采用简单序列重复标记所鉴定的桃树、扁桃和亲缘种间的关系

桃树(Prunus persica)和扁桃(P．dulcis)是桃属Amygdalus亚属的两个物种，已在全球广泛用于商品种植。这些物种分别起源于亚洲东南部和中部，且代表了两个不同环境下的趋异进化。在野生种中发现了相关的桃属物种。以前几位研究者已报道了在非灌溉自然条件下这些桃属近缘种作为桃树和扁桃的根状茎的直接应用。     

石斛属植物SSR分子标记的研究进展

笔者综述了SSR分子标记在国内石斛属植物中遗传多样性分析、亲缘关系比较、指纹图谱和遗传连锁图谱构建、品种鉴定、种质纯度鉴定等方面的应用进展,从开发范围、开发深度与标准化应用3个方面分析了目前SSR分子标记在石斛属植物研究中存在的主要问题,并提出后期SSR分子标记开发应针对更多石斛属下组别和品种,结合最新三代测序技术挖掘性状关联标记,制定品种鉴定的国家或行业统一标准,以期为该标记在石斛属植物中的深入应用提供更多参考。     

基于ISSR标记的龙眼种质资源遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析

为明确收集的龙眼种质资源遗传多样性水平和亲缘关系,以20份龙眼种质资源为研究对象,采用ISSR分子标记进行遗传多样性及亲缘关系分析。11条引物共扩增出113条DNA片段,其中多态性片段90条,占总扩增片段数的79.65%。供试龙眼材料的遗传相似系数介于0.5487～0.8673之间,平均遗传相似系数0.7758。20份龙眼资源材料的ISSR聚类结果表明,供试龙眼材料间的亲缘关系较近,聚类结果受亲本关系影响,一定程度上反映了品种的地理分布情况,与传统分类方法较为一致。研究结果为龙眼种质资源的分类、遗传进化研究及杂交组合选配提供一定的理论和技术支持。     

芸薹属物种(B.napus,B.rapa,B.oleracea)PHB基因的生物信息学分析

HD-ZIP Ⅲ基因家族参与植物胚胎发生、分生组织形成、叶极性建立和维管组织分化等过程.本研究利用生物信息学方法,对HD-ZIP Ⅲ成员之一PHABULOSA(PHB)进行鉴定,在甘蓝型油菜、白菜和甘蓝中共获得7个PHB成员,并对其核苷酸和氨基酸序列的基本特征、结构域、保守基序、基因结构和系统进化关系进行了分析.结果表...     

利用叶绿体基因组SSR标记揭示薏苡属种质资源的遗传多样性

从分子水平研究国内外薏苡属种质资源的遗传多样性差异,为薏苡属种质资源的保护、发掘和利用提供依据。从38对cpSSR引物中筛选出33对多态性引物,对93份薏苡属资源的遗传多样性、群体结构和亲缘关系进行了比较分析。33对cp SSR共扩增出153个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数目3～8个,平均4. 64个,Nei's多样性指数(H)和Shannon's信息指数(I)平均为0. 368 8和0. 720 2,种质资源的遗传多样性丰富。野生和栽培类群之间遗传分化不明显,北方早熟生态型、长江中下游中熟生态型和南方晚熟生态型类群之间的遗传距离相对较近、一致度高,但是与国外类型的遗传差异大。小珠薏苡种和窄果薏苡种独立分支,表现出明显的分化差异;台湾薏苡变种、念珠薏苡变种、薏苡变种和薏米变种4个类群之间的遗传差异较小;种质遗传距离与地理距离不存在绝对相关性,而不同类群之间可能存在基因渐渗现象。     

芸薹属物种(B.napus,B.rapa,B.oleracea)CAMTA4基因家族的鉴定与进化分析

钙调蛋白在植物的生理代谢中起着重要作用,而钙调蛋白的转录翻译过程需要CAMTA的参与。为研究芸薹属植物中CAMTA4位点的分子进化,本研究利用生物信息学的方法,分析了甘蓝型油菜、白菜和甘蓝的CAMTA4家族核苷酸序列的基本特征和基因结构、蛋白序列的基本特征和功能域,以及它们的系统发生关系。结果显示,这3个物种的CAMTA4都具有CAMTA保守的结构域,且它们的进化符合禹氏三角理论和三倍化学说。本研究明确了甘蓝型油菜、白菜和甘蓝CAMTA4位点的进化历程,并且为研究芸薹属植物CAMTA的功能提供了生物信息学参考。     

