基于拉曼光谱和自荧光光谱的柑橘黄龙病快速检测方法

为了快速检测黄龙病这一柑橘毁灭性病害,分析了柑橘黄龙病样本和健康样本的自荧光和拉曼光谱差异,建立了基于自荧光光谱、拉曼光谱和混合光谱的PLS-DA模型,进行了模型的结果比较,最后绘制了三种模型的分类器特征曲线ROC,通过曲线下面积AUC参数进一步评价了模型的性能。试验结果表明,柑橘黄龙病叶片样本和健康叶片样本的自荧光光谱和拉曼光谱存在差异信息。在785nm波长激光诱导下,柑橘叶片样本都产生了比较强的自荧光。黄龙病叶片的自荧光相对于健康样本的自荧光在小于1203cm ^-1范围更弱,而在大于1206cm ^-1范围更强,其下降的斜率（绝对值）相对健康样本更小。在典型的黄龙病样本和健康样本的拉曼光谱数据中,均可发现具有以下拉曼峰且具有一致性：920cm ^-1,1160cm ^-1,1289cm ^-1,1331cm ^-1和1529cm ^-1。黄龙病样本和健康样本相比在1257cm ^-1、1396cm ^-1、1446cm ^-1、1601 cm ^-1和1622cm ^-1具有更大的拉曼峰值强度和光谱带宽,在1006cm ^-1、1160cm ^-1、1191cm ^-1和1529cm ^-1位置谱峰强度较弱,提示黄龙病样本的类胡萝卜素含量较低。基于自荧光光谱、拉曼光谱和混合光谱三种光谱的PLS-DA模型鉴别的准确率分别为86.08%、98.17%和94.75%。进一步计算三种模型的ROC曲线下面积AUC参数分别为0.9313、0.9991和0.9875,拉曼光谱模型的AUC值最大,也表明拉曼光谱模型的鉴别效果最优。拉曼光谱分析技术可以成为探索柑橘黄龙病快速诊断鉴别的新途径。     

柠檬汁还原法制备AgNPs用于果蔬农药残留的SERS快速检测

[目的/意义]为满足目前市场上对农产品农药残留的快速灵敏检测需求,报道一种基于柠檬汁还原制备银纳米粒子(AgNPs)的方法。[方法]首先将新鲜柠檬汁经滤纸过滤,稀释成2%的柠檬汁水溶液,再配制一定浓度的AgNO₃溶液、50 mM的NaOH溶液,放置室温保存。然后在室温下,将10 mL的ddH₂O、2mL的NaOH、2mL的2%柠檬汁和5 mL的AgNO₃溶液混合,待溶液颜色变为澄清的黄色时,溶液离心即可获得AgNPs。[结果和讨论]该方法制备的AgNPs,其颗粒形貌大小基本均一,约为20 nm,具有很好的表面增强拉曼散射(Surface Enhancement of Raman Scattering,SERS)增强效应,即良好的SERS信号稳定性,较强的SERS增强性能。该胶体中AgNPs分散较均匀,并且具有较长时间储存的稳定性,因此可用于微量农残检测。柠檬汁中主要还原成分抗坏血酸、葡萄糖和果糖,其含量分别为395.76μg/mL、5.95 mg/mL和5.90 mg/mL。将柠檬汁还原法制备的AgNPs用于果蔬表面农残...     

基于纸质微流控芯片的农药检测系统

针对当前农药检测手段仪器复杂、成本昂贵等问题,提出了一种基于纸质微流控农药检测方法。设计了具有自动进样、混合反应、电化学检测等功能的纸质微流控芯片,采用石墨碳、Ag/AgCl材料以及结合化学交联法制备了环状结构的丝网印刷酶电极,并利用循环伏安法对制备的酶电极进行了电化学表征,构建了一套基于酶抑制法的集成酶电极纸质微流控农药检测系统。最后建立了酶抑制率与对硫磷浓度的数学模型,并测试了酶电极的性能。实验结果表明,酶电极具有良好的制备重复性、稳定性和线性度。抑制率与对硫磷浓度的负对数在1.0×10~(-7)~1.0×10~(-5)g/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为:I=158.82+21.11lg C,R~2为0.993,最低检出限为3.3×10~(-8)g/mL。所制备的酶电极微流控传感器抗干扰性较强,对对硫磷农药具有一定的选择性。加标回收率范围在95.8%~115.0%之间。     

