红掌“火焰”、“阿拉巴马”组培快繁及再生方式的研究

以红掌‘火焰’、‘阿拉巴马’的叶基、叶片及叶柄作为外植体,探讨其愈伤组织的诱导及分化,揭示其再生方式,实现组培快繁。采用常规组织培养的方法,设定不同的激素组合,通过不同外植体诱导分化途径的调查分析,探讨其再生方式。结果表明,不同外植体愈伤组织的诱导率,‘火焰’为叶柄＞叶基＞叶片,‘阿拉巴马’为叶基＞叶柄＞叶片。‘火焰’、‘阿拉巴马’嫩梢的再生方式既有器官再生又有体胚再生,在6-BA1.0 mg/L的培养条件下,‘火焰’器官再生率最高比例达到91%,体胚再生率为54%,2种方式均有比例为50%;‘阿拉巴马’器官再生率最高比例为62%,体胚再生率为57%,2种方式均有比例为57.1%。‘火焰’胚性愈伤组织在6-BA 0.5和1.0 mg/L的培养基中的萌发率,分别为55%和46%,‘阿拉巴马’分别为71%和66%。‘火焰’、‘阿拉巴马’2个品种、3类外植体再生方式研究发现其既有器官再生又有体胚再生,前期是以器官再生为主,后期以体胚再生为主。     

Genetic analysis of tissue culture traits in barley cv. 'Lenins'

The barley cultivar ‘Lenins’ was found to be a genotype showing high shoot regeneration ability in cultures derived from immature embryos. Five cultivars different from ‘Lenins’ in shoot regeneration ability were reciprocally crossed with ‘Lenins’ and the inheritance of tissue culture traits was investigated. F₂ plants showed continuous distributions in callus growth and percentage of shoot regeneration, suggesting that these traits were controlled by polygenes. The F₂ population, derived from a cross between ‘Lenins’ and ‘6721′, showed a monogenic segregation for the number of regenerated shoots, and the segregation ratio fitted 1:2:1. Tissue culture traits of ‘Lenins’ were controlled by several genes, whereas the number of regenerated shoots related to the efficiency of shoot regeneration is controlled by one major gene.     

花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生研究

为了建立花生体细胞胚诱导及植株再生体系,为花生分子育种提供技术支撑,以花生品种‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’为材料,采用预培养3天的种子胚小叶、下胚轴、子叶节为外植体,在添加外源激素的MS培养基中使体细胞脱分化形成体细胞胚,再分化成植株。结果表明,在所设定2,4-D浓度（3,5,10,15,20 mg/L）范围内,胚小叶最容易诱导形成体细胞胚,2,4-D的适宜浓度为10 mg/L,经过约30天培养,可产生大量体细胞胚,‘桂花30’和‘桂花771’的平均诱导率分别为55.37%和36.72%。平均每个外植体产胚量分别为5.68个和4.27个。将诱导形成的体细胞胚转接到6-BA浓度由5 mg/L逐渐降低到1.5 mg/L的MS培养基中,体细胞胚萌发再生成无根小苗,正常植株再生率‘桂花30’为32.6%,‘桂花771’为23.5%。将无根苗转接到生根培养基中可获得完整植株。花生是较难诱导体细胞胚形成的作物之一,筛选合适的基因型、外植体和激素浓度是获得较高体细胞胚发生率和植株再生率的关键技术。     

木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因遗传转化木薯的研究

旨在获得转淀粉分支酶反义SBEⅠ基因的‘华南木薯8号’转基因植株,为利用转基因技术改良木薯淀粉品质打下基础。在建立了木薯从胚状体子叶到完整植株的再生体系的基础上,用块根特异表达启动子Sporamin驱动的木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因,通过农杆菌介导法对‘华南木薯8号’进行遗传转化。共接种‘华南木薯8号’子叶517块,获得7株生长良好的转化再生植株,转化再生频率达到1.35%。经PCR检测,其中5株转化再生植株扩增出目的条带,初步证实木薯淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因已整合进了‘华南木薯8号’基因组中。通过农杆菌介导法可以将淀粉分支酶SBEⅠ反义基因导入到‘华南木薯8号’基因组中,获得了5株转基因植株。     