Rf-1位点CAPS标记对水稻不同胞质雄性不育育性恢复系的关系分析

水稻育性恢复基因Rf-1是目前水稻上克隆的唯一恢复基因.通过位于Rf-1位点的两个特异性CAPS(cleavable amplified polymorphic sequences)标记对滇I型、野败型、红莲型及BT型恢复系基因型分析,发现这四种不同胞质的恢复系在Rf-1位点具有相同的带型,滇I型的两个保持系具有不同的带型.结果表明这四种不同胞质系统的恢复系均具有Rf-1基因.该结论与从恢复系选育的系谱分析的结果相一致的.     

8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质的POD、SOD和EST同工酶比较分析

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质的过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和酯酶(EST)3种同工酶进行了分析研究,并利用聚类分析的方法探讨其亲缘关系.结果表明,8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质的POD同工酶分离出3条酶带,其中p3为8份种质所共有酶带,p2为2份芥菜种质特有酶带;SOD同工酶共分离出4条酶带,其中s1、s2和s3为共有酶带,s4为2份芥菜种质特有酶带;EST同工酶共分离出5条酶带,其中e1、e2、e4和e5为共有酶带,2份芥菜种质缺失e3酶带.在遗传距离0.66处可将8份不结球芸薹属蔬菜种质分为芸薹种蔬菜和芥菜种蔬菜两大类.     

稻瘟病抗性基因Pi25特异性CAPS标记的开发与验证

为在水稻育种中快速与高效利用稻瘟病抗性基因Pi25, 本文利用该基因不同等位基因编码区序列差异开发了4套CAPS标记(CAP1/Hinc II、CAP3/Bgl II、CAP3/Nde I和CAP3/Hpy 99I), 并利用169份稻种资源、98个重组自交系(RIL)以及217个水稻转基因后代, 对4套标记的准确性和选择效果进行了验证。结果表明, 4套标记均能准确地检测Pi25/pi25座位。其中, 标记CAP1/Hinc II和CAP3/Hpy 99I特异性识别并酶切显性等位基因, 而标记CAP3/Bgl II和CAP3/Nde I特异性识别并酶切隐性等位基因。利用稻瘟病菌株JS001-20接种RIL与转基因材料, 抗性表现与标记检测的结果完全一致, 表明该CAPS标记准确可靠。分析稻种资源后发现, Pi25基因频率较低(1.2%), 说明该基因在我国水稻稻瘟病抗性育种中还没有被充分利用。本文的研究结果特别是开发的2对识别并酶切显性等位基因的CAPS标记可用于分子标记辅助选择, 改良我国早籼稻的稻瘟病抗性。     

Uniqueness of the Gossypium mustelinum Genome Revealed by GISH and 45S rDNA FISH

Gossypium mustelinum [-(AD)4"] is one of five tetraploid species in Gossypium.Three pairs of nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) in (AD)4 were detected by FISH with 45S rDNA as a probe,they also were observed with genomic DNA (gDNA) from Gossypium D genome species as probes.Of the three NORs or GISH-NORs,one was super-major and other two were minor,which was distinctly different from other tetraploid cottons.     

