不同工况对喷灌水量分布的影响

为了探究不同工况对射流式喷头喷灌水量的影响,通过对射流式喷头在不同组合间距和工作压力下的水量分布数据进行分析,拟合出了喷头在不同工作压力及组合间距下的降水强度,采用克里斯琴森均匀系数和分布均匀性系数计算了相应的喷灌均匀度.结果发现喷头组合间距在1.0R~1.4R变化时正方形组合喷灌的CU值随喷头间距的增大呈下降趋势,CU值均大于70%;1.0R和1.2R组合间距下正方形组合喷灌低值区域的占比比三角形组合高,而1.4R的组合间距则与上述相反;当压力由0.1 MPa升至0.3 MPa时三角形组合喷灌区域的灌水峰值随着压力的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势;在正方形组合形式下增大工作压力有利于提高喷洒区域内的均匀性;压力损失并不总是降低喷灌的均匀性,0.2~0.3 MPa压力下,10%的压力损失对喷头喷灌均匀性几乎没影响;射流式喷头1.4 m安装高度、0.25 MPa压力下宜采用1.4R间距的三角形组合.     

基于弹道理论有风条件下折射式喷头喷灌均匀度研究

为计算有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布及喷灌均匀度,以弹道轨迹理论为基础,依据风速分布模型,建立有风条件下折射式单喷头水量分布计算方法,采用该方法模拟出有风条件下Nelson D3000型喷头倒挂安装方式下水量分布特性,通过与实测资料进行对比,验证了模拟具有较高的准确度,可应用于有风条件下折射式喷头水量分布计算。在此基础上,选用4.76 mm(24号)喷嘴直径,模拟出不工况下单喷头水量分布,计算出组合情况下喷灌均匀度,分析了风速、风向、喷头间距、工作压力和安装高度5种因素对喷灌均匀度的影响,并对蒸发漂移损失进行了分析。结果表明:95%的置信区间下,喷头布置间距对喷灌均匀度的影响最显著,其次是安装高度和喷头工作压力,风速和风向对喷灌均匀度影响不显著。风速、喷头工作压力和安装高度都会对蒸发漂移损失产生影响,其中工作压力影响最大。当选用Nelson D3000型喷头在风速小于6 m/s的环境下喷灌时,应将喷头安装间距固定在2.13~3.04 m范围内。另外,该安装间距范围内,喷头安装高度和喷灌压力增大后,喷灌均匀度增大的效果不明显,因此应采用低压喷灌以降低喷灌系统运行成本;考虑到较高的喷头安装高度会产生较大的蒸发漂移损失,喷灌时还应适当降低喷头安装高度,以提高喷灌水分利用率。     

射流式喷头水量分布动态仿真及试验

【目的】研究工作压力,喷头组合间距、组合斱式和旋转速度对射流式喷头及多喷头组合喷灌均匀性系数(CU)和分布均匀系数(DU)的影响。【斱法】采用不同工作条件下单喷头和多喷头组合喷灌水量分布的动态仿真代码,对射流式喷头开展了水力性能试验;研究了射流式喷头在不同工作压力及安装高度条件下对喷灌强度、水量分布的影响;建立了水量峰值强度与工作压力的回归关系式;模拟了单喷头在正斱形和三角形组合喷灌下的空间水量分布。【结果】喷头在1.5 m安装高度、100~300 kPa压力条件下,水量峰值集中在5 mm/h附近,标准偏差(STD)为0.23。喷头在100 kPa工作压力,安装高度为1.1、1.3 m的水量峰值强度分别可高达8.9、10.5mm/h。不同工作压力下的单喷头喷灌的DU和CU标准偏差分别为15.5%、9.3%,且DU对压力的变化相对更为敏感。【结论】在实际喷灌工程中正斱形组合喷灌的间距应小于8m,三角形组合喷头之间的间距应布置在8m附近,此时的喷灌均匀度最高,单个喷灌设备覆盖范围最广,成本最低。     

