施氮量对高粱产量、品质及氮利用效率的影响

为了更好地对高粱进行氮素管理,采用盆栽试验研究了施氮量对高粱生长、籽粒产量及品质、氮素累积及转运利用的影响。选取肥力较低的土壤,设6个氮水平：0（N0）、0.05（N1）、0.1（N2）、0.2（N3）、0.4（N4）和0.6g/kg（N5）（风干土）。结果表明,N3处理干物质累积量、叶片SPAD值、籽粒产量、穗粒数及收获指数均显著高于N0和N5处理;N3处理籽粒淀粉含量低于N1处理,但淀粉产量最高;随施氮量的增加籽粒单宁含量降低,蛋白质含量增加,蛋白质总产量以N3和N4最高。随施氮量的增加叶鞘中NO₃^--N含量增加,N3处理挑旗期和穗花期叶鞘中NO₃^--N含量明显高于N0、N1和N2,但在灌浆期N0~N3处理间硝态氮含量没有显著差异;N3处理从茎叶向籽粒的转运率最高,达到76.76%。综上,适宜的施氮量有利于高粱生长及产量的提高,且在生长前期提高了叶鞘中硝态氮累积,能协调籽粒产量和功能成分的关系,获得较高的淀粉和蛋白总产量。     

氮素水平对杂交棉氮素吸收、生物量积累及产量的影响

在滴灌条件下,采用单因素随机区组设计,研究了不同氮素水平(0、135、270、405、540 kg·hm-2)对杂交棉生物量、氮素吸收及产量的影响。结果表明:杂交棉生物量、吸氮量和产量随氮素水平的增加而增加,至施氮量为405 kg·hm-2时达最高值,分别较不施氮水平提高了49.93%,75.43%和82.24%;氮素水平对杂交棉蕾、花、铃生物量积累和氮素吸收的影响大于茎和叶;氮素的增加还显著提高了杂交棉的生物量积累速率、氮素吸收速率以及单株铃数和铃重。本试验中270 kg·hm-2的施氮量可初步满足杂交棉获得高产的需要,施氮量过大不利于产量的提高。本研究条件下杂交棉获得最高产量的氮肥适宜用量为386.5～388.4 kg·hm-2。     

Differences between Maize Cultivars in Yield Formation, Nitrogen Uptake and associated Depletion of Soil Nitrate

In a 3-year field experiment conducted on a Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart-Hohenheim, ten maize cultivars (nine commercial and one experimental hybrid) were compared in their ability to utilize a high soil nitrogen (N) supply. Total N content of the shoots at about silage maturity ranged from 213 to 328 kg N ha⁻¹ (1986), from 177 to 223 kg N ha⁻¹ (1987) and from 185 to 226 kg N ha⁻¹ (1988). In all three experimental years, total shoot N uptake was significantly positively correlated to stover yield, and also to N concentrations in the ears and in the total plant dry matter. In contrast, a negative correlation between ear yields of the cultivars and total N uptake was indicated. Differences between the cultivars in N uptake were reflected in a corresponding soil nitrate depletion. At harvest, residual nitrate-N in the 0–90 cm soil layer ranged from 34–63 kg N ha⁻¹ m 1987 and 32–71 kg N ha⁻¹ in 1988. The results indicate, that growing of cultivars selected for high N uptake-capactiy of the shoots may contribute to an increased utilization of a high soil N supply and thus to a reduction of nitrate leaching.     

Molybdenum Uptake and Nitrate Reductase Activity in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Evidence for Heterosis

The absorption of Mo by the roots and. transport to the shoot of intact seedlings of a sorghum hybrid and its parent cultivars were measured for 3 h from 10 to 100 μmol ammonium molybdate. The patterns of absorption revealed hybrid vigour and the hybrid followed the patterns of the male- parent 168. Studies on the effects of different amounts of Mo on the nitrate reductase activity also showed the occurrence of hybrid vigour in the- hybrid CSH-7.     