Molecular cloning of Tulipa fosteriana rDNA and subsequent FISH analysis yields cytogenetic organization of 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA in T. gesneriana and T. fosteriana

In this study, Tulipa fosteriana was found to contain 45S rDNA repeat units of 9.7 and 9.5 kb, in which at least 7 types of 45S rDNAs were identified by restriction site analysis. For 5S rDNA, repeat units ranging from 364 bp to 396 bp were identified. The diploid cultivars (2n = 2x = 24) ‘Christmas Dream’ and ‘Queen of Night,’ representing the horticultural group T. gesneriana, and ‘Red Emperor’, belonging to T. fosteriana, were compared cytogenetically using cloned 5S and 45S rDNAs. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis identified many rDNA sites located on each chromosome in the diploid genomes. For example, we identified 71 sites of 5S rDNA and 10 sites of 45S rDNA in ‘Red Emperor’. Additionally, FISH analyses enabled construction of karyotypes for these cultivars. Karyotype comparison of T. gesneriana cultivars showed conservation of repetitive rDNA unit positioning. A clear difference in chromosome size and signal pattern was observed between T. gesneriana and T. fosteriana cultivars. Here we demonstrate the unique nature of the highly repeated 5S rDNA units in these Tulipa species and the usefulness of FISH karyotyping with cloned 5S and 45S rDNAs to clearly distinguish between chromosomes from T. gesneriana and T. fosteriana. Hitoshi Mizuochi and Agnieszka Marasek contributed equally to this paper     

棉花纤维伸长发育期的基因表达分析

利用cDNA芯片技术分析陆地棉显性单基因突变的李氏超短纤维突变体（Li₁li₁）和其野生型（li₁li₁）纤维发育4 DPA（day post anthesis）的基因差异表达情况。RT-PCR验证4DPA芯片结果，得到15个差异表达的EST（expressed sequence tag），其中9个下调表达，即野     

Screening and Positioning of Three Chromosome-specific BAC Clones in Gossypium raimondii

We screened a bacterial artificial chromosome(BAC) library of Gossypium barbadense acc. Pima 90-53 to identify chromosome-specific BAC clones. Using BAC-fluorescence in situ hybridization technology, we obtained three BAC clones specific to chromosome D₅01, D₅02, and D₅10 of Gossypium raimondii, which could be used as cytological markers for those three chromosomes. Comparative mapping of these three BACs between G. barbadense and in G. raimondii showed that these three BAC clones could also be used to identify chromosomes D_b01, D_b02, and D_b10 in G. barbadense. The position of the BAC clone 280G06 on chromosome 10 did not show colinearity between G. barbadense and G. raimondii, possibly because of chromosomal rearrangement.     

Genetic linkage map construction for white jute (Corchorus capsularis L.) using SRAP,ISSR and RAPD markers

White jute (Corchorus capsularis) and dark jute (Corchorus olitorius) are two important cultivated crops that are used for natural fibre production. Some genetic maps have been developed for dark jute, but the genetic map information for white jute (C. capsularis) is limited. In this study, a linkage map comprising 44 sequence‐related amplified polymorphisms (SRAPs), 57 intersimple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and 18 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) covering 2185.7 cM with a mean density of 18.7 cM per locus was constructed in an F₂ population consisting of 185 individuals derived from a cross between two diverse genotypes of ‘Xinxuan No. 1’ and ‘Qiongyueqing’ in white jute. These markers were evenly distributed in the linkage groups without any clustering. This genetic linkage map construction will facilitate the mapping of agronomic traits and marker‐assisted selection breeding in white jute.     

Establishment and characterization of Brassica juncea–Orychophragmus violaceus additions, substitutions and introgressions

Intergeneric hybridizations between cultivated Brassica species and Orychophragmus violaceus have been shown to be an efficient approach to produce Brassica aneuploids. Herein B. juncea–O. violaceus additions, substitutions and introgressions were obtained among progenies of partial hybrids after B. juncea (2n = 36) was pollinated by O. violaceus (2n = 24) and they expressed some traits from O. violaceus or novel for two parents. The single O. violaceus chromosome which was added to or substituted into the B. juncea chromosome complement was distinguishable most easily in pollen mother cells at anaphase I (AI) from its darker staining and more condensed form. The one pair of the O. violaceus chromosome in the substitutions paired and segregated regularly with others from B. juncea, and the single one formed one bivalent with one B. juncea chromosome and showed normal segregation and was more darkly stained in some AI group. Stable introgressions with 2n = 36 gave amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles mainly similar to those of the female B. juncea parent, but fragments specific for O. violaceus could be found in every plants together with those deleted in B. juncea and novel bands for two parents. The mechanisms behind these unusual results are discussed.