平地向坡地转换喷灌水量分布计算模型研究

针对坡地喷灌水量分布实测困难问题,以坡地喷头射程计算公式为基础,依据喷头射流方向总水量守恒原理,构建了喷灌水量分布由平地转换到坡地的计算模型,并通过试验验证了模型的正确性。利用该模型,分析了喷头布置方式、喷头间距、工作压力和坡度等对坡面喷灌水量分布的影响,结果表明,三角形布置有利于坡地单喷头水量分布的叠加,且其组合喷灌均匀度略高于方形布置;随着喷头间距的增大,组合喷灌均匀度呈下降趋势;喷头低压运行时,组合喷灌均匀度相对较低,不能满足喷灌均匀性的要求,随着喷头工作压力的增大,组合喷灌均匀度逐渐增大;在一定坡度范围内,不同坡度对水量分布和组合喷灌均匀度的影响较小。因此,在坡地喷灌系统设计时,若选用雨鸟LF1200型喷头,建议采用三角形布置,喷头间距宜为1.0~1.2倍平地喷头射程,喷头工作压力宜选用300 k Pa。     

Assessing whole-field uniformity of stationary sprinkler irrigation systems

The procedure established in the literature for the evaluation of stationary sprinkler irrigation systems is limited in space and time since it is based on a sample of precipitation taken around one sprinkler during a given period of the whole irrigation event. This procedure also ignores what happens in the soil after water infiltrates. A model of the drop trajectory and of the water distribution pattern is formulated here for simulating precipitation from single sprinklers. The operating pressure determines sprinkler flow and maximum throw. Wind and evaporation distort the distribution patterns. The water distribution of individual sprinklers is overlapped to generate precipitation over the whole field and to calculate a coefficient of uniformity. Field effective uniformity is then calculated by averaging precipitation over the extension of plant roots or water redistribution within the soil profile. Application of the model has shown the impact of system management and design, field topography and wind on irrigation uniformity. Management factors such as lateral operation time or riser inclination may account for a large part of the field precipitation variations. A rough topography may also reduce uniformity significantly. Wind speed is important when it exceeds 1.8–2 m s^–1. The allowable maximum pressure loss of 20% fixed as a design criterion seems an overly strict limit when other factors may overcome pressure loss as sources of non-uniformity. The sources of non-uniformity have different scales of variation. Large-scale sources, such as lateral operation time or pressure loss, are not dampened by the crop or soil. Sources of smaller-scale variation, such as wind or inclination of the sprinkler riser, are better compensated by the crop and soil. The application of this kind of model to the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems is discussed. Received: 9 May 1997     

组合方式对喷灌均匀度的影响研究

【目的】研究喷头不同组合方式对喷灌均匀度的影响,得到最佳的组合方式。【方法】根据FYRB471 型喷头在不同工作压力下间距1 m采样所得的无风喷洒降水强度,针对喷头分别呈正三角形、正方形、正六边形等组合方式,拟合出了喷头在不同工作压力及组合间距下的降水强度,采用克里斯琴森均匀系数计算了相应的喷灌均匀度。【结果】当工作压力一定时,不同组合方式下的喷灌均匀度都随喷头间距的增大而减小;当喷头间距一定时,组合均匀度与工作压力正相关。当间距小于5.5 m时,不同工作压力下3 种组合方式的均匀度相差不大;当间距大于5.5 m时,随着工作压力或者组合间距的增大,正三角形组合方式所提供的喷灌均匀度最优,正方形组合方式次之,正六边形组合方式最低。正三角形组合方式喷头间距变大时,喷灌均匀度降低;工作压力过大或间距过小时会增加成本,因此农业生产可兼顾考虑效率和成本选择喷头的组合方式以及工作压力,制定合理的喷灌方案。【结论】当组合间距介于5.5 m和8.5 m之间,工作压力介于200 kPa 与320 kPa 时,应考虑采用正三角形组合方式,此时的喷灌均匀度最高,达80%以上;当组合间距小于等于5.5 m时,不同工作压力下的均匀度基本相同,应考虑采用正六边形组合方式,单个喷灌设备覆盖范围最广,成本最低。     