施氮和间作对蚕豆根瘤形成及氮素吸收累积的影响

为探究不同施氮水平下小麦蚕豆间作对蚕豆根瘤形成及氮素吸收累积的影响,明确氮肥施用与豆科作物结瘤固氮、氮素吸收累积和产量的关系,通过2年田间试验,分析了N0、N1、N2和N3 4个施氮水平（蚕豆：0、45、90、135kg/hm²;小麦：0、90、180、270kg/hm²）下,单作、间作蚕豆各关键生育期根瘤鲜重、氮素吸收关键参数、地上部氮素累积量和产量的特征。结果表明,N0、N1和N2水平下,间作蚕豆根瘤鲜重比单作分别提高40.9%、27.2%和34.1%;高氮（N3）水平下,单作、间作蚕豆根瘤鲜重无显著差异。与单作相比,4个施氮水平下间作蚕豆的最大氮素累积量（A）和最大氮素吸收速率（R_max）降幅分别为8.01%~13.93%和10.27%~12.98%,表明氮素吸收累积特点与根瘤鲜重相反。在蚕豆营养生长阶段（出苗后90d内）,单作、间作蚕豆氮素累积量无差异;进入结荚期后（出苗90d后）,间作显著降低了蚕豆的氮素累积量。同时,蚕豆产量也受施氮量和种植模式的调控,与单作相比,4个施氮水平下,间作降低蚕豆产量平均达20.66%。整体而言,在N1水平下,蚕豆根瘤鲜重和产量达最大值,随着施氮量增加,蚕豆根瘤鲜重、氮素累积量和产量均随之降低,间作促进根瘤形成的优势减弱甚至消失。因此,间作体系中蚕豆氮肥的运筹与间作优势的形成密切相关。     

不同穗型常规籼稻品种氮素吸收利用的基本特点

在群体水培条件下,以国内、外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种(2001年为88个、2002年为122个)为材料,测定干物质重(包括根系)、产量及其构成因素、氮素含量等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按单穗重从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究各类品种氮素吸收利用的基本特点。结果表明,(1)供试品种单穗重差异较大,适当增加穗重有利于水稻品种产量的提高;(2)不同穗型水稻品种植株含氮率差异较小,大穗型水稻品种抽穗期、结实期、成熟期群体氮素累积量和个体(单穗)氮素累积量均显著大于小穗型品种,个体(单穗)吸氮量特别是抽穗前单穗吸氮量大,是大穗型品种主要生育阶段群体氮素累积量显著大于小穗型品种的重要因素;(3)中等偏大穗型的水稻品种氮素收获指数、氮素籽粒生产效率较高;(4)大穗型水稻品种播种到抽穗天数、全生育期天数较长;(5)氮素累积量、氮素籽粒生产效率均是影响穗重的重要因素,但氮素累积量作用较大;(6)吸氮强度尤其是个体(单穗)吸氮强度是不同穗型水稻品种群体与个体(单穗)氮素累积量差异的主要因素。     

粒用高粱养分吸收、产量及品质对氮磷钾营养的响应

基于2011—2012年在山西省农业科学院东阳农业试验基地的大田定位试验,2013年在高粱/玉米轮作体系下,以晋杂23高粱[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench]为试料,设置NPK、PK、NK、NP和CK(不施肥)5个施肥处理,每个处理3次重复,采用随机区组排列,研究土壤养分耗竭条件下氮磷钾肥对粒用高粱生长、养分吸收、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,出苗后76 d,NPK、PK、NK和NP处理最大叶叶面积分别比CK增加18.7%、4.1%、17.9%和16.6%,单株总功能叶面积分别比CK处理增加54.1%、18.4%、47.4%和48.2%;整个生育期施肥处理对叶片生物量有显著影响。自出苗后121 d,各施肥处理对茎干物质累积具有显著影响。NPK、PK、NK和NP处理籽粒产量分别比CK增加了93.8%、35.5%、91.2%和78.1%。自出苗后100 d,CK和PK处理叶片中的N含量显著低于NPK、NK和NP处理,此时CK和NK处理显著降低了叶片中P含量。在收获期,CK处理显著降低了籽粒中N含量。CK、PK和NP处理提高了直链淀粉含量,而支链淀粉含量下降,导致直链/支链比值相应增加。施氮肥处理(NPK、NP、NK)的籽粒蛋白质含量明显高于CK和PK处理;NPK处理分别提高了73.9%和40.3%。NPK处理籽粒单宁含量比CK和PK处理分别提高15.6%和22.7%。研究表明,不施肥和不施氮肥显著降低了粒用高粱植株生长、干物质积累、籽粒产量、氮磷养分吸收以及籽粒中支链淀粉、蛋白质和单宁含量,不施肥和不施氮对高粱的影响明显大于不施磷或不施钾,平衡施肥有利于粒用高粱产量的提高和品质的改善。     

