Activity of heterorhabditid nematodes at high temperature and in combination with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus

Percentage survival in aqueous suspensions and infectivity of six Egyptian entomopathogenic nematode isolates from the genus Heterorhabditis varied during the hot period of the year with daily temperature range from 18 to 24?°C. The isolate designated as AS1 had the highest mean of survival (87?%) and infectivity to Galleria mellonella larvae (90?%) after 10 days. When the nematodes coexisted with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of 100 × 10⁶ polyhedra inclusion bodies/ml, which was reproduced within and killed Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae, the nematode survival was adversely and progressively affected by the increase in the viral suspension. Among tested concentrations, a viral suspension equal to one-fifth size of the nematode and virus suspension is the best for nematode activity in integrated control against the red palm weevil.     

红棕象甲聚集信息素引诱桶的制作及应用

介绍红棕象甲聚集信息素引诱桶的制作及其使用方法.并应用聚集信息素对红棕象甲成虫进行田间引诱试验.结果表明:平均每个引诱桶每月引诱成虫21.21头,雌雄性比为1:0.90,其中7月份引诱的成虫数量最多,平均每个引诱桶引诱34.25头,说明了6～8月份是红棕象甲成虫活动出现的一个高峰期.在不同气候条件下,聚集信息素对红棕象甲成虫引诱效果差异较大,雨天及低温天气引诱红棕象甲成虫数量明显减少.应用红棕象甲聚集信息素诱捕红棕象甲是一种比较理想的防治方法,其操作技术简易,比较容易推广.     

微山湖区棕榈树引种情况初报

棕榈树作为一种经济树种在长江沿岸及长江以南栽培较广泛。由于其抗寒性较差，在山东省南部的微山湖区以往多是盆栽室内越冬，作为居室和庭院的观叶植物来栽培。为扩大栽培范围，丰富微山湖区绿化树种资源，美化湖区环境，从 1982年起先后几次引进种子及苗木，现将引种情况初报如下。 1微山湖区自然地理与气候、气象情况 　　微山湖区位于山东南偏西部，地理坐标为东径 116° 34′～ 117° 24′，北纬 34° 27′～ 35° 20′，土壤深厚肥沃， pH值在 7． 5左右。 　　微山湖区属暖温带季风型大陆性气候，特点是：四季分明，阳光充足，降雨…     

Isolation and characterization of proline/betaine transporter gene from oil palm

Oil production from oil palm is adversely affected by drought and salt. Under drought and salt stress, proline content increases in oil palm; the mechanism for this is unknown. Here, an 8319-nucleotide sequence including cDNA, genomic DNA and the promoter region of proline transporter gene from oil palm Elaeis guineensis was determined. The transporter gene exhibited high similarity to Bet/ProT genes from several plants, but the highest homology was found with rice ProT1. The exon-intron structure of genomic DNA was unique, and numerous stress-response cis-elements were found in the promoter region. Expression of cDNA EgProT1 in Escherichia coli mutant exhibited uptake activities for glycinebetaine and choline as well as proline. Under salt-stressed conditions, exogenously applied glycinebetaine was taken up into the root more rapidly than the control. These data indicate that oil palm has a unique Pro/T1 gene. Nucleotide sequence data for the cDNA and genomic DNA of proline transporter gene from Elaeis guineensis are available in the DDJB database under accession numbers AB597035 and AB597036, respectively.     

Comparison of tree growth and undergrowth development in aerially seeded and planted Pinus tabulaeformis forests