秸秆覆盖条件下滨海盐渍土水盐分布及蒸发特征

为了揭示秸秆覆盖滨海盐渍土水盐调控机理,通过室内模拟实验研究了不同秸秆覆盖量(0、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.2 kg/m²分别由CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表示)对土壤水盐运移和蒸发强度的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可有效提高表层及土壤剖面含水率,且增墒效果随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加:试验期间秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D剖面平均含水率比CK依次高了41.2%、52.3%、65.7%和58.5%;秸秆覆盖可抑制表层土壤盐分积聚并有效调控土壤剖面盐分分布,秸秆覆盖量越大表层积盐量越低,土壤剖面盐分分布越趋于均衡:试验结束时,CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D表层0~2 cm土壤电导率比3~5 cm电导率分别高了246.3%、242.8%、138.4%、40.5%和47.6%;土壤蒸发强度和累积蒸发量随着秸秆覆盖量的增加而降低:试验期间CK、秸秆A、秸秆B、秸秆C和秸秆D处理平均蒸发强度依次为1.79×10^-3、1.64×10^-3、0.93×10^-3、1.35×10^-3和0.76×10^-3mm/min,累积蒸发量分别为17.79、20.30、14.20、14.57和10.27 mm,且蒸发初期秸秆覆盖对蒸发强度和累积蒸发量的抑制作用更明显。     

旋转圆盘表面固液两相流动数值模拟及试验研究

基于DPM离散颗粒模型,研究了旋转圆盘表面在固液两相流作用下冲蚀磨损行为,重点分析了颗粒体积分数、颗粒直径、颗粒进口速度等因素对旋转圆盘表面磨损的影响.结果表明,在旋转圆盘表面,磨损量随着半径的增大而增大,磨损量会随着时间而累积增加;当颗粒体积分数由2%增加到5%,圆盘的磨损量逐渐增加,最大磨损量由5.8×10^-7 kg/m²增加到1.3×10^-6 kg/m²,平均磨损量由7.5×10^-8 kg/m²增加到1.7×10^-7 kg/m²;随着颗粒直径的减小,相同体积分数下颗粒数目越多,圆盘的最大磨损量和平均磨损量都逐渐增加,圆盘表面磨损加剧.随着颗粒进口速度的增大,圆盘的最大磨损量和平均磨损量都少量增加.同时经圆盘试验验证,在旋转圆盘表面,随着半径的增大,3种不同材料的试件磨损量都增加,结果与数值模拟相吻合.且磨损形貌由2个磨损区域发展到3个,不同磨损区域的交界线呈抛物线状.     

不同温湿度大红袍花椒对流辐射干燥试验研究

为对比大红袍花椒热风干燥、热风—红外与热风—微波联合干燥的特性和品质,揭示对流辐射联合干燥大红袍花椒的干燥过程,指导大红袍花椒生产实践。通过薄层干燥试验,研究三种干燥方式在不同温度(50℃、60℃、70℃)和相对湿度(10%、30%、50%)条件下的干燥曲线和有效水分扩散系数,结合Weibull函数的尺度参数α、形状参数β及估算有效水分扩散系数进行干燥动力学分析,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察干制花椒油苞结构,提取挥发油进行气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)分析。结果表明：热风干燥时间最长,升温降湿有利于提高热风干燥速率、缩短干燥时间,但对热风—红外和热风—微波干燥影响较小;Weibull函数能很好地模拟三种干燥方式,α随干燥条件变化明显,β>1,水分迁移是由物料表面和内部共同控制,估算水分扩散系数变化范围分别为1.303×10^-7～2.815×10^-7 m²/min、7.646×10^-7～9.628×10^-7 m²/min、2.200×10^-6...     

