水分胁迫对红麻生理特性笔产量的影响

水分胁迫下，红麻叶片水势降低，游离脯氨酸含量大幅度上升，过氧化物酶活性增强，蒸腾速率减慢，用水效率提高，绿叶面积和净同化率变小，生长受阻。以上变化随水分胁迫程度加重而加剧。复水后红麻各项生理功能恢复很快。反应了红麻是一种耐旱性很强的作物。在红麻旺长后期水分胁迫对营养生长及干茎和生麻产量的影响大于旺长前期。但旺长后期水分胁迫后有促进生殖生长的趋势。因此，根据红麻不同时期对水分胁迫的反应及收获对象不同     

旺长期干旱胁迫对红麻生长发育、产量及效益的影响

为探讨干旱胁迫对红麻生长及产量的影响,寻找最佳节水灌溉临界值,以红麻品种杂红992为试验材料,通过盆栽控水法研究不同干旱胁迫强度和时长对红麻生长发育指标（叶片数、株高、茎粗和地上干物质量）、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低了红麻生长量,减缓了生长速度,且降低幅度与胁迫强度和时间呈正相关。干旱胁迫后的红麻在复水后将会进行补偿性生长。与正常灌溉相比,短时（5d）的轻度（土壤含水量控制在60%～65%）或中度（土壤含水量控制在40%～45%）干旱胁迫不仅可以节水45%～73%,而且提高产量8%～14%,综合经济效益提高2445～3729元/hm2。但重度（土壤含水量控制在20%～25%）或长时间（>15d）干旱胁迫降低了补偿效应甚至产生伤害。因此,从红麻生产的高产、高效出发,确定土壤含水量占田间最大持水量的40%～45%作为红麻旺长期增产、增效的水分临界指标。     

基于干旱胁迫的沙地柠条生理生态响应

摘要 ：采用干旱胁迫处理沙地柠条幼苗,对其生长性状、叶绿素含量、脯氨酸、酶活性和丙二醛(MDA)进行了测定,结果表明：随着水分胁迫时间的延长和胁迫程度的加重,苗高的相对增长量和平均生长速率均呈现下降的趋势。柠条在轻度水分胁迫时相对生长速率为无胁迫的72.73%,而在严重胁迫下仅为对照的45.45%。在严重胁迫处理的后半期,柠条则逐渐表现出叶片枯黄、卷曲等受胁迫的症状;最后8.5%的柠条在胁迫的末期死亡。随着不同水分梯度的胁迫时间延长,严重胁迫和重度胁迫的叶绿素含量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而无胁迫和轻度胁迫下叶绿素含量变化幅度不大,叶绿素a的含量初期表现为中度胁迫和严重胁迫的较高,后期严重胁迫叶绿素含量下降幅度最大,而叶绿素b在不同胁迫处理下均表现出先升高后下降的趋势。脯氨酸含量初期以轻度胁迫的较高,严重胁迫的脯氨酸含量较低,随着水分胁迫时间的延长严重胁迫处理脯氨酸含量明显上升,且在后期含量一直保持最高水平;严重胁迫后期POD含量明显高于其他处理措施,丙二醛的含量后期严重胁迫的最高,其次为轻度胁迫和中度胁迫,无胁迫的最低。     

土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的后效影响

为揭示土壤水分胁迫对冬小麦生长的后效影响及其规律,利用盆栽试验对供试冬小麦设置13种供水处理,测定作物株高、叶面积、冠干重及产量,研究水分胁迫对上述生理指标的后效影响。结果表明,中度水分胁迫对株高的后效影响大于重度水分胁迫,在重度水分胁迫下,除C5-A外,当前影响均大于后效影响;前期中度水分胁迫对叶面积的后效影响大于当前影响,后期则相反,重度水分胁迫对叶面积的当前影响大于后效影响;水分胁迫对冠重的后效影响大于当前影响;水分胁迫对冬小麦穗数的后效影响基本上表现为正效应,而对每穗粒数、千粒重、产量及WUE的后效影响则全部为负效应,拔节至孕穗阶段中度水分胁迫抽穗期复水的处理产量最高,达到对照的62%。不同程度、不同历时、不同生育阶段的水分胁迫,对作物生长均有后效应,并导致小麦减产。     

