山西白猪生长发育性状的选育进展研究

山西白猪是以马身猪、太湖猪(二花脸)和长白猪作为杂交亲本,采用复杂杂交和标记辅助选择,经6个世代继代选育而成的一个专门化高产仔母本系。结果表明:6世代6月龄体重比0世代提高了15.65kg,70日龄体重提高了3.67kg,断奶重提高了0.51kg,平均日增重提高了108.90g,差异均为极显著(P0.01)。在体尺性状方面,6世代体高、体长和胸围比0世代都有显著提高,背膘厚下降了2.6mm,差异极显著(P0.01)。选育结果表明,山西白猪的生长发育性状取得了较大的遗传进展。     

山西白猪高产仔母系繁殖性能测定

以马身猪、太湖猪（二花脸类群）和长白猪为育种素材,采用标记辅助选择技术结合群体继代选育法,经7年6个世代育成山西白猪高产仔母系。对7个世代母猪繁殖性能分析结果表明,4世代母猪的繁殖性能最好,母猪初产窝产仔10.64头,产活仔数9.85头,断奶头数9.36头,哺育率达95.03%,初生个体均重1.42 kg,28日龄断奶窝重62.36 kg。除产活仔数外,均极显著高于0世代（P<0.01）。初生和断奶时仔猪均匀度随选育逐代提高,一致性增强。该品系已具有良好的繁殖性能,是一个优良的母本品系。     

湖南大面积推广湘白猪

湘白猪是农业部“丰收计划”项目推广的良种猪，此猪种具有生产性能好、遗传稳定、耐粗饲、产仔多、生长快、瘦肉率高、肉质好等特点。母猪窝平均产仔12～12.5头，育肥猪180日龄体重达90kg，胴体瘦肉率57.5％。以湘白母猪为母系与引进的杜洛克公猪杂交配套生产的杂优商品猪在中等营养条件下，生后160～170日龄体重达90kg，育肥期日增重700g以上，料肉比为3.0∶1～3∶2，胴体瘦肉率60％～63％，比三元普杂商品猪瘦肉率高5～7个百分点，现已在湘大面积推广，部分还推广到广东等地。(晓李)     

湖北白猪优质系选育进展报告

为充分利用地方猪种资源,培育优质、高效的专门化母本新品系,以长白猪、梅山猪、通城猪和湖北白猪为遗传资源,进行了湖北白猪新品系的选育。经过6个世代持续选育,各品种在品系的血统比例分别为45.15%、23.39%、7.08%和24.38%。湖北白猪优质系初产母猪产仔数达12.13头/窝,经产母猪达13.52头/窝,经产母猪产活仔数12.74头/窝;肥育期平均日增重达到621.39 g,达90 kg体重日龄为179.26 d,料重比3.15。90 kg体重阶段屠宰率为74.96%,屠体背膘厚为2.64cm,瘦肉率为58.69%,眼肌面积为38.02 cm2,肌内脂肪含量3.05%。     

晋汾白猪生长发育性状的选育研究

晋汾白猪是以马身猪、太湖猪、长白猪和大白猪为育种素材,通过复杂杂交育种和标记辅助选择而育成的一个瘦肉型猪新品种。试验对6个世代后备猪生长发育性状的选育结果进行分析,结果发现,后备公猪6世代与0世代相比,初生重提高了0.13 kg,断奶重提高了0.56 kg,70日龄体重提高了1.69 kg,180日龄体重提高了12.46 kg,70~180日龄平均日增重提高了107.00 g,差异均显著(P<0.05);后备母猪180日龄体重6世代比0世代显著提高了10.84 kg(P<0.05)。后备公猪和母猪4、5世代的初生重、断奶重、180日龄体重和70~180日龄日增重均显著高于0世代(P<0.05)。选育结果表明,晋汾白猪的生长发育性状取得了较大的遗传进展。     

不同杂交组合猪肥育性能的研究

对大白猪×山西白猪、大白猪×马身猪、大白猪×大白猪、马身猪×马身猪和山西白猪×山西白猪等5个组合猪肥育性能研究。选择体重相近、健康的猪作为试验猪,平均体重30 kg,每个组合10头,公母各半,单圈饲养,通过饲养试验和屠宰试验测定不同组合猪的日增重、饲料转化率和胴体指标。结果表明:①大白猪×山西白猪组、大白猪×马身猪组平均日增重,达90 kg体重日龄和饲料转化率分别为769.7 g/d和731.4 g/d;162.1 d和170.3 d;3.08∶1和3.40∶1;②大白猪组×山西白猪组,大白猪组×马身猪组平均屠宰率、瘦肉率、背膘厚、眼肌面积分别为72.85%和70.68%;64.65%和57.90%;2.70 cm和3.64 cm;38.43 cm2和35.60 cm2;29.53%和28.08%。     

