光强和温度对球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis sphaerica)生长及其脂肪酸的影响

本研究测定了光照强度为16～58μmol/(m2·s)和15～30℃条件下球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis sphaerica)的生长曲线以及脂肪酸组成和含量.结果表明,在设置的光照强度范围内,光照强度越强,微藻的生长速度越快.光强对各种脂肪酸的含量影响有差异,过低和过高都不利于藻体内多不饱和脂肪酸(Polyunsat...     

光照强度对铁皮石斛组培幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用铁皮石斛试管苗,以组培室常用光照强度条件[25μmol/(m2·s)]为对照(CK),设置了3个较大光照强度处理[即T1:50μmol/(m2·s),T2:75μmol/(m2·s),T3:100μmol/(m2·s)],研究不同光强对铁皮石斛幼苗素质及生理特性的影响。结果表明,T2处理在对每瓶苗数和单苗绿叶数等指标影响差异不显著的前提下极显著地提高了单苗茎粗和单苗鲜重,亦显著地提高了单苗平均根直径、总根体积及总根尖数,使植株根冠协调生长的同时还显著地提高了叶片SPAD值和蔗糖合成酶活性。相关分析结果还显示,在25~100μmol/(m2·s)光强范围内,叶片SPAD值与单苗茎粗、总根尖数及叶片蔗糖合成酶活性呈显著的正相关。因此,生产铁皮石斛优质种苗的适宜组培光照强度大小为75μmol/(m2·s),叶片SPAD值可能是衡量铁皮石斛幼苗素质的一项关键指标。     

不同温度对不同木薯品种盆栽苗叶片光合特性的影响

以木薯盆栽苗为研究对象,利用Lico-6400光合仪测定不同温度条件下其成熟叶片4个主要光合特性指标(净光合速率Pn、气孔导度Cond、胞间CO2浓度Ci和蒸腾速率Trmmol)的变化情况。结果表明:在25℃条件下,3个参试品种木薯叶片的Pn值随着光强的增强而升高,但不同品种对光强的响应不一致,其中SC205的Pn值在200和400μmol/(cm2·s)的光强条件下均极显著高于其他品种,SC8和SC205在800μmol/(cm2·s)时达最高值;15℃低温条件下,SC8叶片的Pn值最高,达到1.505μmol CO2/(m2·s),分别是SC205和SC9的2.0和2.9倍;30℃条件下,SC9光合特性指标均显著或极显著地高于其他品种;在45℃高温条件下,由于存在显著的环境胁迫,即高温伤害,SC8和SC205对高温表现出了一定的适应性。     

灰色关联分析法对叶用莴苣生长期光环境的优化

为保证设施叶用莴苣周年生产的供给,研究了人工气候条件下不同光照模式对叶用莴苣生长期生长特性的影响,以确定叶用莴苣生长的最优光环境,实验以‘意大利’全年耐抽薹叶用莴苣（Lactuca sativa L.）为试材,设计 LED 红蓝配比（7:3、5:5、3:7）、光周期（12L/12D、16L/8D、20L/4D）及光照强度[100 μmol/(m2·s)、150 μmol/(m2·s)、200 μmol/(m2·s)]的 3 因素 3 水平正交实验,利用灰色关联分析法分析不同光照模式对生长期叶用莴苣植株的生长、光合色素含量及营养品质的影响。结果表明,不同处理对叶用莴苣生长期生长及品质的影响不同。相比于其他光环境条件,处理 9[红蓝配比 3:7,光周期 20L/4D,光强 150 μmol/(m2·s)]更有利于光合色素的积累。红蓝配比 3:7 的光照模式较其他处理更有利于蛋白质合成;处理 3[红蓝配比 7:3,光周期 20L/4D,光强 200 μmol/(m2·s)]有利于降低生长期叶用莴苣叶片硝态氮含量,促进可溶性糖的积累。综合分析得出 3 个光照因子对水培叶用莴苣生长及品质影响的重要程度依次为：光强、光质配比、光周期,最适的光照模式组合为：红蓝配比 7:3、光强 200 μmol/(m2·s)、光周期 20L/4D。本研究结果可为叶用莴苣生长的最适光环境提供参考,同时为 LED 灯具在植物照明领域的设计提供 技术支持。     