纳米通道适配体传感器对马拉硫磷的检测

准确快速检测水体中农药残留对水体安全至关重要.基于纳米通道电流整流现象,利用适配体特异性结合目标物的特点,构建了电化学适配体传感器,以实现马拉硫磷(Mal)的检测.通过金硫键将Mal适配体1(Apt-1)修饰到镀有金膜的纳米管腔内,利用Mal与Apt-1和适配体2(Apt-2)特异性结合后改变纳米通道内电荷密度的特点,实现Mal的定量检测.采用扫描电镜(SEM)和圆二色谱(CD),对纳米管及通道内部进行表征;对Apt-1在纳米通道内部的修饰浓度、Apt-2的使用浓度、孵育溶液的pH以及孵育时间进行优化.在最佳工作条件下,Mal浓度的对数与传感器的响应电流信号呈线性关系,传感器对Mal的检测线性范围为1.0×10^-8～1.0×10^-6 mol/L,检测限(LOD)为3.33×10^-9 mol/L.考察了传感器的稳定性以及对Mal的检测选择性,并将传感器用于水样中Mal的分析,所得结果与气相色谱(GC)方法所得结果基本一致.     

成武县秸秆综合利用情况调研报告

<正>一、秸秆综合利用现状小麦、玉米是成武县最主要的农作物，2022年小麦播种面积5×10⁴hm²，总产量3.6×10⁵t，玉米种植面积4.7×104hm²，总产量3.5×10⁵t，全年产出秸秆9×10⁵t左右。据调研，目前全县农作物秸秆利用模式主要有四种。(一)秸秆肥料化利用。秸秆直接还田是当前秸秆肥料化利用最主要的途径，也是最现实、最易于推广操作的秸秆利用方式，主要包括小麦、玉米秸秆还田模式。(二)秸秆能源化利用。以秸秆为原料，     

嗜热厌氧菌共培养发酵玉米秸秆产氢的研究

氢能是对环境无害且可以替代化石燃料的可持续性能源。利用嗜热厌氧菌暗发酵木质纤维素生产氢气是一种极具潜力的生物制氢技术,具有清洁、高效和可再生的优势。构建解糖热解纤维素菌和热解糖厌氧杆菌共培养体系,考察两株菌株接种比例、总接种量和底物浓度对玉米秸秆发酵产氢的影响。实验结果表明,在发酵体系初始pH值7.0,培养温度60℃条件下,当解糖热解纤维素菌和热解糖厌氧杆菌接种比例为3∶2,菌种总接种量为6%,秸秆浓度为15 g·L^-1时,体系产氢能力最强。此时,发酵体系产氢量累积达到65.6 mL·g^-1-秸秆,氢气含量为46.9%,最大产氢速率为1.47 mL·g^-1h^-1。     

液化玉米秸秆基固沙剂控制土壤风蚀试验

以室内风洞试验机为主要设备,研究了液化玉米秸秆及液化玉米秸秆基聚氨酯作为固沙剂对建筑渣土的保护效应.研究结果表明,二者均能粘结土样表面的大小颗粒形成保护层,提高建筑渣土的抗风蚀性;当液化玉米秸秆的喷施量较低时,随着风速的提高,对土壤的保护作用逐渐消失,土壤的侵蚀度迅速增加;液化玉米秸秆基聚氨酯作为固沙剂的效果要明显优于液化玉米秸秆,当其喷施量为120.37g/m~2时,起沙风速超过20m/s,当固沙效果相同时,液化玉米秸秆基聚氨酯的用量仅是液化玉米秸秆的50%,而且由于液化玉米秸秆基聚氨酯保护层的机械强度较高,使其在较高的风速下,对建筑渣土仍有很好的保护作用.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。