Direct seeding is a less expensive practice than planting and has the potential to become a viable alternative to transplanting for afforestation and regeneration purposes. As an effective and a less costly regeneration method, aerial seeding has been applied with several tree species. As early as 1956, Chinese people engaged in aerial seeding and stands with a total of 2.97×10⁷ hm² have been developed up to 2004. Our study tested whether the growth of planted Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) seedlings and its undergrowth development in northwest aspects differ from that of aerially sown seedlings on the northern and northwestern aspects of slopes. In 2007, we collected data such as height, diameter at breast height (DBH), clear bole height and canopy widths of trees, abundance, coverage, and frequency of shrubs and herbs from 21-year-old planted Chinese pine stands on a northwestern aspect (PNW), aerially sown stands in a northwest aspect (ANW) and aerially sown stands in a northern aspect (AN). Results showed that the relation of crown area and mean DBH was best fitted by a double inverse model for the ANW and AN forests and by a quadratic model for the PNW forest. There was no difference in the growth between ANW and AN forests, while growth was significantly higher in the PNW forest than in the ANW and AN forests. That was consistent with the Sorenson diversity indices in the shrub and herb layers, indicating that there was a large number of the same species in both aerially seeded stands, although their locations were different. Both the number of species in the undergrowth and the Shannon-Wiener index in the shrub layer were higher in the PNW stands than in the ANW and AN stands. Dominant families for all three stands were Rosaceae and Compositae in the shrub and herb layer, respectively. The dominant species for all three stands was Spiraea pubescens in the shrub layer, while the dominant species was different from each other in the three stands. The discrepancy in diversity and composition of species in the herb layer show that herbs are sensitive to shrubs in the three forests. High mortality and skewed diameter distributions reflect severe competition and too high a density in the aerially seeded forests. Thus, aerial seeding is a viable and effective regeneration technique, but management practices, such as thinning, should be applied to these forests.     

邓恩桉在福建莆田不同海拔高度的引种试验

在福建省莆田市仙游县西北部山区较高海拔山地以巨尾桉、巨桉、巨赤桉为对照,开展了邓恩桉的引种造林试验。结果表明:邓恩桉在该地区有较好的生长量和抗寒能力,在海拔高度500 m以上的区域邓恩桉基本能适应,2～3年生时,年平均树高、胸径和林分蓄积生长量分别达2.6～3.3 m、3.5～4.0 cm和8.2～23.6 m3/hm2,均超过福建省巨尾桉、尾巨桉短周期工业原料林生长量指标。初步认为,邓恩桉适合在该区海拔不超过700 m、立地等级为Ⅱ类或Ⅱ类以上的立地上造林。     

印度恒河平原苏打土壤种植的10个多功能树种生物量和生物能产量(英文)

评价了10个多功能树种--阿江榄江树(Terminalia arjuna)、印楝(Azadirechta indica)、牧豆树(Prosopis juliflora)、水黄皮(Pongarnia pin-nata)、木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)、角豆树(Prosopis alba )、阿拉伯金合欢(Acacia nilotica)、细叶桉(Eucalyptus tereticornis)、牛蹄豆(Pithecellobium dulce)、铁刀木(Cassia siamea )等10年间的生物量和生物能产量,这些树种采用单种栽培的农作方式种植于印度北部恒河平原苏打土壤。该地区土壤紧密、盐碱化、透水性差、营养匮乏。10个树种中,细叶桉植株最高,牧豆树和木麻黄次之。阿拉伯金合欢林分基面积为3.04m2·hm-2,植株胸径优于其他树种,牧豆树和木麻黄植株胸径次之。10年间,牧豆树和Acacia nilotica分别产出生物量56.50和50.75 Mg·hm-2,而阿拉伯金合欢、水黄皮和角豆树生物量产出量较小。牧豆树的营养需求和净生物量产出均最大,而且叶片中营养元素(N,P,K,Ca和Mg)含量较高。然而,树种间木质成分差异较小。以每吨木材营养元素产出量计算,氮素在阿拉伯金合欢中产出量最低,磷和钾分别在阿江榄仁树和牛蹄豆中产出最低,钙和镁在牧豆树中产出最低。牧豆树生物质能产量最高1267.75 GJ·hm-2,阿拉伯金合欢次之1206 GJ·hm-2,印楝最低(520.66GJ·hm-2)。图2表7参31。     

巨桉在莆田中低海拔区域的栽培效果

针对福建东南沿海中低海拔山地速生丰产树种稀少的现状及莆田林浆纸一体化项目的启动,开展了桉树在莆田中低海拔区域耐寒品种的引种栽培试验。结果表明,在莆田中低海拔(500～1 000 m)的山地营造巨桉速生丰产林,表现出生长快、产量高、适应性强的效果,5年生巨桉的年均树高、胸径和林分蓄积分别达2.54～3.15 m/a、3.14～3.72 cm/a和15.90～28.07 m3/(a.hm2),是福建中部沿海中低海拔山地较为理想的栽培树种。     