水分胁迫对夏玉米干物质积累与分配的影响

采用盆栽方法,通过设置不同的水分处理,研究水分胁迫对夏玉米生长发育的影响.从根、茎秆、叶、叶鞘、雌穗等器官水平上考察水分胁迫对夏玉米物质积累、分配等的影响,以及不同水分处理下各器官对夏玉米干物质积累的贡献率.分析发现,不同水分条件下,叶片、茎秆和叶鞘三者是干物质积累的重要来源,在灌浆期以前,叶片是最主要的干物质积累器官.在灌浆前后期,叶片所占的比重分别为22%,21%;茎秆也是夏玉米干物质积累的来源之一,在抽雄初期,T_3茎秆占总重的26%,在抽雄后期T_4茎秆比重为30%.茎秆在吐丝期和灌浆后期的比重分别为24%和23%,而水分胁迫(T_8)的叶鞘比重分别为21%和18%;在生殖生长阶段,植株对水分胁迫非常敏感;水分胁迫下有利于干物质的快速积累,即缩短灌浆期.     

水分胁迫期间及解除胁迫后对胡萝卜生长及叶细胞结构的影响

以盆栽胡萝卜品种向阳二号为材料,研究不同程度水分胁迫及胁迫解除后对胡萝卜生长的影响,旨在为胡萝卜耐旱栽培提供理论依据。结果表明,水分胁迫对胡萝卜的生长影响很大,当缺水严重时,叶片及根的生长均受到明显抑制,使苗的生长量、干物质积累及含水量显著下降。而且即使解除胁迫后其生长及各项指标也难以恢复。水分胁迫对叶细胞结构也有很大影响,随着水分胁迫程度的增强,细胞核数量减少,核缩小、变形或降解,解除胁迫以后也很难恢复。     

西藏河谷农区灌水和中后期降雨对高产青稞耗水量与产量的影响

利用盆栽试验研究人工灌水及雨水对西藏河谷农区高产青稞耗水特性及产量的影响。试验材料为西藏青稞品种 ‘藏青 25’ , 水分处理 8个： 全生育期正常水分、 轻度水分胁迫、 中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫理, 以及灌浆前正常水分、 轻度水分胁迫、 中度水分胁迫和重度水分胁迫处理后灌浆期以后雨水灌溉。试验结果表明, 土壤含水量越大, 青稞耗水量越大, 拔节期及灌浆期是青稞耗水量最大的时期。全生育期土壤水分胁迫会降低青稞的生物量及产量, 轻度水分胁迫、 中度水分胁迫、 重度水分胁迫与正常水分处理相比生物量下降了 29.9%、 41.7%、 47.6%, 单株产量下降了 15.8%、 43.7%、 57.2%。但前期水分胁迫灌浆期后雨水灌溉对青稞的生长受到促进, 生物量和产量增大, 与长期水分胁迫相比生物量增长了 13%、 75.8%、 128.1%、 157.8%, 产量增长了 42.8%、 84%、 201.6%和 269.5%。雨水灌溉在后期对青稞进行了补偿生长, 水分利用率也相应提高。因此, 在适当的水分胁迫 （50%~65%土壤田间持水量） 下, 利用雨水补充灌溉, 可以提高西藏高产青稞 ‘藏青25’ 的水分利用率, 增加产量。     

棉花对水分胁迫及复水的生理生态响应

水分胁迫是田间条件下存在最广泛的一种作物生长逆境,了解作物对该逆境的响应,是对作物进行合理调控、实现农业节水的前提.过去研究大多集中在胁迫期间的作物响应,而对胁迫后复水作物在生理、形态上的响应认识有限.本文通过在棉花苗期和蕾期实施不同程度的水分胁迫处理,研究水分胁迫及复水对棉花生长发育和生理特性的影响,为作物优化用水方式提供理论依据.     

