不同施肥处理对油菜产量及品质的影响

通过在姜堰地区的大田试验,研究了不同施肥处理条件下油菜产量及籽粒品质的变化.试验设10个肥料处理:对照(不施肥,CK),缺氮(PKB)、缺磷(NKB)、缺钾(NPB)处理,大量营养元素平衡施肥处理(NPK)、增施微量营养元素处理(NPKB、NPKBZn),不同氮肥施用量处理(1/2N+PKB、3/2N+PKB、2N+PKB).结果表明:①缺失氮、磷、钾中任何一种养分时均能降低油菜产量,且当氮肥施用量为N 18 kg/667m2时,产量最高,而硼和锌肥对油菜增产没有显著效果.②在氮、磷、钾缺素处理中,油菜硫甙含量大小顺序为NKB＞ PKB＞ NPB,芥酸含量大小顺序为PKB＞NKB＞NPB,油菜含油量没有显著变化,油酸含量为NPB＞NKB＞PKB,蛋白质含量在PKB处理下最低.③在NPK处理平衡施肥条件下,施加硼肥能显著降低硫甙和芥酸含量,显著增加油菜含油量、油酸、蛋白质含量;继续增施锌肥对油菜含油量没有显著影响,但能进一步显著降低硫甙和芥酸含量,并显著提高油菜油酸和蛋白质含量;④油菜硫甙对氮肥施用量具有拐点效应.油菜芥酸含量随着氮肥施用量的增加而显著降低.氮肥施用过高(2N+PKB)显著降低含油量.氮肥施用量对蛋白质的影响趋势和油酸一致,即先随施氮量(＜ 12 kg/667m2)的增加而显著增加,而进一步增施氮肥则没显著变化.     

氮、磷、钾、硼肥对甘蓝型油菜籽品质的影响

以多个正在大面积应用的甘蓝型油菜品种为研究对象,在长江流域冬油菜主产区的10个省（市）布置氮、磷、钾和硼肥田间肥效试验共284组,通过多点试验分别探讨当前生产条件下施用氮、磷、钾、硼肥对双低和双高甘蓝型油菜籽含油量、蛋白质、芥酸、硫甙的影响。结果表明,双低油菜籽平均含油量为41.66%,双高油菜含油量明显低于双低油菜,仅为38.92%。氮、磷、钾和硼肥施用对油菜籽的品质效应在不同试验点表现不尽相同,其总体趋势是:在磷、钾、硼肥基础上施用氮肥提高籽粒蛋白质含量而降低油分含量,且随氮肥用量的增加效果更明显,施氮对双高油菜油分及蛋白质含量的影响程度大于双低油菜;施磷、钾或硼肥有提高油菜籽含油量而降低蛋白质含量的趋势;施肥对油菜籽硫甙和芥酸含量有一定影响,但对品质影响不大。油菜籽含油量与收获指数、千粒重显著正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关。研究结果显示,在施氮的基础上配合施用磷、钾和硼肥能减少因施氮引起的油分损失。     

硼钼锌配合对甘蓝型油菜产量和品质的影响

通过水泥池小区试验,研究了B、Mo、Zn配合对甘蓝型油菜双低品种华双4号产量和品质的影响。结果表明,B、Mo、Zn配合产量最高,比对照增产20.7%;两种微量元素配合时,以BMo配合最佳,其产量与BMoZn配合差异不显著,BZn或MoZn配合仅比对照略有增产。BMoZn配合的每角粒数居各处理首位,每株角果数居第二,BMo配合的每株角果数和千粒重处于各处理首位。试验还表明,凡有配施硼的处理,即:BMo、BZn和BMoZn,有利于提高华双4号菜籽的含油量;凡配施锌的处理,即:MoZn、BZn和BMoZn,有利于提高华双4号菜籽的蛋白质含量。微量元素的各种配合均可降低华双4号菜籽的硫甙、芥酸含量;BZn配合具有最高的油酸含量,较低的棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸含量,对改善华双4号菜籽的脂肪酸组分配比最为有利。对于双高(高硫甙、高芥酸)油菜,只考虑提高其产量及含油量,以BMo配合较好;而对优质的双低(低硫甙、低芥酸)油菜,其饼粕所含的蛋白质可以直接作为动物饲料,因此在提高其产量、含油量,改善油分品质的同时,还要兼顾其蛋白质含量,则以BMoZn配合效果最好。     