萼脊兰光合特性的初步研究

以萼脊兰为材料袁 利用 Li-6400 光合测定系统对其叶片的光合特性进行了研究遥 结果表明院 萼脊兰的 CO 2 交换方式具景天酸代谢途径渊CAM冤的特点袁 叶片净 CO 2 吸收速率在凌晨 0:00 左右达到最大值袁 可滴定酸的 积累在 8:00 左右达到顶峰遥 在晴天的上午袁 萼脊兰的最适光照强度为 400~600 滋mol/(m 2 窑s)袁 其叶片的净 CO 2 吸收速率达到 2.92 滋mol/(m 2 窑s)遥 在最适光强条件下袁 温度在 25 益袁 CO 2 浓度为 800~1 000 滋mol/mol 时袁 最利于萼脊兰叶片净 CO 2 的吸收遥 总的来说袁 萼脊兰属兼性 CAM 兰花袁 这种光合特性体现了其作为一种热带兰花对生长环境的高度适应性遥     

不同光强对胡椒扦插苗光合作用和抽穗的影响

随着作物设施栽培技术的发展,遮荫与补光栽培成为提高作物产量与品质的重要手段。本研究以胡椒扦插苗为材料,采用室内营养液浇灌法培养,研究不同光照强度环境对胡椒扦插苗抽穗生理过程的影响。结果表明：在135 μmol/(m ²·s)光强环境下胡椒叶片的光合速率相对较低,植株同化的生物量较少,花芽抽生少,叶片厚且单叶面积较大;270 μmol/(m ²·s)光强环境下,胡椒的光合速率维持较高水平;405 μmol/(m ²·s)光照强度下,胡椒扦插苗成熟叶片中可溶性糖、蔗糖、淀粉等糖类物质含量与赤霉素水平较高,叶片抽生数多,净增生物量最大,胡椒成花数多;540 μmol/(m ²·s)光照环境下,胡椒扦插苗生长发育受到轻微抑制;相关性分析表明可溶性糖、果糖、GA₃含量与胡椒抽穗量成显著相关。此次研究结果表明：胡椒扦插苗在405 μmol/(m ²·s)光强环境下糖类物质含量与赤霉素水平相对较高,最有利于胡椒多抽穗。本研究可以为我国胡椒控光栽培技术的改进提供理论参考。     

光照强度对巴西橡胶树淡绿期叶片光合特性和活性氧代谢的影响

橡胶树种苗培育过程中需要避免强光照射,但光照强度对橡胶树幼苗叶片生理活性的作用机制尚不清楚。以橡胶树品系GT1的实生苗为材料,对植株进行不同光照强度处理,测定其淡绿期叶片在不同光照强度下的光合特性和活性氧代谢情况。结果表明,随着光照强度的增加,橡胶树淡绿期叶片的光化学效率(Fv/Fm)呈现上升规律,同时过氧化物的含量也呈现上升趋势,但是由于抗氧化酶对活性氧清除的作用,1 000μmol/m2·s的高光照强度并没有对橡胶树叶片造成伤害。说明200~400μmol/(m2·s)的光照强度比较适合橡胶树苗淡绿期叶片的生长和发育。     

单针藻(Monoraphidium dybowskii C29)扩大培养条件优化

为优化单针藻(Monoraphidium dybowskii C29)扩大培养的条件,研究温度、光照强度、氮源、补料方式以及扩大培养的接种量对单针藻生长和油脂积累的影响。结果表明,单针藻在温度为25℃,光照强度12 000 lx,尿素为氮源,以分批补料方式添加营养盐时生长和油脂积累最佳。利用管道式生物反应器在优化条件下进行扩大培养,温度控制在25~30℃,采取遮光处理控制光照强度在20 000 lx以内,接种量为15%时,单针藻生物量及油脂积累高于接种量为10%时的量。最终在最佳条件下生物量为1.15 g/L,油脂产量为0.39 g/L。研究结果为单针藻的扩大培养提供参考,也为单针藻开发利用奠定基础。     

不同光照强度及温度对甘蔗脱毒原种苗增殖效果的影响

选用甘蔗‘新台糖22号’为供试材料，分别研究了不同光照条件[40、60、80、100、120 μmol/(m2·s)]和温度条件(25、26、27、28、29、30、31和32℃)对甘蔗脱毒原种苗组织培养中增殖率以及植株生长状态的影响。结果表明：光照和温度对甘蔗组培苗的增殖及形态建成有着极其显著的影响，且当光照在100～120 μmol/(m2·s)，温度在28～30℃，甘蔗脱毒原种苗增殖率最为理想。     