水分胁迫及复水对绿洲膜下滴灌辣椒动态生长、产量及水分利用的影响

为了研究水分胁迫对露天膜下滴灌辣椒生长、产量形成和水分利用效率的影响,在辣椒苗期和开花坐果期均分别施加轻度水分胁迫(65%~75%田间持水量)、中度水分胁迫(55%~65%田间持水量)和重度水分胁迫(45%~55%田间持水量),全生育期充分供水处理(75%~85%田间持水量)为对照,分别测定各水分处理辣椒不同生育期末生长指标(株高、茎粗、叶面积指数和单株干物质积累量)以及青果总产量和水分利用效率,并用三次曲线模拟了辣椒各生长指标在全生育期内的动态变化过程。结果表明:三次曲线能够较好地反映不同水分处理下辣椒各生长指标随时间的动态变化。苗期和开花坐果期一定程度水分胁迫能导致辣椒在水分胁迫时段株高、茎粗和叶面积指数显著(P0.05)小于CK组,后期复水后,由于辣椒产生补偿性生长,苗期轻度和中度水分胁迫处理以及开花坐果期轻度水分胁迫处理辣椒,各生长指标增长速率在一定时间内超过CK组,最终辣椒产量和单株结果数均与CK组之间无显著差异(P0.05),且辣椒平均单果重分别比CK组显著高18.48%,22.49%,14.14%。苗期和开花坐果期水分胁迫,均能提高辣椒根冠比和果实干物质分配指数并减少辣椒全生育期灌水量和耗水量,特别是苗期中度水分胁迫处理,在不显著降低产量的情况下,灌水量和耗水量分别比CK组显著低12.36%和11.51%,且水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率均最高,分别比CK显著高8.61%和9.66%,因此,在苗期施加中度水分胁迫,后期充分灌水是实现绿洲辣椒节水、高产和高效栽培的一种较优灌溉方式。     

春季水分胁迫对佛甲草生长的影响

为调查佛甲草对水分适应能力,采用盆栽试验方法,研究了水分胁迫及复水对佛甲草植株的生长状况、组织的相对含水量（RWC）、叶绿素含量、相对质膜透性、脯氨酸含量、根系活力和丙二醛等生理生化指标的变化。研究结果表明,在水分胁迫下,佛甲草植株生长受到一定程度抑制;在严重水分胁迫下组织相对含水量明显下降;叶绿素含量呈先升后降的趋势;细胞膜透性则表现为持续升高;受水分胁迫的影响,脯氨酸含量及丙二醛含量随水分胁迫强度的增强而增加,随胁迫时间的延长而降低,受胁迫越重,含量越高。复水后,生长情况得到明显改善,各种生理生化指标逐渐恢复到正常状态。     

高产冬小麦节水栽培的叶水势特征

田间和盆栽试验研究表明叶水势日变化曲线因供水和生育时期而不同，黎明前叶水势（ψ＾ｐｒｅ）开花期低谷十分明显，与土壤水分动态变化不一致，午后叶水势表现为前期低中期高后期渐降的变化特点，不同水文年型间存在差异，生育中后期叶水势与深层土壤水分含量的相关程度增强，开花期叶水势与产量关系最为密切。前期控水式的节水栽培在一定程度上降低生育期叶水势，可通过渗透调节功能和较高膨压的维持稳定高产。     

Compensatory Growth Responses During Reproductive Phase of Cowpea after Relief of Water Stress