应用21个微卫星标记分析山西白猪高产仔母系的遗传多样性

研究旨在分析山西白猪高产仔母系的遗传多样性,为该品系的选育提高和合理利用提供依据。利用联合国粮农组织(FAO)和国际动物遗传协会(ISAG)联合推荐的21个微卫星标记对山西白猪高产仔母系132头个体进行遗传检测。结果表明:在山西白猪高产仔母系群体中,21个微卫星座位均具有多态性,每个座位上所检测到的等位基因数为2～22个。共检测到133个等位基因,平均等位基因数和平均有效等位基因数分别为6.33和3.4034个,平均观察杂合度为0.386,平均多态信息含量为0.53。表明山西白猪高产仔母系多态性较丰富,且随选育的进行,群体一致性增强,遗传特性稳定。     

民猪与巴克夏杂交后代生长肥育与胴体性状测试初报

研究测试了巴民杂种1代黑猪和丹系大白猪生长肥育性能和胴体性状,结果表明,巴民杂种1代黑猪生长期平均日增重562 g,育成期平均日增重804 g,生长肥育全期平均日增重685 g;丹系大白猪生长期平均日增重710 g,育成期平均日增重968 g,生长肥育全期平均日增重841 g。巴民杂种1代黑猪90 kg体重屠宰,屠宰率70.1%,平均背膘厚3.03 cm,肌肉pH 6.2,眼肌面积31.26 cm2,腿臀比例32.07%,胴体瘦肉率50.65%;丹系大白猪100 kg体重屠宰,屠宰率72.8%,平均背膘厚1.71 cm,肌肉pH 6.7,眼肌面积46.27 cm2、腿臀比例38.07%、胴体瘦肉率63.73%。     

湘沙猪配套系母系日粮粗蛋白质需要量研究

选择体重35 kg左右的湘沙猪配套系母系猪48头,随机分成4组,每组2个重复,每重复6头猪,各重复公母比例一致,4个处理分别饲喂4种不同蛋白水平的日粮,试验期104 d。结果表明：日粮不同蛋白水平对湘沙猪配套系母系猪的日增重、料重比、胴体品质等育肥性能指标无明显影响。综合分析认为,湘沙猪配套系母系猪35～60 kg和65～100 kg阶段可采用低蛋白水平日粮,适宜蛋白质需要量分别为14.03%和13.03%。     

山西瘦肉型猪SD-Ⅱ系肥育性能及胴体性状的研究

对山西瘦肉型猪SD -Ⅱ系的肥育性能和胴体性状进行了研究 ,结果如下 :(1)SD -Ⅱ系猪有较快的生长速度 ,5世代日增重达 6 82 .33g/天 ,体重 90kg日龄为 179.88天 ,饲料转化率 3.2 4 ,与 0世代相比 ,有很大的提高。 (2 )SD -Ⅱ系猪 5世代胴体重 6 4 .70kg ,平均膘厚 2 .6 6cm ,瘦肉率 5 6 .10 % ,具有较好的胴体性状。 (3)从遗传力的估计结果来看 ,日增重、瘦肉率的遗传力较高 ,分别为 0 .6 4 1和 0 .5 32 ,可以作为育种过程中的主选指标     

中国瘦肉型猪育种目标性状经济权重的测算

为了加快我国瘦肉型猪育种的研究进展,制定出符合我国瘦肉型猪育种现状的经济权重。本研究依据中国杜长大三元杂交猪育种现状,选择了适合中国当前杜长大三元杂交体系的目标性状;以生物经济模型为基础模拟猪的生产流程,计算生产周期各阶段成本和收入;先采用差额法计算目标性状的边际效益,再通过各性状的遗传标准差校正得到各育种目标性状的经济权重。结果表明,目前中国瘦肉型猪育种的繁殖、生长和胴体品质性状主要包括窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚。在我国现有生产水平和市场条件下,上述各性状的边际效益分别为：19.52、-1.07、-286.95、-8.41、-13.20元。通过计算不同品种的经济权重,得到杜洛克的饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚相对经济权重分别为：50.42%、34.50%、15.08%;长白和大白群体窝产活仔数、母猪断配间隔、饲料转化率、达100 kg体重日龄、达100 kg体重背膘厚的相对经济权重分别为：16.82%、0.22%、39.56%、31.42%、11.98%和32.77%、0.41%、33.22%、24.43%、9.17%。结果显示,目前,在中国瘦肉型猪育种过程中,饲料利用效率应作为育种的主要目标性状,对于不同品种应选择最适合的性状进行育种。     