Spike pretreatments, anther culture conditions, and anther culture response of 17 German varieties of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The aim of this work was to establish an in vitro regeneration system from anther cultures of different German varieties of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Using ‘Nandu’ the most widely grown spring wheat cultivar in Germany, different culture conditions were investigated with regard to their influence on anther culture response. The best results were obtained when applying a cold pretreatment to the donor spikes and using the synthetic L3 induction medium, liquid or solidified with gelrite. The highest rates obtained in these experiments with ‘Nandu’ were 8.6% responding anthers, 22.3% embryoid induction, 15.3% albino regeneration and 5.5% green plant regeneration (all rates related to the number of cultured anthers). Of the ‘Nandu’ plants analysed, 51.1% were haploid and 44.3% were diploid, probably as a consequence of spontaneous chromosome doubling. When screening a further 16 commercial German varieties of spring wheat, 10 exhibited good anther culture response and four of these (‘Eta’‘Jondolar’, ‘Mieka’, and ‘Star’) proved to be highly responsive, reaching embryoid induction rates between 4.3 and 10.3% and rates of green plant regeneration between 5.4 and 10.7%.     

苎麻体细胞植株再生体系优化研究

旨在探索苎麻体细胞植株再生体系的优化方案,为苎麻组织培养及品种改良提供理论与技术依据。本试验以‘湘苎3号’为试材,优化苎麻愈伤诱导植株再生体系,再将此优化的再生体系应用于其他4个种质材料,得出5个种质的愈伤诱导率、芽诱导率、再生苗生根率,来比较不同基因型之间的体细胞植株再生率差异。结果表明‘,湘苎3号’最佳愈伤诱导培养基为附加2,4-D (0.1 mg/L)和6-BA (2.5 mg/L)的MS培养基;‘湘苎3号’、‘咸丰大叶绿’、‘A’、‘B’、‘中苎1号’的愈伤诱导率分别是:83.3%、80.0%、76.7%、70.0%、53.3%。‘湘苎3号’最佳芽诱导培养基为附加TDZ (0.5 mg/L)、2,4-D (0.02 mg/L)和IAA (0.03 mg/L)的1/2MS培养基,‘湘苎3号’、‘咸丰大叶绿’、‘A’、‘B’、‘中苎1号’的芽诱导率分别是:28.4%、21.2%、12.8%、8.9%、4.9%。‘湘苎3号’最佳生根培养基为附加TDZ (0.02 mg/L)+NAA(0.05 mg/L)+IAA (0.02 mg/L)的MS培养基,‘湘苎3号’、‘咸丰大叶绿’、‘A’...     

4种地被菊再生及遗传转化条件的比较

为建立地被菊‘神韵’、‘繁星粉’、‘都市丽人’和‘粉玫瑰’的离体再生体系,明确其遗传转化条件,为通过转基因技术培育地被菊新品种奠定基础,以叶片为外植体,研究了激素配比对4种地被菊再生芽诱导的影响;通过农杆菌介导比较了4种地被菊的遗传转化条件。研究结果表明,‘神韵’、‘繁星粉’、‘都市丽人’和‘粉玫瑰’可分别在含有NAA 1.0 mg/L+ BA 1.0 mg/L、NAA 0.3 mg/L+ BA 1.0 mg/L、NAA 1.5 mg/L+ BA 0.5 mg/L、NAA 0.5 mg/L+ BA 1.5 mg/L的MS培养基上获得最佳分化率;其叶片外植体的遗传转化条件为24 h预培养、OD600分别为0.4、0.5、0.3和0.4的农杆菌侵染10 min、共培养48 h、延迟培养2天、甘露糖筛选浓度为10 g/L、头孢霉素抑菌浓度为300 mg/L。部分抗性植株经PCR检测获得了目的条带,初步证明目的基因已经整合到4种地被菊的基因组中。     