动态水压坡地喷灌系统多目标技术参数优化

动态水压供水能够有效提高坡地喷灌水量分布均匀性.为优选出满足喷灌质量要求且经济投入较少双重目标的动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数,以喷头间距、布置方式和动压参数(基础水压、振幅)等需要优化的技术参数为投入指标,以喷灌强度、喷灌均匀度、初始投资和年运行费为产出指标,应用数据包络分析法(DEA)评价决策单元(DMU)有效性,并对非有效DMU进行改进;结合对抗型交叉评价对技术参数做优劣排序,构建了动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数的优化方法.以雨鸟R5000喷头为研究对象,在苜蓿种植面积为1 hm²的坡地上(坡度为10%)进行喷灌系统田间工程设计,最终优选出交叉评价效率最大的动态水压坡地喷灌技术参数:喷头宜采用间距为8 m的正方形布置,基础水压为300 kPa,振幅为50 kPa.     

Spatial and temporal distributions of nitrogen and crop yield as affected by nonuniformity of sprinkler fertigation

Deep percolation and nitrate leaching are important considerations in the design of sprinkler systems. Field experiments were therefore conducted to investigate the influence of nonuniformity of sprinkler irrigation on deep percolation and spatial distributions of nitrogen and crop yield during the growing season of winter wheat at an experiment station in Beijing, China. Three experimental plots of a sandy clay loam soil in the 0–40 cm depth interval and a loamy clay soil below 40 cm were irrigated with a sprinkler irrigation system that had a seasonal averaged Christiansen irrigation uniformity coefficient (CU) varying from 72 to 84%. Except for the fertilizer applied before planting, fertilizer was applied with the sprinkler irrigation system. The corresponding seasonal averaged CU for fertigation varied from 71 to 85%. Daily observation of matrix water potentials in the root zone showed that little deep percolation occurred. Consequently, the effect of sprinkler uniformity on deep percolation was minor during the irrigation season for the soil tested. Intensive gravimetric soil core samplings were conducted several times during the irrigation season in a grid of 5 m × 5 m for each plot to determine the spatial and temporal variation of NH₄-N and NO₃-N contents. Soil NH₄-N and NO₃-N exhibited high spatial variability in depth and time during the irrigation season with CU values ranging from 23 to 97% and the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.04 to 1.06. A higher uniformity of sprinkler fertigation produced a more uniform distribution of NH₄-N, but the distribution of NO₃-N was not related to fertigation. Rather it was related to the spatial variability of NO₃-N before fertigation began. At harvest, the distribution of dry matter above ground, nitrogen uptake, and yield were measured and the results indicated that sprinkler fertigation uniformity had insignificant effects on the parameters mentioned above. Field experimental results obtained from this study suggest that sprinkler irrigation if properly managed can be used as an efficient and environment-friendly method of applying water and fertilizers.     

Wind effects on solid set sprinkler irrigation depth and yield of maize (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zea mays</Emphasis>)

A field experiment was performed to study the effect of the space and time variability of water application on maize (Zea mays) yield when irrigated by a solid set sprinkler system. A solid set sprinkler irrigation layout, typical of the new irrigation developments in the Ebro basin of Spain, was considered. Analyses were performed (1) to study the variability of the water application depth in each irrigation event and in the seasonal irrigation and (2) to relate the spatial variability in crop yield to the variability of the applied irrigation and to the soil physical properties. The results of this research showed that a significant part of the variability in the Christiansen coefficient of uniformity (CU), and wind drift and evaporation losses were explained by the wind speed alone. Seasonal irrigation uniformity (CU of 88%) was higher than the average uniformity of the individual irrigation events (CU of 80%). The uniformity of soil water recharge was lower than the irrigation uniformity, and the relationship between both variables was statistically significant. Results indicated that grain yield variability was partly dictated by the water deficit resulting from the non-uniformity of water distribution during the crop season. The spatial variability of irrigation water depth when the wind speed was higher than 2 m s^–1 was correlated with the spatial variability of grain yield, indicating that a proper selection of the wind conditions is required in order to attain high yield in sprinkler-irrigated maize.     