氮肥后移对烤烟氮素吸收、利用及品质的影响

为研究氮肥追施比例对烤烟氮素吸收、利用、化学成分及感官质量的影响,以烤烟品种NC55为材料,运用15N同位素示踪技术进行了不同基追肥比例的田间试验。结果表明,提高氮肥追施比例,烟株各器官及整株对基肥氮的吸收量减少,追肥氮的吸收量增加;当追肥比例为50%时,整株对肥料氮的吸收量最高。随追肥比例增加,烟株各器官对土壤氮的吸收量呈先增加后降低趋势,当追肥比例大于30%时,茎秆、叶片及整株的土壤氮吸收量显著降低。随氮肥追施比例增加,基肥氮的利用率提高,追肥氮的利用率降低,肥料氮的利用率先增加后降低,以追肥比例为50%时最高。增加追肥比例提高了烟叶感官质量,以追肥比例50%时最好,追肥比例再增加,品质降低。本试验条件下,氮肥追施比例为50%是兼顾氮素利用和品质的最佳处理。本研究为烤烟氮肥的合理施用提供了理论依据。     

Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat under Different Fertilization Regimes, with Particular Reference to Main Stems and Tillers

Two-year field trials with winter wheat under nine nitrogen (N) fertilizer treatments were conducted at TU Munich's research station in Southern Bavaria. The study investigated N uptake and N utilization of wheat stands for varying N fertilizer strategies, with emphasis on N application during stem elongation. N use was analysed in individual plants, separated into main stems and tillers to estimate the effect on the tiller category. While grain N uptake showed only slight differences, substantial differences were recorded for N uptake of straw, leading to significant variation in N harvest index as affected by N fertilizer treatment. Individual plant analysis indicated that N harvest indices of tillers were lower than those of main stems due to high N uptake into the straw of tillers. This was not modified by any of the N fertilization strategies. It is presumed that for tillers the translocation of nitrogen from straw into kernels is less effective than for main stems since ears of tillers produce a lower sink size. N fertilization with emphasis on stem elongation led to a below-average number of tillers and above-average N harvest indices for main stems as well as tillers. This was confirmed by a negative correlation between plant density and N harvest index. High N content in straw was not found to be necessary for achieving high N content in kernels. In addition to economical benefits, a N fertilization strategy with emphasis on application during stem elongation has environmental benefits in intensive wheat production systems.     

高氮条件下不同黄瓜品种氮素吸收利用的差异

为了研究高氮条件下黄瓜对氮素吸收利用的特性,以5个黄瓜品种为材料,在高氮地块中研究施氮和不施氮水平下黄瓜品种氮素吸收利用的差异。结果表明：施氮处理中黄瓜品种产量、干物质量及总吸氮量无显著差异,在氮素利用效率上有显著差异;在不施氮处理中黄瓜品种产量、干物质量、总吸氮量及氮素利用效率均有显著差异。相关分析及通径分析表明,土壤高氮情况下不论施肥与否,氮素利用效率对黄瓜产量起主导作用。     

氯甲基吡啶对滴灌棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响

在田间滴灌条件下,采用单因素随机区组设计,设置CK(不施氮肥)、Urea(尿素)和Urea+Nitrapyrin(尿素+氯甲基吡啶)3个处理,重复4次,分别于2012和2013年研究了尿素添加硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶(Nitrapyrin)对棉花生物量、氮素吸收及氮肥利用率的影响。2年试验结果表明,尿素添加氯甲基吡啶随水滴施能增加棉株的生物量、吸氮量及产量,使植株地上部分的生物量和吸氮量较单施尿素分别提高4.1%~5.1%、4.3%~4.4%,皮棉产量提高4.1%~4.4%;其中,茎、叶、蕾花铃的生物量较单施尿素分别增加2.7%~4.5%、14.9%~16.2%和2.5%~3.9%,吸氮量则分别提高0.4%~1.1%、12.2%~16.3%以及2.9%~3.4%;氯甲基吡啶的添加能提高棉田氮肥利用率11.5%~12.5%。研究结果可为应用硝化抑制剂氯甲基吡啶促进滴灌农田氮肥高效利用提供理论依据。     