Unpredictable drought affects growth and yield of dryland cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) during rainy season. With the objective of identifying compensatory growth responses after relief of water stress, pot-grown plants (cv. C-752) were water-stressed at flowering, and physiological responses, short term dry matter partitioning upon relief of water stress, and productivity at maturity were studied. Water stress decreased, to varying degrees, leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate. Recovery in assimilation lagged behind that in water relations. Assimilate supply seemed to be limiting early pod growth upon relief of water stress due to low photosynthesis rate, reduced leaf area per pod, and increased partitioning to leaf expansion. However, later pod growth was not limited by assimilate supply and final dry matter per pod was similar in both non-stressed and stress-affected plant. Cowpea exhibited the following growth responses during pod-fill stage upon relief of water stress: 1. increase in leaf area, 2. shift in dry matter partitioning in favour of leaf expansion, 3. extended green leaf duration, and 4. increase in pod number. These partially compensating physiological responses probably ensure reasonable productivity of dryland cowpea during rainy season.     

高产冬小麦叶水势的变化特点与节水调控

１９８６－１９９０四个年度研究结果显示，叶水势是变化困供水及生育时期而不同。黎明前叶水势随生育进程而变化，开花期出现明显低谷，与土壤水分动态变化不一致；午后叶水势具有规律的阶段性变化，且因不同水文年型出现间差异。叶水势与土壤含水量呈曲线关系，随生育进程，叶水势与深层土壤水分的相关性增强。开花期叶水势与产量关系最为密切。前控式节水栽培可通过渗透调节维持较高膨压而高产。提出了不同水文年型高产节水主要生     

Effects of nitrogen and water stress on the rehydration,endogenous hormonal regulation and yield of maize

Water scarcity is known to be a strong limiting factor affecting maize grown and yield in cold semi-arid regions. Numerous studies have shown that rehydration improves maize growth. Our study aimed to explore the effects of rehydration treatments on maize growth and yield under water and nitrogen stress during different growth stages. We selected the drought-tolerant maize variety Nendan 19 (ND19) and subjected it to water stress during the V6 (sixth-leaf), R2 (filling) and R6 (maturity) growth stages and a rehydration treatment after each stress stage. Our results indicated that N1 (N100 kg N ha⁻¹) and N3 (N300 kg N ha⁻¹) treatments significantly increased the leaf moisture status relative to water content (RWC), bound water content (BWC), free water content (FWC) and water potential (WP)) at different growth stages. Similar trends were observed in the accumulation of plant leaf and root hormones (zeatin+zeatin riboside, indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid and gibberellic acid), photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence. However, under the same water stress conditions, they decreased as the N rate increased and reached a minimum value in the S3 (water stress for N3) treatments. In addition, with growth stage advancement and extension of the rehydration time, both showed a gradual upward trend. The results showed that to save water resources in the cold semi-arid region, rehydration treatments (R2S1 and R2S3) significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, leaf moisture status, biomass, 100-grain weight, hormone content, ear characteristics and grain yield of maize.     

水分胁迫效应对冬小麦生长发育的影响研究

利用温室管栽试验，研究水分胁迫效应对冬小麦生长发育的影响。结果表明：苗期水分胁迫，拔节期与开花期复水能激发冬小麦根、茎、叶、冠生物量显著增长，三叶至分蘖期控水的处理绿叶面积日增量最大；前期一直干旱灌浆期复水能明显减缓植株的衰老速率。冬小麦前期经受中度或重度水分胁迫，拔节期复水后增产效果最大，前期经受中度水分胁迫，开花期复水后水分利用效率最高。确定土壤含水量占田间持水量55％为冬小麦分蘖期水分胁迫效应增产节水的水分临界指标。     