Sprinkler water distributions as affected by winter wheat canopy

Sprinkler uniformity is often used to evaluate irrigation system performance. The measurement of uniformity is generally made from one test when no crop is present. However, a developing crop canopy has significant potential to modify the distribution of water applied during irrigation. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of a winter wheat canopy on sprinkler uniformity and on canopy-intercepted water by measuring water distributions above and below the canopy. The Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) was calculated on both a daily and a cumulative basis. The CU was higher below the canopy than above the canopy. Canopy-intercepted water, which is here defined as the sum of canopy storage and stemflow, increased with increasing water application depth. Sprinkler uniformity had no significant effect on the mean amount of water interception by the canopy. The ratio of water interception to total water application depth for the whole irrigation season was between 0.24 and 0.28. The CUs calculated from the cumulative depth caught above and below the canopy are larger than the averages of individual CU values during the irrigation season. Measurement of individual CUs during the irrigation season therefore underestimates the cumulative CU. Experimental results also demonstrated that sprinkler uniformity in this study had little effect on crop yield. Received: 1 February 2000     

不同水质膜下滴灌棉田盐分空间变异特征

为评价不同水质膜下滴灌棉田土壤盐分空间分布及变异性,采用EM38-MK2型电磁感应仪对微咸及淡水滴灌田块进行盐分调查。解译模型获得的土壤含盐质量比描述性统计特征表明,微咸水滴灌的积盐程度高于淡水滴灌,但其变异系数相对较小。采用GS+软件拟合最优半方差函数模型,微咸水处理为指数模型,淡水处理为高斯模型,均表现为强的空间相关性;微咸水处理变程大于淡水处理,增加了土壤盐分的空间相依性。Kriging空间插值及变异分析表明,淡水滴灌棉田土壤盐分微域及全域空间变异程度强于微咸水滴灌,二者均存在影响棉花出苗的盐斑。建议用水紧张时,可基于EM38-MK2型电磁感应仪的盐分调查结果,重点淋洗盐斑集中分布区域,以节水增产。     

喷灌水量分布动态模拟与均匀性研究

为研究压力、喷头组合方式和插值方法对喷灌均匀系数CU和分布均匀系数DU这两个评价指标计算结果的影响规律,利用雨量筒径向间隔为1 m的FY RB-471型喷头无风喷洒试验数据,模拟出了喷头在不同压力下的水量分布情况。在喷头矩形组合方式和正三角形组合方式下,采用线性插值、立方插值、三次样条插值、距离插值和平面插值法计算了不同压力下的喷灌均匀系数和分布均匀系数。结果表明,采用三角形组合方式比矩形组合方式计算的喷灌均匀系数CU高1.56~4.77个百分点,同样,三角形组合方式比矩形组合方式计算的分布均匀系数DU高4.26~9.19个百分点;不同的插值方法对喷灌均匀系数与分布均匀系数的计算结果影响不明显,而压力是影响喷灌均匀系数的一个重要因素。     

太阳能喷灌系统供给能源与水力性能关系

为了解决太阳能喷灌系统应用中无法对喷头水力性能进行有效预测的问题,以光照强度为影响因素,太阳能喷灌系统泵出口流量、泵出口压力、喷洒射程、水量分布及系统灌溉均匀性系数为评价指标,通过在夏季典型天气25~36℃下的系统水力性能试验,寻找不同光照强度下系统喷洒水力性能的变化规律,获得系统最佳工作状态下所需光照强度.试验结果表明:随着光照强度的增大,系统流量及泵出口压力均增大,泵的流量和压力随光照强度的变化规律基本符合指数分布规律.当光照强度大于900.0 W/m²时,系统流量、泵出口压力、射程及水量分布基本保持不变.获得了平均光照强度与均匀性系数函数关系,当光照强度大于900.0 W/m²时,系统喷灌均匀系数大于88%.当光照强度为200.0~600.0 W/m²时,系统喷灌均匀系数为76%~82%.太阳能喷灌系统在光照强度大于200.0 W/m²时可正常工作.该研究为改善太阳能喷灌系统水力性能,促进太阳能喷灌系统在实际工程中的推广应用提供了参考.     

