外源抗坏血酸对水稻抗铝生理指标的影响

为探讨外源抗坏血酸(AsA)对水稻的抗铝性能的影响,以'滇优35号'(杂交稻,粳稻)为试验材料,采用溶液培养法研究外源AsA对铝胁迫下水稻根尖H2O2、内源AsA、GSH、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标的影响.结果显示,与对照相比,铝胁迫导致水稻根尖可溶性蛋白和内源AsA含量减少,而MDA和H2O2...     

Purification and Characterisation of Ascorbate Oxidase from Flour and Immature Wheat Kernels

White flour from wheat was shown to contain basic-ascorbate oxidase (AOX) enzymes (pI 7·6–9·6) and acidic-AOX enzymes (pI 5·1–6·6) in a ratio of 0·4:1, based on chromatography data. Immature wheat kernels (two weeks post-anthesis) contained about 12 times more AOX activity (units/g dry weight) than flour from mature grain, and the ratio of basic- to acidic-AOX was 5:1. Acidic-AOX was purified 90-fold from flour by hydrophobic interaction, gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. Basic-AOX was purified 20 000-fold from immature wheat by hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange, cation exchange and gel filtration chromatography in a yield of 5%. The acid-AOX had a M of 140 k, was optimally active at pH 6·3 and 40 °C, and was stable in the pH range 5–9 and at 30 °C for 0·5 h at pH 6·2. The Km values were 0·26 m for L-ascorbic acid and 0·93 m for D-iso ascorbic acid. The basic-AOX had a M of 139 k and subunit M of 72 k. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 6·2 and 50 °C, and was stable in the pH range 5–9 and at 40 °C for 0·5 h at pH 6·2. The Km values were 0·30 m for L-ascorbic acid and 0·53 m for D-iso ascorbic acid. The absorption spectrum of basic-AOX had absorption maxima at 280 nm and 607 nm of similar magnitude to those measured in AOX fromCucurbita species (squash). This indicates that wheat AOX contains protein-bound copper similar to other plant AOX.     

硅肥对干旱胁迫下冬小麦旗叶抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统及产量的影响

为从抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的抗氧化角度提示硅元素的抗旱机理,以冬小麦品种豫麦49-198为材料,研究了硅肥对不同干旱胁迫（对照、轻度胁迫、重度胁迫）下小麦旗叶抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统中关键基因表达、抗氧化物质含量及产量的影响。结果发现, 在轻度和重度胁迫持续10 d时,施用硅肥与不施用硅肥比较,小麦旗叶抗坏血酸分别提高了16.57%和8.39%,小麦旗叶中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统关键酶基因TaAPX、TaGR、TaGS相对表达量分别提高了60.23%、73.61%、11.35%和87.97%、25.70%、114.64%;在轻度胁迫和重度胁迫持续20 d时,施用硅肥与不施用硅肥比较,小麦旗叶抗坏血酸含量分别提高了18.03%和6.81%,小麦旗叶中抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统关键酶基因TaAPX、TaGR、TaGS相对表达量分别提高了124.54%、44.42%、56.80%和118.19%、41.42%、269.21%;小麦籽粒产量分别提高了29.23%和33.31%。以上结果说明,施用硅肥可以增强小麦旗叶抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环系统功能,提高小麦植株的抗旱性,增加籽粒产量。     

抗坏血酸对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生长抑制的缓解效应

为探明抗坏血酸(AsA)对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗生长的调控作用,采用室内水培法研究了不同浓度AsA处理对0.1 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下2个小麦品种(周麦9号和周麦23号)幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,外施AsA极显著提高了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的根长、芽长,幼苗叶片的Pro和可溶性蛋白含量以及根系活力显著升高,细胞膜透性及膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量显著降低.2个小麦品种对AsA处理的敏感程度存在差异,ASA对周麦23号的缓解效果相对较好.本实验中以1.5 mmol·L-1外源AsA缓解效果最好.     

Dielectric Relaxations of Frozen Wheat Doughs Containing Sucrose, NaCl, Ascorbic Acid and Their Mixtures

The effects of sucrose, NaCl, and ascorbic acid on dielectric relaxations of frozen wheat doughs were investigated using dielectric analysis (DEA). All ingredients were dissolved in distilled water used to prepare wheat flour doughs to optimum consistency using a 10 g bowl Micro-Mixer. DEA measurements were made at a heating rate of 1 °C/min from −150 to 10 °C. Before the measurements, samples were equilibrated at −30 °C for 15 min to allow maximum ice formation, and then cooled at 1 °C/min to −150 °C. The frequencies used were 0·1, 0·5, 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 1000 Hz. The dissipation factor (tan δ) of DEA showed an α-relaxation (glass transition), two low temperature relaxations (β and γ) and ice dissolution. Added NaCl had a markedly depressed the glass transition temperature (T_g′) and onset of melting of ice temperature (T_m′), probably because of the higher conductivity of the frozen material, and the decreased transition temperatures of the unfrozen solute phase. At the higher frequencies, the α-relaxation coincided with melting of ice, and all relaxation temperatures (α, β and γ) increased with increasing frequencies.     

外源抗坏血酸对镉毒害小麦幼苗的缓解作用

为了解抗坏血酸(AsA)对Cd2+毒害小麦幼苗生长的缓解作用,以小麦品种周麦27为材料,采用室内水培法分析了在Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗经不同浓度AsA处理后的生长及生理变化。结果表明,外源AsA能显著提高Cd2+胁迫下小麦幼苗的株高、根长、地上部干重、根系干重、根系活力、光合色素含量、渗透调节物质含量、抗氧化酶活性及叶片净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,显著降低丙二醛含量和相对电导率以及叶片胞间CO2浓度。说明Cd2+胁迫下外源AsA可以通过提高小麦幼苗渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧自由基,减少其对光合色素蛋白大分子的攻击作用,降低膜脂过氧化伤害程度,维持光合作用和细胞膜的稳定性,从而缓解了Cd2+对幼苗生长的毒害作用,其中以35mg·L-1 AsA的缓解效果最好。     

Ascorbic acid content,pH, and acceptability of home-canned tomatoes

Four varieties of tomatoes were home canned by using raw and hot packs and various levels of citric acid and sugar. After six months' storage, pH values were lowest and titratable acidity highest in samples containing added citric acid. Ascorbic acid content was affected by variety used and was significantly higher (p<0.001) in tomatoes that had been raw packed. Adding 0.5 g citric acid or 1 g citric acid plus 1 tsp sugar acceptably decreased the pH of tomatoes for home canning without producing deleterious effects on flavor or texture. Both raw-packed tomatoes processed for 35 min and hot-packed tomatoes processed for 10 min in the boiling water bath produced acceptable products.Contribution No. 81-253-j Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, Manhattan, KS 66506.     

曲酸对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以小麦种子为试验材料,采用培养皿纸上发芽法,以清水和油菜素内酯作为对照,研究不同浓度曲酸溶液对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响。结果显示:不同浓度的曲酸溶液(50、100、200、300、400、500mg/L)处理后,小麦种子发芽势显著提高,以300mg/L效果最佳,优于清水对照组和20mg/L油菜素内酯处理;小麦幼苗的根长、株高、根冠比与对照组相比无显著差异;小麦幼苗的鲜重、地上部分干重、地下部分干重均有不同程度增加,浓度为200mg/L时达到峰值并高于对照组;幼苗叶绿素含量比油菜素内酯对照组高,以200mg/L促进效果最为明显。     

外源抗坏血酸处理对采后菠萝黑心病发生和果实品质的影响

为了探明抗坏血酸对菠萝果实采后保鲜的有效性,本研究以“巴厘”菠萝（Ananas comosus cv. Comtede Paris） 为材料,分别用 0.2%和 0.4%（质量体积百分比 w/V）的抗坏血酸（L-Ascorbic acid,AsA）浸泡处理,以清水浸泡为 对照,0.02 mm 厚聚乙烯打孔薄膜袋包装后,于常温(25±2)℃、相对湿度 85%~95%的水果储藏库中贮藏,观察采后菠 萝黑心病发生与果实品质的变化。结果表明：AsA 处理有效地延缓菠萝黑心病的发生,保持菠萝果实的硬度,抑制可 滴定酸、可溶性固形物和维生素 C 含量的减少,在贮藏后期能够有效地抑制丙二醛（MDA）的积累。果肉氧化酶活性 测定结果表明,0.2% AsA 处理可抑制多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase,PPO）活性增加,保持较高的过氧化物酶 （peroxidase,POD）活性。可见,AsA 能够有效地延缓菠萝黑心病的发生,保持采后菠萝的食用品质,抑制采后菠萝 果实酚类物质酶促氧化的发生,延缓菠萝贮藏期间的衰老进程,并且 0.2% AsA 的处理效果优于 0.4% AsA 的处理效果, 因此 0.2% AsA 为最佳处理浓度。     

稻麦套种对小麦花后地上部游离氨基酸含量及籽粒品质的影响

采用稻麦套种与传统条播两种栽培方式系统比较的方法,研究了稻麦套种对优质中筋小麦扬麦10号和弱筋小麦宁麦9号花后叶、茎鞘、颖壳、穗轴、籽粒游离氨基酸和蛋白质含量以及籽粒品质的影响。结果表明,稻麦套种对不同类型小麦花后地上部各器官游离氨基酸含量和籽粒蛋白质含量及其他品质指标有显著影响。与条播栽培方式相比,稻麦套种小麦花后地上部器官的游离氨基酸含量和籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量等主要品质指标均较低,二者差异显著。在同一栽培方式下,弱筋小麦宁麦9号各器官游离氨基酸含量显著低于中筋小麦扬麦10号。套种方式有利于弱筋小麦品质的形成,此栽培方式下宁麦9号各项品质指标均达到国家标准,但中筋小麦扬麦10号的部分品质指标下降。     

低温胁迫对冬小麦分蘖节膜脂脂肪酸的影响

为了解冬小麦分蘖节膜脂脂肪酸与耐寒性的关系,以强抗寒品种东农冬麦1号和弱抗寒品种济麦22为材料,在室外和室内两种环境条件下,研究了封冻后持续降温过程中冬小麦分蘖节膜脂脂肪酸组分的变化.结果表明,东农冬麦1号和济麦22的亚麻酸含量在室外和室内两种持续降温过程中均呈逐渐增加的趋势,油酸含量呈逐渐降低的趋势,其他脂肪酸无明显变化规律,且在两种环境下东农冬麦1号亚麻酸含量均高于济麦22,而棕榈酸含量低于济麦22,说明亚麻酸和棕榈酸与冬小麦的抗寒性密切相关.抗寒品种东农冬麦1号的不饱和脂肪酸含量/饱和脂肪酸含量、脂肪酸不饱和度和不饱和指数在室外-18.7～-23.6℃/室内-20～-25℃开始升高,与济麦22产生明显差异.     

矮秆波兰小麦赤霉酸不敏感基因的遗传分析

为了研究矮秆波兰小麦赤霉酸不敏感基因的遗传特性,以矮秆波兰小麦、高秆波兰小麦及其杂交F2代分离群体为研究对象,通过幼苗形态、第一叶长度及胚芽鞘长度的变化,分析了矮秆和高秆波兰小麦对赤霉酸(GA3)的敏感性及赤霉酸不敏感基因的遗传规律.结果表明,矮秆波兰小麦赤霉酸反应不敏感,而高秆波兰小麦赤霉酸反应敏感;F2代分离群体第一叶和胚芽鞘不同长度的幼苗数分别与赤霉酸不敏感型幼苗数达到极显著正相关,分离比例都为3:1(短:长),即不敏感:敏感=3:1,符合x2测验;矮秆波兰小麦赤霉酸不敏感性由单个显性基因控制.     

OsPHR2对小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性和根系土壤有机酸含量的影响

为了明确水稻低磷胁迫转录因子OsPHR2对小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性、根系土壤有机酸含量和根系活力的影响,以转OsPHR2小麦纯合株系和受体对照为试验材料,在不施磷（低磷）、施易溶性磷（0.200 g·kg^-1,KH₂PO₄为磷源）和施难溶性磷（0.200 g·kg^-1,以AlPO₄为磷源）3个处理下开展转OsPHR2小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性、根际土壤有机酸含量和根系活力的研究。结果表明,拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆期,在低磷和施AlPO₄处理下2个转OsPHR2小麦株系旗叶和根部酸性磷酸化酶活性均显著高于受体对照;施KH₂PO₄处理下,2个转基因株系旗叶酸性磷酸化酶活性在抽穗期和灌浆期均显著高于对照,根部在抽穗期显著高于对照,其他时期差异均不显著。随着小麦生育进程,小麦根际土壤草酰乙酸、草酸、乙酸、丙二酸和柠檬酸等有机酸含量逐渐增加。拔节期和抽穗期,在低磷、施AlPO₄和施KH₂PO₄处理下转基因系OsT5-28根际土壤五种有机酸含量均显著高于对照。转基因小麦根际土壤有机酸含量较对照的提高幅度在拔节期或抽穗期较大。三种处理下转基因系OsT5-28根系TTC还原力在三个时期均显著高于对照。这说明低磷胁迫下OsPHR2可提高小麦酸性磷酸化酶活性和根系活力,促进根系有机酸的分泌,增加分泌量,从而提高小麦磷素吸收效率。     

月桂酸对小麦淀粉凝胶回生特性的影响

为了解月桂酸对小麦淀粉凝胶回生特性的影响,利用X射线衍射仪和差示扫描量热仪研究了月桂酸对小麦淀粉凝胶晶体结构和热特性的影响。结果表明,月桂酸与小麦淀粉结合形成了月桂酸-淀粉复合物。在短期回生过程中,淀粉含有V-型结晶结构和B-型结晶结构,淀粉凝胶中直链淀粉分子特征衍射峰减弱,月桂酸-淀粉复合物衍射峰增强;短期回生淀粉含有直链淀粉重结晶的熔融峰和淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的熔融峰,月桂酸-淀粉复合物熔融焓显著小于淀粉凝胶熔融焓;月桂酸对淀粉短期回生的抑制作用主要是对直链淀粉重结晶的抑制。长期回生过程中,随贮藏时间延长,支链淀粉分子发生了重结晶,淀粉凝胶的结晶度从15.37%增大至18.75%,而月桂酸-淀粉复合物结晶度从10.36%增大至13.23%;回生淀粉中支链淀粉重结晶的熔融焓增大,复合物重结晶的熔融焓减少。说明月桂酸与淀粉形成复合物能抑制小麦淀粉的短期回生和长期回生。     

河南小麦新品种（系）的多酚氧化酶基因等位变异

为了解河南小麦多酚氧化酶的基因型和表型分布情况,以72份河南小麦新品种(系)为材料,进行了籽粒多酚氧化酶活性测试,并利用多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)基因的功能标记PPO18、PPO16和PPO29分别进行2A和2D染色体上Ppo-A1和Ppo-D1的基因型鉴定。结果表明,参试品种(系)中,具有等位基因Ppo-A1a(与高PPO活性相关)和Ppo-A1b(与低PPO活性相关)的品种(系)分别为52个和20个,分布频率分别为72.2%和27.8%;具有等位基因Ppo-D1a(与低PPO活性相关)和Ppo-D1b(与高PPO活性相关)的品种(系)分别为51个和21个,分布频率分别为70.8%和29.2%。在参试小麦品种(系)中发现四种等位变异组合Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1a、Ppo-A1a/Ppo-D1b、Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1a和Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1b,分布频率分别为50.0%、22.2%、20.8%和7.0%。进一步分析不同基因型组合对小麦籽粒PPO活性的影响,4种基因型中,Ppo-A1b/Ppo-D1a类型的小麦籽粒PPO活性最低。拥有低PPO活性的河南小麦新品种(系)相对较少,因此,建议在小麦品质育种中加强对低PPO活性材料的选择。     

小麦籽粒淀粉合成动态及糊化特性的基因型差异

为了明确不同基因型小麦品种籽粒灌浆过程中的淀粉合成动态,为小麦的高产优质栽培提供参考信息,对6个不同基因型小麦籽粒形成过程中淀粉组分的变化及淀粉糊化特性进行了分析。结果表明,非糯性小麦的直链淀粉含量随着花后天数的增加呈上升的趋势,糯性小麦则呈先上升后下降的趋势,所有品种的支链淀粉含量均呈上升的趋势;不同基因型小麦直链、支链淀粉积累速率均呈单峰曲线图,不同品种直链淀粉最大积累速率出现的时间不同,而支链淀粉最大积累速率出现的时间均在花后21d;不同小麦品种的峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度均随着花后天数的增加而上升;不同品种淀粉糊化特性不同:糯性小麦之间在糊化时间、反弹值上无差异,而在峰值粘度、低谷粘度、最终粘度、稀懈值上的差异达显著水平;对于非糯性小麦,豫麦50和其他品种的多数糊化参数差异达显著水平;糯小麦和非糯小麦在糊化参数上的差异达1%显著水平。     

淀粉 脂类复合物对蓝色小麦淀粉流变性的影响

为了解淀粉脂类复合物对南阳彩色小麦淀粉糊流变特性的影响,利用黏度分析仪测定了月桂酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸与小麦淀粉结合形成复合物后淀粉糊的流变特性。结果表明,分别将1.0%、2.0%和3.0%的脂肪酸添加到蓝色小麦淀粉中,在95℃下分别蒸煮5、10和15 min,复合指数随蒸煮时间的延长和脂肪酸用量的增加而提高,随脂肪酸碳链的增加而降低;黏度系数随复合物的增加而增加,而流变指数则随复合物的增加而降低;在四种脂肪酸中,月桂酸与淀粉形成复合物的能力最强,对小麦淀粉的流变特性影响最大;添加月桂酸2%、蒸煮10 min形成的复合物最好。     

糯小麦配粉对普通小麦品质性状和鲜切面条品质的影响

为了明确糯麦配粉对小麦品质的影响,利用中国北部和黄淮冬麦区的三个小麦主栽品种京411、豫麦49和豫麦34,研究了添加10%、15%、20%、25%和30%不同比例的糯小麦面粉后其蛋白质、淀粉特性及面条品质的变化.结果表明,随着添加比例的提高,面粉蛋白质含量和沉淀值有所增加,和面时间和衰落势无显著变化.直链淀粉含量随添加量的增加而逐渐降低,高峰粘度和反弹值则均有所下降.直链淀粉含量与面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分呈二次曲线关系,直链淀粉含量为24%～25%时,面条的粘弹性、光滑性和总评分最好,添加15%～20%的糯小麦面粉即可达到这一效果.添加糯小麦面粉对面条色泽和表观状况无显著影响.     

Single Kernel Wheat Hardness and Fracture Properties in Relation to Density and the Modelling of Fracture in Wheat Endosperm

The fracture properties of small, cylindrical samples of endosperm machined from single kernels of several varieties of wheat were measured using three methods: compression, wedge fracture and indentation. In addition, dynamic compression tests were also performed in impact loading. Density measurements using a variable density liquid gradient were carried out on machined endosperm samples that had previously been tested for fracture properties, enabling direct comparisons between their density and fracture properties. Within each variety, a distribution of density and hardness values was found. Soft wheat varieties (Riband, Apollo) showed a broad distribution of density with medians in the range 1340 to 1395 kg/m³, whilst hard varieties such as Mercia and a durum wheat exhibited much narrower distributions and higher mean densities, Mercia being skewed towards higher densities, with a median at around 1410 kg/m³. A considerable amount of overlap in density between the soft and hard variety occurred, with both containing a significant proportion of harder and higher density wheat grains, and the major difference appearing to be the presence in the soft wheat of a large proportion of lower density endosperm in the range 1280 to 1360 kg/m³. The differences in density between endosperm samples were attributed to variations in endosperm porosity, which were correlated with the fracture properties of the endosperm. It is proposed that increased levels of porosity weaken the endosperm structure and are responsible in part for soft endosperm texture. The relationship between endosperm density and fracture properties was non-linear, the failure stress and fracture toughness increasing rapidly as the density approached a limiting value corresponding to the density expected for pore-free endosperm. This indicates that endosperm is a notch sensitive material, where the pores concentrate applied stresses and can act as sites of crack initiation. It was shown that the notch sensitivity of endosperm is qualitatively consistent with models of brittle fracture based on fracture mechanics theory, i.e. stress concentration by voids.     

水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗抗氧化特性的影响

为了给水杨酸在小麦栽培中的应用提供参考依据,以小麦品种百农AK58为材料,用17.5%聚乙二醇6000(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,研究了外源水杨酸对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片和根系抗氧化特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著提高了根、叶细胞质膜透性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性。与单独干旱胁迫处理相比,外源施加水杨酸可使干旱下小麦幼苗根系APX、POD、SOD和CAT活性分别增加190.9%、20.4%、42.3%和89.4%,使其膜透性和MDA含量分别降低19.7%和54.6%;对叶片而言,水杨酸可使其APX和POD活性分别增加31.5%和159.6%,使其膜透性和MDA含量分别降低23.7%和53.9%。上述结果说明,干旱胁迫加剧了小麦的氧化胁迫,小麦幼苗则通过增强根、叶抗氧化酶活性以抵抗氧化伤害。外源施加水杨酸可增强小麦幼苗根、叶相关抗氧化酶的活性,从而缓解小麦在干旱下所遭受的氧化伤害,增强其抗旱性。