不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种吸水规律研究

以地下根系生长、地上生物量和土壤含水量之间的关系为对象,研究了8个不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种的吸水规律。结果表明:休眠和半休眠苜蓿品种的时空变化特征表现出一致性;随着生长年限的增加,土壤含水量呈递减趋势;年刈割3茬,地上生物量与苜蓿耗水量密切相关,呈“V”字型分布;生育期内,分枝期历时最长、耗水最多,开花期耗水速率最快;3年内,苜蓿根系主要分布在60 cm土层,侧根主要发生于0~40 cm层,60 cm层下无侧根发生。根系主要依靠侧根在120 cm土层内吸收土壤水分。     

Genetic Variation in Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Spring Rape (Brassica napus L.) and its Exploitation Through Selection

Field and controlled environment studies revealed significant genetic variation in nitrogen uptake and utilization within an F2 population of spring rape. However, narrow-sense heritabilities of measures of these characters were consistently low, and were less than that of seed yield in the field. Flowering time in the field had a much higher heritability than seed yield and the expected yield response to selection for this character was 34 % greater than the response to direct yield selection. An even greater yield response was expected from selection based on an index combining measurements of flowering time, nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization. The expected yield response to selection for an index incorporating these characters and seed yield was SI % greater than that for direct yield selection.     

不同类型氮肥对夏玉米氮素累积、转运与氮肥利用的影响

在较低施氮量下，研究了3种类型氮肥(普通尿素、包膜尿素和复合肥)不同施用量(0、90和180 kg N/hm²)对夏播玉米郑单958与农大108氮素吸收、累积、转运及氮肥利用的影响。结果表明，在本试验范围内，施氮量增大，植株氮素累积量增加，氮生理效率、氮肥效率与氮肥利用率(NUE)下降。同等施氮量下包膜尿素与复合肥较普通尿素NUE高，郑单958施90 kg N/hm²与农大108施180 kg N/hm²时尤为明显；氮素阶段性累积规律，两品种在不施氮和施氮条件下均具有基因型差异。播种至吐丝后21 d氮素累积量太大对夏玉米灌浆中后期氮素累积有一定抑制作用，郑单958表现特别明显；氮收获指数(NHI)具明显基因型差异，郑单958较农大108高近6个百分点。施氮使郑单958 NHI显著降低，农大108变化不明显。与普通尿素相比，包膜尿素与复合肥处理NHI较低，在郑单958施90 kg N/hm²与农大108施180 kg N/hm²时差异达显著水平；叶、茎鞘氮素转运量及其对籽粒氮贡献率随施氮量增大而增大，叶氮素转运主要在吐丝后21 d至成熟期，茎鞘氮素转运主要在吐丝至吐丝后21d；肥料氮主要在吐丝前发挥作用，且最主要是在12叶展至吐丝期，施氮与不施氮处理的氮素累积量差异在吐丝前后达最大。     

高粱──苏丹草杂交种的选育和利用

利用高粱、苏丹草强大的杂种优势，选育的高粱──苏丹草杂交种经试验、示范，不仅单株优势明显、单位面积产量高，而且品质也十分优良，用于养鱼和养牛，均获得成功。     

薏苡氮磷钾养分吸收分配及利用特征

旨在为薏苡科学施肥及高产潜力挖掘提供理论依据.以4个薏苡品系为试验材料,于2018-2019年进行大田试验,分析其在不同生育时期氮磷钾(NPK)元素的吸收、分配及利用规律.结果 表明,4个薏苡品系的全株总生物量干重在20.5～24.7 t/hm2,地上部分生物产量干重在18.4～22.6 t/hm2之间,但是籽粒产量相...     

