir‐supplemented diet showed a better survival rate against Lactococcus garvieae than Yersinia ruckeri. Kefir supplementation reduced fish mortality significantly against L. garvieae.     

维生素C、E及高度不饱和脂肪酸交互作用对克氏原螯虾繁殖性能的影响

在室内,将体质量20~40g的克氏原螯虾饲养在50cm×40cm×40cm的水族箱中,投喂7种饲料:基础饲料(对照组,试验饲料1);基础饲料+0.5%维生素C+0.02%维生素E+8%高度不饱和脂肪酸(含6%秘鲁鱼油和2%大豆卵磷脂)(试验饲料2);基础饲料+0.5%维生素C+0.02%维生素E(试验饲料3);基础饲料+8%高度不饱和脂肪酸(试验饲料4);基础饲料+0.02%维生素E(试验饲料5);基础饲料+0.5%维生素C(试验饲料6);2#青虾全价颗粒饲料(粗蛋白≥30%)(试验饲料7),每组饲料设置3个重复,研究了在饲料中添加维生素C、E及高度不饱和脂肪酸对克氏原螯虾培育成活率、抱卵率、抱卵量及孵化率的影响。76d的繁育结果表明,7组试验饲料对克氏原螯虾亲虾的培育成活率影响不显著(P0.05)。试验饲料2组亲虾的抱卵率(75%)和孵化率(82.8%)最高,显著高于对照组(P0.05)。饲料2组、3组、5组、6组亲虾的相对抱卵量差异不明显(P0.05),显著高于饲料4组(仅添加高度不饱和脂肪酸)、1组(P0.05),添加维生素C、维生素E的饲料3组的亲虾相对抱卵量最高,亲虾平均抱卵18粒/g,仅添加高度不饱和脂肪酸的饲料4组,亲虾培育成活率及相对抱卵量较低。结果表明,维生素C、维生素E和高度不饱和脂肪酸具有交互作用,能提高克氏原螯虾的繁殖性能。     

Effects of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Growth and Feed Utilization of Juvenile Gilthead Sea Bream, Sparus aurata

The effect of restricted feeding on growth, feed efficiency, and body composition was studied in juveniles of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Juveniles (6.4 g) were stocked into 12 tanks at a density of 16 fish per tank. Four different feeding schedules were tested on triplicate groups of juvenile fish: (1) control fed for 48 d without deprivation, (2) starvation for 1 d and then refed for 2 d (S1), (3) 50% satiation for 2 d and then refed to apparent satiation for 2 d (R2), and (4) 50% satiation for 6 d and then refed to apparent satiation for another 6 d (R6). Results indicated that all fish subjected to cycled restricted feeding regimes were unable to achieve catching up with control group. The specific growth rate of fish in the control was significantly higher than those in S1, R2, and R6, which were not significantly different from each other. Protein efficiency and protein productive value were significantly higher in R2 compared to control, S1, and R6. Fish in R2 had lowest feed conversion ratio (1.12) compared to the control (1.17). Body protein composition in R6 was less than that of the control, S1, and R2, while moisture, lipid, and ash content were not significantly different compared to the control.