‘北林雄株1号’和‘北林雄株2号’叶片再生体系的建立

为了解决白杨杂种三倍体‘北林雄株1号’和‘北林雄株2号’无性繁殖困难问题,以白杨杂种三倍体‘北林雄株1号’和‘北林雄株2号’的半木质化嫩枝为材料,对外植体消毒方法以及不同激素组合对叶片诱导不定芽的效果进行研究。结果表明：（1） ‘北林雄株1号’和‘北林雄株2号’启动培养最佳的消毒处理方法为20%浓度的84消毒液处理20 min;（2）激素6-BA以及TDZ对‘北林雄株1号’叶片不定芽再生率以及再生系数的影响显著,NAA对叶片不定芽再生率影响不显著,对再生系数的影响极显著,筛选出‘北林雄株1号’叶片再生的适宜培养基为MS+ 0.2 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.1 mg/L NAA+ 0.005 mg/L TDZ;（3）激素6-BA、NAA以及ZT对‘北林雄株2号’叶片再生率和再生系数的影响均达到了显著水平,筛选出‘北林雄株2号’叶片再生的适宜培养基为MS+ 1.0 mg/L 6-BA+ 0.05 mg/L NAA+ 1.2 mg/L ZT。‘北林雄株1号’与‘北林雄株2号’高效叶片再生技术体系建立,为该品种的规模化无性繁殖以及后续的基因工程育种等研究提供了技术基础。     

Heritability of in vitro plant regeneration capacity in sunflower

Cotyledons from 20 inbred lines of sunflower were evaluated in vitro for their regeneration ability on two culture media supplemented with growth regulators. Plant regeneration by direct organogenesis was observed after 4 weeks. Significant differences among inbred lines were found for the in vitro traits ‘percentage of organogenic explants’,‘percentage of shooting explants’,‘percentage of hypertrophing explants’ and ‘percentage of callusing explants’. The medium effect was significant for all variables. Some in vitro traits displayed significant genotype‐culture medium interaction. Regeneration ability was influenced by culture medium, genotype and their interaction and genetic parameters were estimated taking this interaction into account. Heritability values ranged from 0.74 to 0.45. Strong positive correlations were observed among the organogenesis‐related traits ‘percentage of organogenic explants’, ‘percentage of shooting explants’ and ‘proliferation rate’.     

Aneuploid Analysis of Anther Culture Response in Wheat

Genetic stocks of Triticum aestivum including the disomic, 8 ditelosomic and 3 nullisomic-tetrasomic ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat lines were employed to ascertain the chromosomal arm locations of the genes acting on the production of embryos from micro-spores and on the regeneration capacity (green and albina) of the microspore-derived embryos. All these aneuploid lines differed significantly from the parental line ‘Chinese Spring’ for embryo production. Our results confirmed or in most cases established that genes affecting embryo production are located on several chromosomal arms: IBS, 1BL, 3AS, 3AL, 5AS, SAL, 5BS, 5BL, 7DS, 7DL. Whereas most of the chromosomal arms stimulate the production of embryos from the microspores, IBS and 1BL reduce it. The results of plant production from microspore-derived embryos suggest that the genes increasing regeneration ability are located on CS5A chromosome and are likely associated to a gene increasing green plant frequency. On the contrary, the 1BL arm increases the albina frequency.     

不同基因型甘蔗甘露糖抗性筛选体系的建立

为明确不同基因型甘蔗再生过程中对甘露糖的敏感性,为甘蔗基因工程育种中转化子的离体筛选提供技术。使用甘露糖作为筛选底物,对甘蔗品种‘ROC22’、‘桂糖94-119’和‘桂糖96-44’外植体的再生进行研究。建立3个基因型甘蔗的甘露糖抗性筛选体系,在甘蔗愈伤组织继代增殖、分化和小苗生根3个阶段进行抗性筛选时,甘露糖占总糖的比例分别是60%、60%~70%和30%。通过统计分析,明确了不同再生阶段甘露糖对3个甘蔗基因型的影响不同,继代增殖阶段基因型间无明显差异,但在分化和生根阶段达极显著差异。     

Callusing and Regeneration of Plantlets via Somatic Embryogenesis from Inflorescence Cultures of Triticum aestivum L.: Role of Genotype and Long-Term Retention of Morphogenic Potential

In the present investigation we have succeeded in obtaining a high frequency of regeneration of plantlets via somatic embryogenesis from callus derived from immature inflorescence explains of Triticum aestivum var, ‘Sonalika’. The explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D, casein hydrolysate and coconut milk. A large number of embryoids germinated, to form plantlets on the medium when 2, 4-D was omitted altogether or provided at low concentration. Plantlets were transferred to soil under natural environmental conditions and were shown to have the normal chromosome number of 2n = 6x = 42. Experiments with nineteen other varieties show that there is a marked effect of genotype both on initiation of callusing as well as on regeneration. So far ‘Sonahka’ has proved to be the most responsive among varieties tested by us. With callus of the variety ‘Sonalika.’, we also conducted an investigation on long-term retention of regenerative potential. During Song-term culture, for about 12 months, the morphogenic potential gradually diminished and was finally lost, but the regeneration potential could be restored by subculturing at very short intervals.     