不同种植密度对高粱生长、产量及养分吸收的影响

为了明确密度与高粱[Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]农艺和经济性状以及养分吸收的关系,以‘晋杂23号’高粱为试验作物,采用大田试验方法,试验设4.5万株/hm2、7.5万株/hm2、10.5万株/hm2和13.5万株/hm2 4个种植密度,研究了不同种植密度对高粱生长、产量、产量构成因素以及养分吸收的影响。结果表明,随着密度增加,高粱株高显著增高,茎粗显著变细,单株叶面积和单株干重显著下降。在4.5万株/hm2~7.5万株/hm2范围内,籽粒产量随着密度增加呈显著性增加。密度在4.5万株/hm2~10.5万株/hm2时,单位面积穗数随密度增加呈显著性增加。随着密度增加,穗粒数显著性增加,而千粒重影响不显著。除磷以外,密度对高粱氮和钾吸收总量均无显著影响。密度对籽粒氮吸收量没有显著影响;在10.5万株/hm2~13.5万株/hm2范围内,磷和钾吸收量明显下降。与氮和磷不同,钾主要分配在秸秆中,只有少量钾转运到籽粒中。相关分析表明,种植密度与株高、生物产量、籽粒产量和单位面积穗数呈显著性正相关,而与茎粗、单株叶面积、单株干重、经济系数、穗粒数和千粒重呈显著性负相关。本研究表明,种植密度与高粱主要农艺和经济性状以及养分吸收息息相关,在高粱高产高效栽培中起着非常重要的作用。     

不同种植方式下水稻氮素吸收利用的特性

以早熟晚粳、迟熟中粳和中熟中粳3种生育类型水稻品种(含常规粳稻和杂交粳稻)为材料,比较研究了旱育中苗壮秧精量手栽、小苗机插、直播3种种植方式下水稻的氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明,拔节期植株含氮率和吸氮量为直播>机插>手栽,抽穗期和成熟期为手栽>机插>直播,手栽成熟期总吸氮量较机插和直播分别高11.68%和39.03%,机插较直播高24.49%;氮素吸收速率,拔节前为直播>机插>手栽,拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期为手栽>机插>直播,手栽和机插拔节至抽穗期的吸收速率最大,直播中熟中粳拔节至抽穗期最大,早熟晚粳和迟熟中粳拔节前最大;拔节至抽穗期和抽穗至成熟期的氮素积累量为手栽>机插>直播,不同种植方式间差异均达显著或极显著水平;氮素吸收利用率,手栽、机插、直播分别为44.49%、39.00%、31.41%,且手栽和机插为早熟晚粳>迟熟中粳>中熟中粳,直播为中熟中粳>迟熟中粳>早熟晚粳,同一生育类型常规粳稻大于杂交粳稻;百千克籽粒需氮量,手栽、机插、直播分别为1.959 (1.900~2.009) kg、1.842 (1.681~1.914) kg、1.638 (1.540~1.721) kg,常规粳稻手栽与机插间差异不显著,但都显著高于直播,杂交粳稻不同种植方式间差异均显著,直播稻为中熟中粳>迟熟中粳>早熟晚粳,手栽和机插在不同生育类型品种间没有明显变化规律。科学选择种植方式并配套适宜的品种类型对实现水稻氮素高效吸收和利用具有重要意义。     

同源四倍体高粱与约翰逊草种间杂种优势利用研究

采用６个同源四倍体高粱品系及其与约翰昌的种间杂种为材料,分析了种间杂种的生物学特征、饲用价值、杂优表现及其稳定性。发现杂种Ｆ１在生物产量上表现了巨大优势（７０．０％￣９０．０％）,Ｆ１￣Ｆ３在生物产量上优势相对固定,比双亲有显著提高,杂种低世代用做饲草是可行的。     

Intraspecific Variation in Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Twenty wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) varieties differing in plant height were grown in soil culture and evaluated for differences in nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) at limited (40 kg N ha⁻¹) and normal (120 kg N ha⁻¹) nitrogen supply. Nitrogen uptake showed 1.4- and 1.5-fold varietal variation at harvest for limited and normal N supply, respectively. NUE for dry matter production (NE1) exhibited 1.28- and 1.38-fold genotypic variation while NUE for grain production (NE2) varied by 1.25- and 1.21-fold at limited and normal N supply, respectively. Tall varieties were found to have higher N uptake and NUE for dry matter production, while dwarf cultivars had greater NUE for grain production. Nitrogen uptake was found to be strongly positively associated with dry matter production (r=0.85 and r =0.77 at limited and normal N supply, respectively), indicating an important effect of growth rate on N uptake. NUE for biomass production, as well as for grain production, was reduced as the supply of nitrogen was increased.