土壤水分对冬小麦生长后期光能利用及水分利用效率的影响

通过控制不同土壤水分条件形成不同的小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）群体结构,测定了抽穗到成熟期间小麦冠层光合有效辐射（PAR）截获及垂直分布、干物质积累和产量。研究表明,不同处理小麦冠层对PAR的截获量差异较小（小于15.7%）,但冠层上部（60~80 cm）的PAR截获量和生长后期PAR转化效率差异明显（100.7%和63.7%）,与产量和光能利用效率变化一致,可见土壤水分是通过改变小麦群体内PAR垂直分布及PAR转化效率对作物产量和光能利用效率产生影响。抽穗到成熟期间维持小麦冠层上部PAR截获率在50%左右是实现高产的重要保证。随着土壤水分改善,冬小麦光能利用率和产量持续增加,但水分利用效率却先于二者提前降低,说明改善水分利用效率是提高华北地区农业气候资源利用效率的关键。在底墒充足的条件下,分别在拔节和挑旗期灌水60 mm可获得较高的光能和水分利用效率及经济产量     

The Influence of Plant Water Stress on Net Photosynthesis and Yield of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The effect of plant water stress on net photosynthesis, leaf growth, yield and yield-related components were investigated in a single experiment in order to determine in which way water deficits affect sunflower yields.
Sunflower plants, grown under controlled temperature regimes, were stressed during budding, anthesis and seed filling by withholding water until the leaf water potential reached -1600 and -2000 kPa. Leaf area of unstressed plants significantly exceeded that of plants under severe stress during all growth stages investigated. The CO₂ uptake rate per unit leaf area as well as the total uptake rate per plant, significantly diminished with stress, while this effect drastically increased during the reproductive phase of the plant. Although this resulted in significantly smaller heads and kernels, it did not affect the number of seeds borne in the inflorescence. Severe stress during anthesis and seed filling resulted in more empty kernels. Moderate and severe stress during budding significantly lowered both grain and oil yields while plants that experienced moderate stress during anthesis and seed filling significantly outyielded those under severe stress.     

Influence of Variable Amounts of Irrigation Water and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth, Yield and Water Use of Grain Sorghum

Sorghum hybrid CSH-6 was grown in fields in Delhi, India between July–November 1986 in order to study the effect of nitrogen nutrition and irrigation on dry matter accumulation, grain yield and water use. The treatments included 40 Kg Nha⁻¹ combined with two irrigations (30 DAS, 60 DAS), one irrigation (60 DAS) and no irrigation respectively. Rainfall during the crop season was only 17 cm. The unirrigated plants were considerably water stressed and exhibited very low leaf water potential, less leaf area, delayed anthesis, longer crop duration but shorter grain filling duration. The ears showed sterility and yield was only 0.41 t ha⁻¹ without nitrogen fertilization. Addition of nitrogen fertilizer had no significant effect on yield in unirrigated plants. A single irrigation 60 DAS increased yield due to increase in both grain number and grain weight per ear in fertilized and unfertilized crop respectively. Two irrigations in the unfertilized crop increased the yield to 2.2 t ha⁻¹ while similar treatment in the fertilized crop did not increase the yield significantly. Irrigation increased the WUE for grain yield. The results indicate that nitrogen stress and water stress reduced grain yield primarily through grain number rather than grain weight. Irrigation relieved both water stress and nutrient stress. Nitrogen nutrition was not beneficial under severe water stress conditions but was considerably helpful under mild stress. Biomass, grain yield and harvest index show significant correlation with preanthesis water use.     

不同时期水分调亏及不同调亏程度对冬小麦产量的影响

分盆栽对冬小麦在不同生长时期进行不同程度的调亏试验的结果表明,冬小麦从拔节至开花期间的轻度水分亏缺对其产量有显著影响,而灌浆和返青时间的轻度水分亏缺对产量无影响。各生育时期在不同调亏水平下的产量敏感指数（或敏感系数）不同。冬小麦经过一定的亏缺处理,复水后出现生长方面的补偿效应,因而产量降低幅度与耗水量减少幅度相比要小得多。气孔阻力和叶水势对土壤水分的变动有一阈值反应,只有当土壤含水量降至田间持水量