基于异形喷嘴结构的低压喷头水力性能

对2种流量相等的出口截面形状为正方形和正三角形的异形喷嘴与圆形喷嘴进行了对比研究,研究其压力、喷嘴锥角、出口截面形状对流量、射程、喷灌强度和喷灌均匀性等水力性能的影响.结合试验和Matlab软件,分析低压下异形喷嘴在矩形布置下的组合均匀性,确定了组合喷灌均匀性最好的喷嘴型号及其最佳组合间距.研究表明:锥角一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程均随着压力增大而增大;压力一定时,喷嘴的流量和射程随着锥角变大而减小.低压条件下,异形喷嘴的喷灌均匀性较圆形喷嘴有极大改善,低压组合喷灌均匀性最佳的喷嘴为锥角45°的正三角形喷嘴,最佳组合间距为一个有效喷洒半径.异形喷嘴的组合均匀性系数比圆形喷嘴的高,说明在组合喷灌时选用异形喷嘴更能体现喷灌均匀性优势.     

基于PWM技术的平移式变量喷灌机喷头流量分配方法

大型平移式喷灌机采用脉冲宽度调制(Pulse width modulation,PWM)技术实现变量灌溉作业,因喷头间喷洒区域相互重叠,由地块管理区的设计处方值求解单喷头流量较为困难。首先根据Nelson R3000型单喷头喷洒特性,得到平移式喷灌机沿桁架方向的一维叠加水量分布特性,以及平移运动后的二维叠加水量分布特性,分析确定了由4个喷头重叠喷洒控制一个管理区,并得到喷头区域喷洒分配率,在此基础上提出了按处方值进行喷头流量分配的加权均分法和基于遗传算法(Genetic algorithm,GA)的分配法。通过管理区喷洒误差分析得出,当相邻处方值变化幅度不超过最大处方值的33%时,精度可以达到5%。为了弥补GA法导致喷洒均匀性下降的不足,将加权均分法和GA法组合应用,有效降低了处方值突变带来的喷洒误差,同时保证了处方值变化较小区域的喷洒均匀性。本文方法可以扩展到4个以上喷头重叠喷洒控制一个管理区的应用场合。     

Center-pivot uniformity analysis with variable container spacing

Evaluation procedures for determining water application uniformity under center-pivot sprinkler systems have been documented in various technical publications. The so-called “catch cans” (open containers) are placed along one or more radial legs from the center of the field to obtain sample water application measurements, from which standard performance indices can be calculated. All of the published procedures for calculating indices such as the coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) are based on equal radial spacing of the containers, but in practice some evaluators choose to decrease the spacing toward the outer end of the leg, whereby more measurement samples are taken at locations which represent larger relative fractions of the total irrigated area. It is also common to have inadvertently non-uniform container spacing when one or more tip over during the test, or when avoiding placing a container along a wheel track at a tower. Modified equations and procedures are presented herein to correctly account for variable container spacing, along with spreadsheet macros to perform the calculations.     