不同植物生长调节剂处理对陆地棉子叶节再生的影响

为了建立高效的棉花子叶节再生体系用于遗传转化,以3个陆地棉品种的子叶节为材料,对棉花子叶节再生体系进行了优化,特别对子叶节诱导生根进行了探讨。结果表明：在子叶节丛生芽诱导中,不同材料的最佳诱导培养基存在差异,‘百棉1号’适宜的培养基为MSB+1.0 mg/L 6-BA +0.5 mg/L IBA;‘百棉2号’适宜的培养基为MSB +2.5 mg/L 6-BA +2.5 mg/L KT;‘珂字312’适宜的培养基为MSB +2.0 mg/L 6-BA,每个外植体可以得到3~4个芽,且大部分芽都可以伸长。生根培养基为MSB+0.5 mg/L NAA。     

QTL mapping and associated marker selection for the efficacy of green plant regeneration in anther culture of rice

Anther culturability of rice is a quantitative trait controlled by nuclear‐encoded genes. The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and associated marker selection for anther culturability is important for increasing the efficiency of green plant regeneration from microspores. QTL associated with the capacity for green plant regeneration in anther culture of rice were mapped on chromosomes 3 and 10 using 164 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from a cross between ‘Milyang 23’ and ‘Gihobyeo’. The quantitative trait locus located on chromosome 10 was detected repeatedly when three anther culture methods were applied and was tightly linked to the markers, RG323, RG241 and RZ400. Associations between these markers and the efficacy of green plant regeneration in 43 rice cultivars and two F₂ populations, ‘MG RI036’/‘Milyang 23’, and ‘MG RI036’;/‘IR 36’ were analysed. One of these markers, RZ400, was able to identify effectively genotypes with good (> 10.0%) and poor (< 3.0%) regenerability, based on the marker genotypes in the cultivars and two F₂ populations. This marker enables the screening of rice germplasm for anther culturability and introgression into elite lines in breeding programmes.     

红花檵木叶片再生不定芽的研究

为了建立红花檵木叶片高效的离体再生体系,解决其基因工程育种的问题,以红花檵木叶片为外植体,探讨了品种、光照条件、激素等因素对叶片离体再生的影响。结果表明：不同品种叶片再生不定芽能力不同,‘玫红细叶青’再生能力最强,其次是‘长叶玫红’,‘花叶2号’叶片再生最难。白光和红光有利于叶片再生,70天后都有不定芽出现。其中白光下的诱导率达50%,红光下诱导率达25%。叶片近轴面接触培养基,再生效率高。适合诱导‘玫红细叶青’再生不定芽适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 0.5 mg/L其不定芽分化率为41.6%,适合‘长叶玫红’不定芽分化的组合是MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+ NAA 1.0 mg/L其不定芽分化率为33.3%。     

高温刈割时期对非秋眠紫花苜蓿再生的影响

为探讨高温期非秋眠紫花苜蓿的生长状态以及高温期刈割对紫花苜蓿再生产量及品质的影响。采用双因素随机区组设计,3 个非秋眠紫花苜蓿品种在8 月上中旬分别进行4 次刈割试验。结果表明：‘WL656’、‘WL712’和‘WL903’在高温条件下保持较好生长状态,植株高度、鲜重显著增长;高温期刈割后可正常生长,但刈割当天气温会影响再生植株长势;8 月1 日和8 月5 日刈割处理的紫花苜蓿再生速度显著慢于8 月10 日和8 月15 日刈割处理;品种间再生速度趋势基本一致。刈割时期和苜蓿品种对苜蓿粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量均有显著或极显著影响。总体来看,‘WL656’、‘WL712’和‘WL903’属于较耐热型品种,夏季产量和品质可维持在较好的状态。     

