不同放牧率下冷蒿小禾草草原放牧演替规律与数量分析

研究不同放牧经的围栏轮牧。结果表明，在冷蒿小禾草退化草原，１．３３－２．６７羊／ｈｍ＾２的放牧率将使草原发生逆行演替，导致禾 草的比例增大，植物多样性指数和均匀度指数均匀有所提高，从而达到利用式发良的目的。     

放牧绵羊行为生态学研究Ⅱ不同放牧率对放牧绵羊牧食行为的影响

于１９９３年６月８～９日，在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位研究站，以５岁阉割绵羊在不同放牧率下的牧食行为进行试验研究。试验结果表明，不同放牧率１．３３和２．６７羊／ｈｍ２（放牧１３８ｄ）对绵羊的牧食行为有明显地影响：（１）放牧率较低时，能明显缩短采食时间，提高采食速率、每步采食口数和每口采食量及日采食量；（２）明显延长反刍时间，增加反刍周期数和反刍总食团数，对其它牧食行为影响不大。结果表明，在春末夏初，放牧率１．３３羊／ｈｍ２比２．６７羊／ｈｍ２更适宜于当地退化草场的放牧标准     

放牧绵羊行为生态学研究

于１９９３年６月８－９日，在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态生态研究站，以５岁阉割绵羊在不同放牧率下的牧食行为进行试验研究。试验结果表明，不同放牧率１．３３和２．６７羊／ｈｍ＾２对绵羊的牧食物行为有明显地影响；（１）放牧率较低时，能明显缩短采集时间，提高采食时间，提高采集速率，每小采集口数和每口采食量及日采食量；（２）明显延长反刍时间，增加反刍周期数和反刍才数，对其它牧食行为影响不大。结果表明，在春末夏初     

不同放牧率对内蒙古典型草原牧草地上现存量和净初级生产力及品质的影响

通过不同放牧率（１．３３,２．６７,４．００,５．３３和６．６７羊／ｈｍ＾２）对内蒙古典型草原牧草地上现存量和净初级生产力及牧草品质的影响研究,结果表明,牧草地下现存量随放牧率的增大而线性下降,但地上净初级生产力并非线性下降,因而存在补偿生长的现象,牧草中粗蛋白含量在放牧的中后期随放牧率增大而增加,而较轻放牧率下粗蛋白含量随放牧季节的后称明显下降;粗纤维和粗灰分含量则表现出较强的规律性,随放牧时期     

内蒙古典型草原草畜系统适宜放牧率的研究：Ⅰ.以绵羊增重及经济效益为？…

（１）绵羊个体增重与放牧率呈线性负相关，个体最大增重临界放牧率，因季节不同而变化，随着个体增重与放牧率回归系数ｂ绝对值的增大而降低，以始，终放牧期间所得临界放牧率最小。（２）公顷增重与放牧率的关系符合二次曲线，达到公顷最大增重以前，随着放牧率的增大而增大，之后则随着放牧率增大而下降，平均５．４３羊／ｈｍ＾２。（３）公顷最大增重并不一定获取公顷最大利润，主要视买卖价格及其差值而定。（４）以冷蒿小禾草     

不同放牧强度对牦牛生长和草地第二生产力的影响

试验研究了６种放牧强度对牦牛生长及草地第二性生产力的影响，结果表明，放牧强度对牦牛日增重有明显影响，日增重以０．２４牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２处理组最高，达７０７．９ｇ随着放牧强度的增大，牦牛日增重明显降低。其中，放牧强度对１岁牦牛影响最大，２岁牦牛次之，３岁牦牛再次。试验全期当放牧强度于１．２牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２时，增大放牧强度，草地第二性生产力明显提高，当放牧强度高于１．２牦牛单位／ｈｍ＾２时，增大放牧     

不同放牧率对冷蒿小禾草草原土壤微生物数量和生物量的影响

以围栏轮牧方式研究不同放牧率对退化草原土壤微生物的影响。结果表明,围栏及适度放牧四年后使土壤微生物的数量显著提高,有利于退化草原的逐步恢复。与对照区比较,放牧区微生物各类群的数量均呈减少趋势,并与土壤有机磷变化密切相关。九年后,在４羊／ｈａ区的微生物量－Ｃ高于对照区,而在１．３３和６．６７只羊／ｈａ-区则有所降低。     

短时期,高强度和低频率的放牧系统对牧草组分和产量的影响

Ｓｏｎｏｒａ研究站做了为期４年的试验。旨在测定两个放牧系统对草地的影响。每个放 有７个牧场手１群家畜。放牧设计为短时期的（ＳＤＧ）和高强度、低频率（ＨＩＬＦ）两上处理。两个处理的放牧率均为１０．４ｈｍ＾２／ａｎｙ。结果表明：１．草地地上部分净初级产量（ＡＮＰＰ）年间相差较多，而在不同处理间没有差异。２．两个处理中草地植被成分在４年之后发生明显的变化。在ＳＯＧ处理短草产量经１年占总ＡＮＰＰ４５％，到     

草坪杂草化学防除研究初报

防除草坪中双子叶杂草用７２％的２，４－Ｄ丁酯０．７５￣０．９８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或７２％的２甲４氯１．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，株防效为８６．２％￣９６．９％；防除草坪中单子叶杂草可根据草坪的建植年限及草坪草的高度选用１２％的恶草灵３．６￣４．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或１２．５％的拿扑净０．９ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，防效为８６％￣９４．９％；同时防除单、双子叶杂草用恶草灵复配剂３．２￣４．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２或拿扑净复配剂１．７     

不同放牧率对草原牧草再生性能的和地上净初级生产力的影响

在生长季研究不同放牧率对草原牧草再生性能和地上净初级生产力的影响，结果表明，随着放牧率的增大，地下现存量呈线性下降，但地上净初级生产力以２．６７只羊／ｈｍ＾２处理最大，即存在在超补偿性生长。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -