呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然更新苗影响因素的研究

通过对呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然林天然更新苗特征及其影响因素的研究,结果表明:母树密度不同,天然更新苗数量和年龄结构存在明显差异;樟子松天然更新苗年龄结构在时间上具有明显的不连续性,樟子松天然更新苗密度因林分类型的差异明显不同。在疏林地(树龄30 a),平均更新苗密度每2 500 m2为13株,在火烧迹地平均更新苗密度每600 m2为28.5株,樟子松单株样地平均更新苗密度每600 m2为118.8株。不同年龄的天然更新苗保存密度和年平均降水量有显著或极显著关系,且随着林分郁闭度的增加,研究区天然更新苗密度呈现降低的趋势。     

Changes during early development in photosynthetic light acclimation capacity explain the shade to sun transition in Nothofagus nitida

Nothofagus nitida (Phil.) Krasser, an emergent tree of the Chilean evergreen forest, regenerates under the canopy. Nonetheless, it is common to find older saplings in clear areas. We hypothesized that this transition from shade to sun during the early developmental stages is made possible by an ontogenetic increase in the light acclimation capacity of photosynthesis. To test our hypothesis, we studied photosynthetic performance and photoprotection in N. nitida saplings at different developmental stages corresponding with three different height classes (short: 16.2 cm; medium-height: 48.0 cm; and tall: 73.7 cm) grown under contrasting light conditions (photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 20, 300 or 600 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) until newly expanded leaves had developed. Light-saturated CO(2) assimilation rate and light compensation and saturation points increased with increasing PPF. Medium-height and tall saplings acclimated to high light had higher electron transport rates and higher proportions of open Photosystem II reaction centers than shorter plants acclimated to high light. Short saplings showed higher thermal dissipation and contents of xanthophylls than taller saplings. Only medium-height and tall saplings acclimated to high light recovered after photoinhibition. State transitions were higher in short plants growing in low light, and decreased with plant height and growth irradiance. Thus, during development, N. nitida changes the balance of light energy utilization and photoprotective mechanisms, supporting a phenotypic transition from shade to sun during its early ontogeny.     

沙地樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布模型

【目的】构建具有清晰空间结构的樟子松天然更新幼苗空间分布模型,阐明沙地樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布特征,为重要固沙乔木樟子松天然更新和扩张方向预测提供参考依据。【方法】以呼伦贝尔沙地天然樟子松散生单木为研究对象,利用VonMises分布和韦伯分布构建具有清晰空间结构的樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗分布模型。基于10株散生樟子松母树及其1374株更新幼苗观测数据,采用由最小二乘法估计模型参数,并应用模型随机模拟樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗的空间分布状况。【结果】1)樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗分布符合Janzen-Connell假说,但更新幼苗分布具有明显的方向性,主要分布在方位角(正北为0°,顺时针旋转)为0°~127°和216°~360°2个区间中,更新幼苗与母树的距离集中在0.37~10.95m,树龄较高的幼苗主要分布在距离母树较远的地方;樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布模型由更新幼苗数量模型、方向分布模型和距离分布模型构成,基于模型发现,樟子松天然更新幼苗的平均扩散方向为北偏东16°,平均扩散距离为5.37m;应用樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗模型模拟地径为70cm的樟子松母树更新幼苗群体空间格局,生成的樟子松单木天然更新幼苗共97株,模拟的更新幼苗空间分布与观测一致。【结论】樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗在扩散距离上符合Janzen-Connell假说,但分布具有方向性,绝大部分幼苗分布在母树北面。樟子松幼苗存活要求较低的太阳辐射微环境,没有遮荫的环境不利于天然更新。樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布模型可清晰描述单株樟子松周围更新幼苗的空间格局。     

不同容器规格对樟子松育苗质量的影响

为探索樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)容器育苗的合理容器规格,以白色无纺布袋作为育苗容器,按照育苗容器口径和高度不同,设置6 cm×10 cm、10 cm×10 cm、12 cm×15 cm、15 cm×18 cm 4种容器规格,研究了不同容器规格对樟子松幼苗质量的影响.结果 表明...     

Photosynthesis and growth of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai seedlings in the understory of trees with various phenologies

We have studied the photosynthetic production and growth of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai (hiba) seedlings under typical light conditions found in mixed forests, including constant shade, phenological gaps under broad-leaved trees with different lengths of foliation period, and in an open plot. Leaves sampled from the open plot had significantly higher rates of light-saturated gross photosynthesis and dark respiration, and a significantly lower specific leaf area than leaves from the other plots. The relative growth rate of whole plant biomass was significantly higher in plots that received larger amounts of light. The variations in these properties under the various light conditions are considered to reflect the ability of hiba seedlings to adapt to available light. In the late autumn, leaves sampled from the open and from the gap under deciduous trees indicated photoinhibition. However, the estimated value of monthly net photosynthesis of hiba seedlings was greater in these plots, indicating that the benefit of a greater light intensity for photosynthesis seems to be larger than the detriment of photoinhibition. The seasonal pattern of photosynthesis by understory hiba seedlings was affected by the phenology of canopy trees. Light availability under the canopy of deciduous trees associated with phenological gaps helped hiba seedlings to tolerate the relatively dark conditions during the subsequent foliation period. These results for reaction to the light regime and for the phenology of hiba seedlings are practicable for hiba forest management.     

樟树无性系组培苗丘陵山地造林早期生长分析

以樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)无性系组培苗营建试验林,对林木1~5a生生长情况进行调查分析。结果表明：1a生幼林的平均树高和冠幅的分别为1.12m和1.1m;3a生平均树高、平均冠幅和平均胸径分别为3.34m、1.4m和2.94cm;5a生平均树高、平均冠幅和平均胸径依次为5.35m、1.68m和4.8cm,分别比3a生时增加60.01%、20.1%和63.26%。不同林龄的树高有极显著差异（P＜0.01）;5a生和3a生的胸径有显著差异（P＜0.05）,但冠幅差异不显著。树高、冠幅和胸径在区间组间差异均不显著,表明群体的生长表现较一致。     

樟子松苗木移植密度试验

樟子松2年生苗20 cm×20 cm、20 cm×10 cm、20 cm×7.5 cm、20 cm×5.0 cm、20 cm×4.0 cm、20 cm×3.3cm6种移植密度试验,结果表明:苗木高生长差异不明显,地径差异达到了1%的显著水准,苗木径高比,单株生物量随着移植密度的减少而增大,质量越好。一级苗百分率随密度的增大而减小,单位面积经济产值随密度的增大而上升,最大密度与最小密度的单位产值相差4倍以上。综合质量指标和经济效益2方面考虑,以20 cm×4.0 cm和20 cm×5.0 cm2种移植密度最佳。     

青海湖高寒沙区引进辽西樟子松治沙研究

通过引进东北辽西科尔沁沙地樟子松在青海湖斜麻沙区进行栽植试验,结果表明,引进的樟子松当年主顶芽平均生长高度达10.13 cm,侧顶芽生长高度平均达5.14 cm,平均顶芽生长达7.64 cm,苗木整体生长良好,当年成活率达到93%;经过长达6个多月寒冬,越冬成活率达80%,返青良好。     

Stomatal conductance, transpiration and sap flow of tropical montane rain forest trees in the southern Ecuadorian Andes

We investigated tree water relations in a lower tropical montane rain forest at 1950-1975 m a.s.l. in southern Ecuador. During two field campaigns, sap flow measurements (Granier-type) were carried out on 16 trees (14 species) differing in size and position within the forest stand. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) and leaf transpiration (E(l)) were measured on five canopy trees and 10 understory plants. Atmospheric coupling of stomatal transpiration was good (decoupling coefficient Omega = 0.25-0.43), but the response of g(s) and E(l) to the atmospheric environment appeared to be weak as a result of the offsetting effects of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) on g(s). In contrast, sap flow (F) followed these atmospheric parameters more precisely. Daily F depended chiefly on PPF sums, whereas on short time scales, VPD impeded transpiration when it exceeded a value of 1-1.2 kPa. This indicates an upper limit to transpiration in the investigated trees, even when soil water supply was not limiting. Mean g(s) was 165 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for the canopy trees and about 90 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for the understory species, but leaf-to-leaf as well as tree-to-tree variation was large. Considering whole-plant water use, variation in the daily course of F was more pronounced among trees differing in size and crown status than among species. Daily F increased sharply with stem diameter and tree height, and ranged between 80 and 120 kg day(-1) for dominant canopy trees, but was typically well below 10 kg day(-1) for intermediate and suppressed trees of the forest interior.     

Regeneration dynamics and sylvigenesis in the moist deciduous forests of southwest India

Sustained management of natural forest depends on their ability to regenerate. The pace at which older trees are replaced by younger ones is important in this respect. This study was conducted to assess the demographic details of natural regeneration dynamics of south Indian moist deciduous forests. The status of natural regeneration has been assessed in eight localities of varying levels of disturbance in Thrissur Forest Division of Kerala State of southwest India. Enumeration of trees and their regeneration were analyzed at three levels of organization; whole-stand, stratum, and species.The trees of the forest were grouped into upper, middle and lower vertical strata. Species richness was highest in the middle stratum. Upper stratum species were commercially important. The mean basal area for the Forest Division was 12.83 m²/ha. and average number of trees per hectare (>=20 cm dbh) was 150. Regeneration of the upper stratum species was higher at about 10% gap in the canopy.The growing stock of established seedlings and saplings (height > 100 cm and dbh <=10cm) was very low compared to unestablished seedlings (height <=100 cm). Owing to very low survival probability in the sapling stage (dbh >=1 cm to <=10 cm), a low numbers of poles (dbh >=10 cm to <=20 cm) in the upper stratum was observed. Presence of fire, grazing, browsing and over expoitation by humans are the major constraints of natural regeneration recognized in these forests.     

优良园林树种红果罗浮槭育苗试验

通过对红果罗浮槭的1年生苗和留床苗与移植苗的对比研究，1年生苗平均高可达到51．13cm，平均地径可达到0．671cm；4年生留床苗平均高可达到295．8cm，平均胸径1．778cm，平均冠幅86．7cm；4年生移植苗平均高257．9cm，平均胸径1．436cm，平均冠幅77．9cm。     

Post-1935 changes in forest vegetation of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA: Part 1 - ponderosa pine forest

Vegetation plots originally sampled in Grand Canyon National Park (GCNP), Arizona, USA in 1935 are the earliest-known, sample-intensive, quantitative documentation of forest vegetation over a Southwest USA landscape. These historical plots were located as accurately as possible and resampled in 2004 to document multi-decadal changes in never-harvested Southwestern forests. Findings for ponderosa pine forest (PPF) differed among three forest subtypes (dry, mesic, and moist PPF), indicating that understanding the ecology of PPF subtypes is essential for development of ecologically based management practices. Dry PPF, which is transitional with pinyon-juniper vegetation at low elevation, exhibited no changes from 1935 to 2004. Mesic PPF, the core subtype of PPF, had increased densities of total trees, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and white fir (Abies concolor) in the 10-29.9 cm diameter class from 1935 to 2004 that may have induced decreased densities of larger ponderosa pines and total tree and ponderosa pine basal areas. Moist PPF, which is transitional with mixed conifer forest at high elevation, was the most dynamic PPF subtype with decreases from 1935 to 2004 in total density and total basal area that are largely attributable to decreases in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Graphical synthesis of datasets with historical and modern values for density and basal area indicates that overall PPF (all subtypes combined) increased in sapling density of all species combined and conifers with canopy potential and decreased in density of quaking aspen trees since the late 19th century. PPF of GCNP has passed through an accretion phase of forest development with increases in density and, depending on PPF subtype and variable being examined, is at or past the point of inflection to recession of density and basal area. Increases in small diameter ponderosa pine and white fir from 1935 to 2004 portend potential additional accretion, but decreases in total basal area, density and basal area of quaking aspen, basal area of ponderosa pine, and density of larger diameter ponderosa pine indicate PPF has passed the inflection point from accretion to recession. Uncertainties about 19th-century PPF structure and composition and about future ecological and societal environments lead to the conclusion that resource managers of GCNP and other natural areas should consider a change in focus from the objective of achieving desired future conditions to an objective of avoiding undesired future conditions.     

栽植密度对沙棘幼苗生长及热值的影响

研究了不同栽植密度对沙棘幼苗的苗高、地径、生物量以及热值的影响。结果表明,6种栽植密度下,沙棘幼苗的的苗高、地径、生物量、热值均表现出明显的差别。在栽植密度为75 cm×100 cm及100 cm×100 cm时沙棘幼苗的苗高、地径、生物量都高于其他密度;在密度为30 cm×30 cm时的苗高生长量、地径生长量、生物量最低。苗高最高达95.8 cm,最低为61.4 cm。地径最高达13.79 mm,最低为11.63 mm。生物量最高达163.36 g,最低为105.85 g;不同密度下,各器官热值大小变化规律基本一致,其大小顺序为叶〉干〉枝。同一密度不同器官间的热值差异显著,不同密度之间相同器官热值差异较小。     

樟子松根系分布特征及其生长适应性研究

通过民勤樟子松根系分布及生长调查分析表明 :樟子松根系分布集中 ,在 2 50cm范围内 0～ 2 0cm土壤层次中根量占调查根系总量的 50 %～ 6 0 % ;樟子松生长迅速 ,10龄树年高生长量达 6 0cm ,粗生长量达 1.0cm ,移栽苗木 2～ 3年后可达到原地苗的生长速度 ,樟子松适应性强 ,同时对温度、光照和水分等因子的敏感性较强 ,充足的光照、水分 ,有利于其生长 ,干旱、低温条件下 ,生长速度明显减缓     

Establishment of planted Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings: effects of light environment,fertilisation, and orientation and distance with respect to shelter trees

The effects of stand stem density (SSD), orientation and distance with respect to shelter trees, and fertilisation on planted Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings were examined at two sites, one with a southerly aspect (64°14′N, 19°46′E, 225 m a.s.l.) and one with a northerly aspect (64°09′N, 19°36′E, 274 m a.s.l.) in boreal forests in Sweden. The damage and growth were compared at these sites in stands with three SSD’s and different light regimes: uncut forest (SSD 500, ~500 stems/ha), shelterwood (SSD 150,~150 stems/ha), and clear-cut (SSD, 0 stems). Half of the seedlings were irrigated with fertiliser (10 mM N). Fertilisation and SSD affected the height growth of P. abies, since fertilised seedlings in SSD 0 grew the most (22.2 cm). Fertilised seedlings in SSD 0 also generally had the greatest biomass (twigs, leading shoot and needles), even P. sylvestris seedlings on the North slope, where fertilised and unfertilised pine seedlings in SSD 0 had 62.6 and 39.7 g biomass, respectively. P. sylvestris increased about 150% in dry mass of leading shoot of the increase of P. abies with equal height growth, when comparing SSD 150 and SSD 0. The results indicate that the general conditions of the stand have stronger effects on the growth of planted seedlings than their orientation and distance with respect to the nearest tree and that light requirements cannot be moderated by fertilisation. We postulate that a system in which forest gaps are formed under a shelterwood could provide a way to regenerate forests that exploits the beneficial features of both shelter trees and clear-cuts.     

Management of advanced regeneration in secondary forests of the Brazilian Amazon

Gap formation is a critical process for plant establishment that may be absent or infrequent in second-growth forests, negatively influencing their ability to become diverse mature forest. I simulated treefall gaps within a 10-year-old secondary forest established on a clear-cut area, because cut areas may have a greater potential for economic exploitation than areas used for pastures and shifting cultivation. I explored the effects of varying degrees of canopy opening on the growth of plants already established as advanced regeneration. Five intensities of canopy opening were created: total removal (100%), 80–90%, 50–60%, 20–30% and a 0% control. Only trees >5 cm DBH were cut. The established plant community was diverse, and comprised 37 families and 126 species and morpho-species, of which 72% had some use reported in the literature. I found that the canopy opening treatments resulted in very little disturbance to the established seedling and sapling community, with no significant increase in mortality, but had a strong positive effect on their growth. Light levels reaching the understory were increased from 1% of incident photosynthetic active radiation in control plots to 35% in 100% canopy opening plots. During the first year, differences in plant growth were not significant, but by the second year, differential plant growth associated with canopy opening became evident. Most seedlings (51%) grew approximately 25 cm in height, and approximately one quarter grew more than 25 cm. Only 2.6% of the seedlings decreased in height, and 12% did not grow at all. Fifty percent canopy removal resulted in an almost threefold increase in plant height compared to control plots (0.52 ± 0.4 m and 0.20 ± 0.2 m, respectively), and was not significantly different from 80 or 100% removal. This indicates that intermediate levels of canopy removal had positive effects and total removal was unnecessary to stimulate the best growth responses. I conclude that regeneration of diverse mature forest can be accelerated under some conditions by partial removal of secondary forest canopy.     

樟子松人工林生物量模型的研究

以不同年龄、不同密度的樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)人工林为研究对象,基于8块标准地40株标准木的树干解析、枝解析的生物量数据,通过比较分析,研究不同大小树木因子(胸径、树高、冠幅等)与单木各分量(树干、枝、叶)生物量之间的关系,应用统计分析软件建立樟子松单木各部分生物量的回归模...     

Regeneration of commercial tree species in a logged forest in the Selva Maya, Mexico

One of the main threats to the sustainability of community forestry in the Selva Maya is insufficient regeneration of commercial tree species. We evaluated the regeneration status of 22 commercial tree species in a managed semideciduous tropical rain forest in Southern Mexico. The study was carried out in six harvesting areas along a 16-year chronosequence. In each area, 10 transects (1000 m²) were established and all trees >50 cm height and <10 cm diameter were recorded. We evaluated the relationships between seedling and sapling abundance, and canopy cover and disturbance condition (closed forest, canopy gap, log landing, skid road, primary road and secondary road). The area occupied by closed forest canopy increased with age of harvesting area (65–91% of sampled area), while the area occupied by canopy gaps decreased (22–9%). Log landings occupied less than 1% of the sampled area. The predominant canopy cover was 75–80% in all harvesting areas, even in the most recently harvested areas. The highest densities of seedlings and saplings, of both shade tolerant and intolerant species, were found in log landing and skid trails, followed by secondary roads. Even Simarouba glauca, a shade tolerant species, displayed higher densities in sites with ≤65% of canopy cover. Our results support previous findings and indicate that the levels of disturbance caused by existing harvesting procedures may be inadequate to promote sufficient regeneration of not only light demanding desirable species but also for some of the evaluated shade tolerant species of commercial interest. Seedling and sapling densities exhibited by Swietenia macrophylla, for example, are insufficient to support current harvesting rates. The application of a spatial mixed system with patch-cuts of different sizes, a consequence of group felling, could be applied to provide the necessary conditions for the regeneration of the main commercial species.     

广东镇海林场引种花梨初期生长表现

花梨在广东镇海林场引种栽培3a,生长调查结果表明,该树种在引种地生长表现较好,2a生平均树高2．48m,平均径1．78cm。立地对花梨生长的影响显著,树高、胸径和冠幅均以较好的立地条件生长好。各坡位以山坡下生长最好,2a生平均高达2．88m,径2．29cm;中坡生长次之,上部生长差,高仅1．94m,径1．29cm。各坡向相比,西坡径高生长量比东坡分别大9．6％和4．1％。造林时要因地制宜,要培育大径材必须用好地栽培。     

采伐作业对长白山阔叶红松林林下植被影响的研究(英文)

森林采伐是森林经营中的一个关键环节。采伐对树木天然更新的影响直接关系到森林的结构、组成及森林的可持续经营。本文以长白山阔叶红松林为研究对象,对择伐5 年后不同作业迹地(集材道、楞场和采伐后林窗)的幼苗更新及灌木、草本的多样性进行研究,并以没有进行采伐干扰的林地作为对照。共设计样地23 块,在各个小样地内调查幼树的种类、树木、高度;灌木和草本植物的种类、树木、高度和盖度,应用SPSS 软件进行一元方差分析。结果表明,择伐作业影响幼苗的更新,灌木和草本的多样性在作业迹地增加,尤其在林隙处的多样性最高。适当采伐能促进幼苗的更新,特别是阔叶树种的更新。集材道对幼苗密度的影响比对幼苗高度的影响大,幼苗密度在集材道上密度最高;采伐作业对针叶树种有严重的影响,在三种作业迹地上针叶树种的密度都比对照低。为了维持森林的结构和组成,在森林收获和楞场的建立时,必须采取科学措施保护针叶树种。此外,采伐林窗和楞场的面积都应该减小。为了确保采伐迹地建群树种的更新,经营中应该在保护生物多样性的前提下,适当控制过于旺盛的灌木和草本层的生长。本研究结果将为采伐后作业迹地的恢复和森林的可持续经营提供科学的依据。图1 表4 参14。