Preliminary Diallel Analysis of Anther Culture Response in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A four-parent complete dialleld mating-set of three Triticum aestivum L. cultivars ‘Edwall’, ‘Chris’ and ‘Spillman’, and an alloplasmic line of ‘Selkirk’ in Aegilops variabilis Eig. cytoplasm was used. Genetic components among total variation for callus induction, green plant percentage and green plant yield werr 92%, 80% and 77%, respectively, but lower (36%) for plant regeneration. General combining ability (GCA) variance components and narrow-sense heritabilities estimated for callus induction, green plant pereentnge and green plant yield were 74%, 66%, and 53%, and 0.68, 0.54 and 0.43. respectively. Specific combining ability (SCA) variancw was calculated as 85%) of total genctie variation for plant regeneration. Significant reciprocal effects for callus induction. green plant percentage and green plant yield were observed.     

马铃薯不同品种块茎再生体系的建立和优化

为建立最佳的马铃薯块茎再生体系,本研究分别以‘夏坡蒂’、‘费乌瑞它’以及‘克新1号’的试管薯和大田薯为试验材料,采用控制变量法对马铃薯块茎再生体系进行筛选,以获得其培养基最佳激素浓度配比,并对不同来源马铃薯块茎不定芽分化率进行对比。结果表明,‘夏坡蒂’、‘费乌瑞它’和‘克新1号’愈伤组织的最佳诱导培养基组合分别为MS+1 mg/L IAA+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L GA3+1 mg/L ZT、MS+1 mg/L IAA+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L GA3+2 mg/L ZT和MS+1 mg/L IAA+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L GA3+2 mg/L ZT。‘夏坡蒂’与‘费乌瑞它’的不定芽最佳分化培养基组合为MS+1 mg/L IAA+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.5 mg/L GA3+2 mg/L ZT;‘克新1号’的最佳分化培养基组合为MS+1 mg/L IAA+1 mg/L 6-BA+0.2 mg/L GA3+2 mg/L ZT。试管薯的块茎不定芽分化率显著高于大田薯。     

4个优良石榴品种叶片高频再生体系的建立

为提高石榴叶片再生率,增加再生芽数量及缩短再生周期,以‘泰山红’‘、泰山三白甜’‘、皮亚曼’‘、牡丹’4个石榴品种盆栽苗和无菌苗叶片为试材,研究培养基类型、生长调节剂配比、叶片来源和培养步骤对不定芽再生的影响。结果表明：MS是叶片再生最适培养基类型;无菌苗叶片比盆栽苗叶片更易再生不定芽;BA3.0mg/L+KT1.0mg/L+IBA0.3mg/L是叶片愈伤组织诱导、分化和不定芽形成过程中生长调节剂最佳配比;先在液体培养基上培养3~5天,再转至固体培养基比仅在固体培养基上效果更好,叶片再生率最高达98.47%,出芽数达7.51个。叶片不定芽的最佳单芽培养基和增殖培养基分别为B5+BA0.6mg/L+IBA0.5mg/L+椰汁100mL/L+PVP2.0g/L+GA31.0mg/L和B5+BA0.8mg/L+IBA0.5mg/L+椰汁100mL/L+PVP2.0g/L,增殖系数为5.56。适宜的生根培养基为B5+IBA1.0mg/L+椰汁100mL/L,生根率为89.63%。由此建立了石榴叶片高频再生体系。     

啤酒花不同外植体再生体系的研究

为了建立适用于基因工程培育抗病毒的啤酒花再生体系,筛选了‘于勒比特’啤酒花(Humulus lupulus L.)不同外植体、不同培养基、不同激素配比对愈伤组织形成、不定芽分化和不定根产生的影响。结果表明：叶盘、节间和腋芽都可以诱导形成愈伤组织,且叶盘在MS-B5培养基+葡萄糖20 g/L,含有6-BA 0.5 mg/L+IAA 1.5 mg/L,以7 g/L琼脂固化,pH 5.8的条件下,愈伤组织诱导率可达92.5%,愈伤组织形成不定芽可达56.0%,初步构建了‘于勒比特’啤酒花的再生体系。