The use of entomopathogenic nematodes in the control of stored-product insects

This review highlights the latest findings regarding the use of entomopathogenic nematodes against post-harvest insects. Due to their requirements for moisture, entomopathogenic nematodes had received, until lately, limited attention for application to the dry storage environment. Recent improvements of their formulation and application approaches, as well as the discovery of new, more virulent strains have enhanced the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes and renewed interest in using entomopathogenic nematodes in the stored-product environment. The nematode species tested against storage insects belong exclusively to the genera Steinernema and Heterhorhabditis. The virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against post-harvest insects varies depending on the nematode species and strain. Usually, only a single-nematode species or strain is not equally effective against all major stored-product insect pests; therefore, one nematode strain or species cannot be suitable for controlling all species present in the storage environment, where several insect species coexist. The successful application of entomopathogenic nematodes in storage environments for controlling post-harvest insects is highly dependent on several biotic and abiotic factors, such as the host life stage, temperature, and relative humidity. Entomopathogenic nematodes have still to overcome substantial hurdles to become a reliable alternative for commercial applications in warehouses and storage facilities. However, the use of innovative, enhanced methods of formulation and application, such as encapsulation or bait traps, could boost the exploitation of entomopathogenic nematodes in storage facilities against post-harvest insects.     

松材线虫在大连地区发生的可能性及对策分析

按照松材线虫发生取决于寄主、天敌、传播途径等因素的原理，试从大连地区所处的地理位置、植被分布，松材线虫传播途径及对气候、环境的适应性等方面，结合国外松材线虫发生扩散蔓延情况特点，分析该线虫传入本地区的可能性与传入后生存的可能性，明确本地区林业生产、生态环境、旅游资源、城市绿化等所面临的危险及应采取的预防对策。     

The thermal constant for timing the emergence of the Red Palm Weevil, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhynchophorus ferrugineus</Emphasis> (Oliv.) (Coleoptera,Curculionidae)

The pupal duration of the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.) at two different temperatures revealed that the thermal threshold is –?2.3?°C, while the thermal constant is 423 degree days. Around 20.7 cycles of weevil emergence per year have been predicted in Egypt. A temperature between 44?–?45?°C was found to be the higher threshold at which the pupae are killed. The heat units required for the pupal development were utilized to predict the dates of adult emergence throughout the year.     

Initial performance and reforestation potential of 24 tropical tree species planted across a precipitation gradient in the Republic of Panama

Decades of deforestation and unsustainable land use have created large expanses of degraded lands across Central America. Reforestation may offer one means of mitigating these processes of degradation while sustaining resident human communities. However, a lack of information regarding tree species performance has been identified as an important limitation on the success and adoption of diversified reforestation strategies. We analyzed the initial growth of 22 native and 2 exotic tree species planted at three sites across a precipitation gradient in the Republic of Panama (1100–2200 mm year⁻¹), and identify promising species for use in forest restoration, timber production and on-farm systems.     

仙人掌多糖的提取分离与性质测定

仙人掌多糖具有降血糖、抗炎、免疫、抗溃疡等作用.经热水提取、乙醇沉淀、DEAE Sepharose fastflow离子交换色谱和Sephadex G系列凝胶滤过色谱纯化得到5种仙人掌多糖组分.采用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳检测多糖纯度,凝胶色谱测定相对分子质量,高效液相色谱测定糖的组成.经测定,它们的相对分子质量依次为2.0×103、1.0×106、4.0×103、9.2×105、5.0×103.ODP1由鼠李糖组成,ODP2可能由鼠李缚和葡萄糖组成,ODP4可能由鼠李糖和D-半乳糖组成.ODP3和ODP5分别由鼠李糖和一未知糖组分组成.     

锦鸡窄吉丁生物学特性及其防治

锦鸡窄吉丁是毛乌索沙地飞播固沙林主要灌木柠条、踏郎、花棒的重要钻蛀性害虫,1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在寄主枝干部越冬。6月中旬为羽化盛期。采用周期性平茬防治技术可有效抑制该虫危害。     

锦鸡窄言丁生物学特性及其防治

锦鸡窄吉丁是毛乌索沙地飞播固沙林主要灌木柠条、踏郎、花棒的重要钻蛀性害虫，1年发生1代，以老熟幼虫在寄主枝干部越冬。6月中旬为羽化盛期。采用周期性平茬防治技术可有效抑制该虫危害。     

唐菖蒲露地栽植常见病害的识别与防治

根据近几年来的唐草蒲栽培经验，清水地区唐菖蒲露地栽植中的病害主要有如下几种，现从发病症状、病原体、发病规律和防治方法方面作以下简要说明。