变频调速分级恒压灌溉自动控制系统及应用

为解决机电泵利用工频电源(50 Hz)作恒速运转条件下,灌溉面积或地形高差变化较大的管道式喷微灌系统灌水均匀度不能满足灌溉要求的问题,提出了一种变频调速分级恒压灌溉自动控制系统,该系统将变频技术和自动化技术相结合,具有变频调速和全自动闭环控制功能的机电一体化智能设备,可同时对1台或多台三相380 V,50 Hz水泵电动机进行自动控制.该系统设计了多段压力设置转换电路,可根据预先设定的压力控制值自动进行压力等级切换,并对管网的电磁阀开启、关闭进行控制,实现分级恒压自动供水灌溉.通过工程实例分析表明,采用水泵工频控制时喷灌系统水头最大差值为12.89 m,采用变频分级恒压控制时喷灌系统水头最大差值为3.38 m,满足设计压力变幅不大于4.00 m的要求.同时该系统具有节水、节能、自动化程度高、运行管理方便以及保证管网和水泵安全运行等功能,能够根据灌溉分区进行分级恒压自动供水灌溉,满足灌水均匀度要求.     

Orthogonal tests and precipitation estimates for the outside signal fluidic sprinkler

A new outside signal fluidic sprinkler is proposed in this paper. Its main structural parameters include offset length (A), working area length (B), plate cover diameter (C), and lead-flow length (D). An orthogonal array with four factors and three levels was selected to carry out the experiments. The factors influencing the coefficient of uniformity (CU) and range, in decreasing order of importance, were BADC and CDBA, respectively. The optimal values for the structural parameters were confirmed. The radial water distribution data for the sprinkler were obtained by experimentation. Water distribution figure for single sprinkler was drawn using Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB), which allowed for three-dimensional visualization of the data. The combined CU of the outside signal fluidic sprinkler was simulated for different combined spacing patterns. The CU was much larger in the rectangular configuration than in the triangular configuration. When the combined spacing coefficient was 1.2 to 1.3, the CU was found to exceed 75% in both the rectangular and triangular configurations.     

光照强度对光伏抽水灌溉系统性能的影响

为掌握光照变化对无蓄电池光伏灌溉系统运行特性的影响,搭建光伏灌溉系统开式试验台,试验测量了不同光照强度下的系统性能.试验结果表明:较低光照强度下喷头工作压力、射程随光照强度增大而增大,较高光照强度下随光照强度上下波动,射程变化趋势与工作压力变化趋势一致,但旋转周期变化趋势与工作压力呈相反规律;喷头工作压力变化趋势与光伏水泵出口压力、光伏组件输出功率变化趋势一致;光照强度1 000 W/m²附近系统运行参数达到阈值,喷头射程与工作压力最大值分别为9.8 m和0.44 MPa,水泵流量与出口压力最大值分别为1.68 m³/h和0.45 MPa;未达到阈值前,影响水泵与喷头运行的主要因素是光照强度,运行参数变化幅度较大,达到阈值后影响因素主要为光照强度和温度,运行参数变化幅度较小;较低光照强度下,组合平均喷灌强度随着光照强度增大而增大;较高光照强度下,组合平均喷灌强度随着光照强度上下变化,与光伏组件输出功率的变化趋势一致;随着光照强度增大,喷头喷灌均匀系数和分布均匀系数逐渐趋近最高值,喷灌均匀系数最高达到88%.     

北京市不同类型喷灌设备应用效果试验

选取北京市常用的半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机,在房山区窦店镇、密云区河南寨镇开展实地喷灌效果试验,从灌溉设备质量、灌溉强度、灌溉均匀度和灌溉前后的土壤水分变化等方面,对半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机应用效果进行分析。结果表明,半固定式喷灌设备喷灌均匀度为86.8%,圆形喷灌机喷灌均匀度为92.3%,与传统管灌相比,在冬小麦灌溉中应用半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机可分别节水1 514.55、1 771.2 m3/hm2,节水率分别达到31.71%和34.88%。在产量方面,应用半固定式喷灌设备和圆形喷灌机可分别提高小麦产量0.45%和2.99%。结合设备应用成本和节水效果,建立了喷灌设备应用规模数学模型,结果显示,当连片灌溉面积超过22.08 hm2时,使用圆形喷灌机综合效益更高。试验结果为北京市进一步推广大田节水喷灌技术提供了理论依据和设备支撑。