江泉黑猪与杜长大三元杂交猪屠宰性能及肉质性状比较分析

为了解江泉黑猪的产肉和肉质特性,本试验选取在相同条件下饲养的100 kg左右的江泉黑猪阉公猪、母猪和杜长大三元杂交猪各10头按照相关规定进行屠宰和肉品质测定。对两种猪胴体指标（胴体重、胴体长、眼肌面积、背膘厚等）、肉质的物理指标（pH、肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失等）、常规化学指标（粗蛋白质、肌内脂肪、水分、灰分含量等）及江泉黑猪氨基酸含量进行了测定。结果表明,与杜长大三元杂交猪相比,江泉黑猪胴体瘦肉率较低,眼肌面积降低了30%左右（P<0.05）,而胴体背膘厚较高（P<0.05）。江泉黑猪在肉色、大理石纹、滴水损失、失水率、烹饪损失和肌内脂肪含量等指标上均显著优于杜长大三元杂交猪（P<0.05）,其中滴水损失、失水率和烹饪损失分别降低了约4.0%、3.1%和2.7%,肌内脂肪含量提高了约150.0%。由此可见,江泉黑猪在瘦肉产量上低于杜长大三元杂交猪,但在保水性、肌内脂肪含量、肉色、大理石纹等肉质指标上明显优于杜长大三元杂交猪,可为消费者提供品质优良的猪肉。     

不同屠宰体重商品猪胴体性能、肉品质及相关关系研究

测定了体重70～140 kg阶段120头商品猪的胴体品质和肉质特性,分析了商品猪胴体性能、肉质性状随体重的变化规律及相关程度,为确定适宜上市屠宰体重提供依据。结果表明:70～100 kg体重阶段,随体重增大,平均背膘厚、眼肌面积、皮脂率、肉色和大理石纹显著升高,后腿比例、瘦肉率、骨骼率、L和b值显著降低。胴体和肉质性状间相关程度有强有弱,相关系数有正有负。相同性状间有较强的正相关,相反性状间有较强的负相关。在70～140 kg阶段,胴体重、胴体直长、胴体斜长、眼肌面积、平均背膘厚、瘦肉率、皮脂率、骨骼率、肉色和L值与体重之间呈显著的回归关系,其他指标与体重间的线性相关不显著。     

A Comparative Study on the Carcass and Meat Quality Traits of Jiangquan Black Pig and DLY Pig

To further understand the germplasm characteristics of Jiangquan Black pig,100 kg Jiangquan Black pigs (10 barrows, 10 sows) and 10 Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire (DLY) pigs under the same conditions were randomly selected to analyse the slaughter performance and meat quality according to related rules. After slaughtered,the carcass index (carcass weight, loin muscle area, carcass length and backfat thickness etc), meat quality physical indicators (pH, meat color, marbling, drip loss etc), gerneral chemical index (the contents of crude protein, intramuscular fat, moisture and ash etc) and the proportion of amino acids in Jiangquan Black pig were analyzed. The results showed that, Jiangquan Black pig carcass lean meat rate was relatively low, the loin muscle area was reduced by about 30% (P<0.05) compared with DLY pig, while the backfat thickness was higher than that of DLY pig (P<0.05). The meat color, marbling, drip loss, cooking loss, water loss rate index and intramuscular fat content of Jiangquan Black pig were significantly better than that of DLY pigs (P<0.05), the rate of water loss and drip loss and cooking loss were decreased by 4.0%, 3.1% and 2.7%, intramuscular fat content increased by 150.0%. Therefore, The lean yield of Jiangquan Black pig was less than DLY pig, but water retention property, intramuscular fat content, meat color, marbling, meat quality indexes were significantly better than that of DLY pig. In conclusion, Jiangquan Black pig could provide good quality pork for consumers.     

不同猪种ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性及其与山西白猪体重和体尺性状的关联分析

本研究旨在检测猪脂联素（adiponectin,ADIPOQ）基因外显子2的多态性,并分析其对山西白猪体重和体尺性状的影响。采用PCR-SSCP技术检测了长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克猪、山西白猪、山西黑猪和马身猪6个猪种392个个体ADIPOQ基因外显子2的多态性,并采用GLM程序分析了ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性与山西白猪体重和体尺性状的关联性。结果显示,在ADIPOQ基因外显子2的89 bp处检测到G→A错义突变,引起缬氨酸（Val）向异亮氨酸（Ile）的转变。ADIPOQ基因外显子2存在3种基因型：AA、AB、BB,2个等位基因：A和B。杜洛克猪中只有BB基因型,长白猪、大白猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪中BB基因型为优势基因型,马身猪中AA基因型频率最高。在引入品种长白猪、大白猪和杜洛克猪中B等位基因为优势等位基因,基因频率分别为0.96、0.96和1.00;在地方品种马身猪中A等位基因频率（0.52）略高于B等位基因（0.48）;在培育品种山西白猪和山西黑猪中B等位基因频率分别为0.76和0.78,介于引入猪种和地方品种之间。基因型频率分布在马身猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪之间无显著差异（P>0.05）,杜洛克猪与长白猪、大白猪间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,而长白猪和大白猪间差异显著（P<0.05）,任意一个引入品种与马身猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪之间的差异均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性对断奶重有显著影响,其中BB基因型个体28日龄断奶重显著高于AA和AB基因型（P<0.05）,AA和AB基因型间无显著差异（P>0.05）,但对其他性状无显著影响,说明该位点只在个体发育早期阶段起作用。     