不同光质对杉木组培苗叶绿素含量及荧光参数的影响

研究不同单、复色LED光源对杉木组培苗叶绿素含量及荧光参数的影响。结果表明:单色LED处理下,杉木组培苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b以及叶绿素总量均以30μmol/(m~2·s)蓝光处理的最大,而F_V/F_m和F_V/F_0值均以70μmol/(m~2·s)蓝光处理的最大。不同复色LED光源对杉木组培苗叶绿素a、叶绿素总量以及F_V/F_0值作用大小顺序均为:RBG;对叶绿素b含量和F_V/F_m值作用大小顺序均为:RG=B。促进杉木叶绿素积累的最优光色光强组合为70μmol/(m~2·s)R+60μmol/(m~2·s)G+30μmol/(m~2·s)B,而有效提高F_V/F_m和FV/F0值的最优光色光强组合为60μmol/(m~2·s)R+50μmol/(m~2·s)G+40μmol/(m~2·s)B。     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

Interactive Effects of Sodium and Potassium on the Growth and Photosynthesis of Spinach and Komatsuna

Abstract

Two cultivars of spinach and one cultivar of komatsuna were sand cultured using a nutrient solution with Na and K in various combinations. The growth (fresh weight of shoot) of spinach cv. Atlas was significantly increased when 1.4 mM KC1 of the 7 m M KO was replaced with 1.4 mM NaCl, although the growth was reduced when more KC1 was replaced with NaCl. In another spinach cv. All Right, however, NaCl substituting for 20% of KC1 showed no significant effects. In komatsuna, Na used in place of K at any ratio reduced the growth. The growth of spinach cv. Atlas was increased by applying 20 mM NaCl, irrespective of K dose (480 - 2400 mg K₂O per 1/2000 a Wagner pot). The growth of spinach cv. All Right was also increased by 20 mM NaCl when K was at a deficient level (480 - 960 mg K20 per pot), but was not when K was at: an excessive level (1920 - 2400 mg K₂O per pot). In komatsuna, 20 mM NaCl reduced the growth. In spinach, Na prevented the decrease of the photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance caused by K deficiency.     

海南百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定及其发生危害

百香果是海南省的新兴产业,也是我国多个省区扶贫攻坚的重要产业。病虫害是影响百香果产业的重要因素,随着海南百香果种植面积越来越大,病虫害对百香果产业的不利影响越来越凸显。由于缺乏百香果病虫害种类调查鉴定的基础性研究,许多种植户对田间发生的病虫害种类识别不足,从而影响了百香果病虫害的防控效果。为了摸清海南百香果种植区的病虫害种类,于2019—2021年对海南省儋州市、乐东县、屯昌县、文昌市、三亚市、东方市、保亭县、白沙县、海口市等百香果种植区的病虫害进行了系统调查与鉴定,并对其发生危害特点进行了研究。鉴定发现海南百香果种植区的病害有11种,分别是病毒病、茎基腐病、炭疽病、疮痂病、疫病、灰霉病、果腐病、褐斑病、烟煤病、藻斑病和缺镁。重要病害为病毒病和茎基腐病,危害程度分别为4级和3级,炭疽病和疮痂病危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他病害危害较轻。害虫有28种,分别是黄胸蓟马、茶黄蓟马、红带蓟马、美洲棘蓟马、普通大蓟马、咖啡木蠹蛾、美洲斑潜蝇、橘小实蝇、斜纹夜蛾、双线盗毒蛾、绿丽刺蛾、白带锯蛱蝶、烟粉虱、温室白粉虱、柑橘粉蚧、木槿曼粉蚧、藤壶蜡蚧、茶角盲蝽、樟颈曼盲蝽、稻绿蝽、中稻缘蝽、茶小绿叶蝉、丽球瓢蜡蝉、绿鳞象甲、眼斑芫菁、白条豆芫菁、甘薯梳龟甲和朱砂叶螨。重要害虫为黄胸蓟马和咖啡木蠹蛾,危害程度均为3级,茶黄蓟马和美洲斑潜蝇的危害也较重,危害程度均为2级,其他害虫危害较轻。软体动物3种,分别是灰巴蜗牛、同型巴蜗牛和一种尚未鉴定的蛞蝓。本研究明确了海南百香果种植区病虫害具体种类,新发现百香果病害1种和害虫24种,为海南百香果病虫害的精准防控提供技术支撑。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

源库限制对寒地玉米产量及品质的影响

本试验采用4个品种(四单19、本玉9号、DH808、DH3149),2种密度(52500株/hm2、75000株/hm2),并在吐丝期分别进行减源限库处理,研究源库限制对玉米生长发育和产量品质的影响。结果表明:减源处理降低了单株叶面积,也降低了单株干物重。限库处理因库容减少,使得干物质略有增加,但不同品种对源库处理反应不一致。限库处理导致玉米子粒蛋白质含量明显增加,减源处理基本不变或略有增加;减源限库处理导致平展型玉米子粒的脂肪含量增加,而紧凑型品种保持不变或略有降低;减源处理导致淀粉含量的增加,而限库处理的影响相反,导致淀粉含量减少。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.