Transport of pigs by car for two days; some aspects of watering and loading density

A long-distance international transport of live pigs was simulated by transporting 216 pigs (± 100 kg live weight) around through The Netherlands for two days; 100 control pigs were slaughtered at start. The experimental pigs were allocated to groups with and without access to water and three different loading densities (0.66, 0.44 and 0.33 m² per pig) during the transport. The watered pigs used 5.4 ] per pig during the 44 h of transport, part of which was wasted by leaning on the bite waternipples. Hence, water consumption was very low. In the high density compartments not all pigs could lie down at the same time, involving continuous alternation of lying down and standing up. During the two days the weather was warm (on average 22°C).After transport pigs had lost 8 kg live weight, half of which was lost carcass weight. The latter was mainly due to water loss, as illustrated by the increased fat/water ratio in the backfat (5.3 versus 4.1 in controls). It should be noted that the weight loss was a little higher in the watered groups than in the non-watered ones.Physiological parameters determined after slaughter in blood and urine did not indicate physiological imbalance due to non-watering or high loading density. These factors had no significant effect on meat quality parameters, except for higher pH₁ and pH₂ values in the high loading density group, indicating that these animals had got more fatigued. The experiment has shown that watering during transport by means of bite nipples is ineffective. It is suggested that loading densities should not exceed 235 kg body weight m^?2 (0.44 m² per pig of 100 kg) for reasons of animal welfare and meat quality.     

Effect of Slaughter Weight on Carcass Traits,Meat Quality,Amino Acids and Fatty Acids in Muscle of Jiangkou Luobo Pigs

In order to study the effect of slaughter weight on carcass traits,meat quality,amino acids and fatty acids in muscle of Jiangkou Luobo pigs,36 Jiangkou Luobo pigs (6 pigs of 60,70,80,90,100 and 110 kg body weight,respectively) were selected to determine carcass quality,meat quality characteristics and nutritious component and analyze their changes with weight.The results showed that before the body weight reaching to 80 kg,the slaughter rate and loineye area were increased fast,the contents of various amino acids were increased obviously.And when the body weight was 80 kg,the fatty acids were rich,including oleic acid and linoleic acid.When the body weight was more than 90 kg,there were excessive fat deposition in porcine somatic and the content of lysine,valine,threonine and other essential amino acids were extremely significant or significant differences (P<0.05;P<0.01).Generally Jiangkou Luobo pigs with the 80 kg body weight had the better carcass traits and meat quality,rich and ideal amino acid and fatty acid composition in muscle,especially had the high content of essential amino acids and flavor amino acid,and suitable proportion of unsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid.Therefore,the reasonable slaughter weight of Jiangkou Luobo pigs was about 80 kg.     

不同屠宰体重对江口萝卜猪胴体性状、肉品质、氨基酸和脂肪酸的影响

为研究不同屠宰体重对江口萝卜猪胴体性状、肉品质、氨基酸及脂肪酸的影响,本研究选取60、70、80、90、100、110 kg各6头江口萝卜猪测定了其不同体重阶段的胴体品质和肉质特性,以分析其胴体性状、肉品质及肌肉营养成分随体重的变化规律。结果显示,江口萝卜猪在体重达80 kg之前,其屠宰率、眼肌面积随体重的增加增长较快,氨基酸的含量增加明显,80 kg时肌肉中含有丰富的脂肪酸种类,其中油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸含量较高。江口萝卜猪在体重达90 kg之后脂肪过多沉积,各体重组赖氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸等必需氨基酸的含量呈显著或极显著差异（P<0.05;P<0.01）。总体上看,江口萝卜猪在体重达80 kg左右时其胴体性状及肉质性能较好,肌肉中氨基酸和脂肪酸含量丰富,且具有理想的氨基酸和脂肪酸构成,尤其是必需氨基酸及鲜味氨基酸含量高,不饱和脂肪酸及饱和脂肪酸构成比例适宜。因此,综合各项测定指标江口萝卜猪在体重达80 kg左右屠宰较优。