正常供磷及低磷胁迫下油菜种子植酸浓度与含量的全基因组关联分析

  【目的】  鉴定不同磷水平油菜种子植酸浓度 (PA_Conc)和含量 (PA_Cont) 显著关联的 SNP 位点,挖掘候选基因及其优异单倍型,为油菜低植酸品种的培育提供遗传基础和优异基因资源。  【方法】  采用田间试验,测定正常供磷(施磷,P₂O₅ 90 kg/hm2)及低磷(不施磷,P₂O₅ 0 kg/hm2)条件下403个甘蓝型油菜品种种子中的PA_Conc和PA_Cont,利用基于全基因组重测序技术获得的530多万个高质量SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)标记,用 TASSEL 5.0 软件中的一般线性模型(general linear model,GLM)和混合线性模型(mixed linear model,MLM)进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study, GWAS),鉴定种子植酸浓度和含量显著关联的SNP位点及其候选基因。采用Bcftools提取BnaA07.MRP13基因的SNP,利用Haploview 4.2软件进行单倍型分析。  【结果】  关联群体正常供磷处理PA_Conc变异范围为17.52～81.32 mg/g,PA_Cont变异范围为0.30～0.99 mg/5粒种子;低磷处理PA_Conc变异范围为17.47～49.05 mg/g,PA_Cont变异范围为0.33～0.85 mg/5粒种子。与正常供磷相比,关联群体低磷胁迫下的PA_Conc和PA_Cont均值分别降低13.5%和10.8%。GLM模型检测到56个与油菜种子植酸浓度和含量显著关联的SNP位点,分布在除A08和C03外的17条染色体上,它们对表型变异的解释率为7.33%～14.28%。其中A03染色体上含有最多的SNP (9个)。MLM模型共检测到23个与油菜种子植酸浓度和含量显著关联的SNP位点,分布在A03、A05、A06、A07、A09、C01、C02、C04、C05、C06和C07等11条染色体上,它们对表型变异的解释率为9.6%～14.28%。其中A03染色体上含有8个SNP。对显著SNP位点上下游300 kb范围内的基因进行分析,挖掘出可能与种子中植酸合成相关的14个候选基因,其中包括拟南芥植酸合成通路中的MRP、PLC、PIP5K和SULTR4等同源基因。对BnaA07.MRP13进行候选基因关联及单倍型分析,鉴定出高植酸单倍型“BnaA07.MRP13ContHap1”(TTTA)和低植酸单倍型“BnaA07.MRP13ContHap2”(CCCT)。自然群体中18%的品种(72/403)为低植酸单倍型,种子平均植酸含量为 0.56 mg/5粒种子,极显著低于高植酸单倍型 (平均植酸含量为0.62 mg/5粒种子)。  【结论】  正常供磷和低磷胁迫下,油菜种子植酸浓度和含量均具有广泛的遗传变异。GLM模型和MLM模型分别检测到56和23个与油菜种子植酸浓度和含量显著关联的SNP位点,预测的与油菜种子植酸含量相关的候选基因有14个,发现的BnaA07.MRP13的高和低植酸单倍型为后续油菜种子植酸含量的遗传改良奠定了基础。     

油菜硫营养及其与品质的关系

对缺硫指标、缺硫症状 ;硫肥的效果和影响因素 ;硫营养对蛋白质、含油量和脂肪酸组成、硫甙含量、硫甙组分的影响等几个方面对油菜硫营养生理和硫营养与品质的关系进行了综述。     

油菜硫营养及其与品质的关系

对缺硫指标、缺硫症状；硫肥的效果和影响因素；硫营养对蛋白质、含油量和脂肪酸组成、硫甙含量、硫甙组分的影响等几个方面对油菜硫营养生理和硫营养与品质的关系进行了综述。     

不同氮水平对优质甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜产量和品质性状的影响

以油研9号、10号为材料,研究不同氮肥施用水平对优质杂交油菜8个品质性状的影响,结果表明:氮肥对优质杂交油菜的含油率、芥酸、硫甙、种子蛋白质产生极显著的影响,对油酸影响不显著。对亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生烯酸的影响因品种而显著程度不同。含油率与施氮量间呈极显著的负相关,芥酸、花生烯酸与施氮量间呈极显著正相关,亚麻酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著正相关,硫甙、亚油酸与施氮量间呈显著或极显著负相关,油酸与施氮量间呈不显著或显著正相关;各品质性状与施氮量间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关显著程度不同。各品质性状间含油率与硫甙呈极显著正相关,与种子蛋白质呈极显著负相关。芥酸与种子蛋白质、亚麻酸、花生烯酸间均呈极显著正相关。硫甙与种子蛋白质、花生烯酸呈极显著负相关,与亚油酸呈显著正相关。种子蛋白质与花生烯酸呈极显著正相关。其它品质性状间的相关性是完全一致的,只是相关的显著程度不同。在本试验的土壤肥力条件和施氮水平范围内,获得最高产量和油产量的施氮量分别为210.kg/hm2和195.kg/hm2,且在获得高产时完全可保证油和饼粕的品质优良。     

不同硫甙背景油菜苗期需硫量的研究

利用温室砂培盆栽试验研究了不同硫甙背景油菜苗期的需硫(S)量特性、植株硫甙含量及不同供S水平植株与根系的含S量差异。结果表明，对最高产量(生物量)的获得，低硫甙油菜对S素的需求量反而明显大于高硫甙油菜；植株S浓度与供S水平间呈极显著的指教相关，且品种(系)间无显著差异;根系S浓度与供S水平呈极显著相关的二次曲线型，并反映了油菜硫甙背景间的差异;植株硫甙含量与供S量呈二次回归型相关，在一定范围内高琉甙油菜植株硫甙的合成积累相对较高，而低硫甙油菜植株对硫甙的合成积累具有一定的阻抑怍用。因此，对双低油菜偏施、重施S肥，是满足其较高生理需求，提高产量和效益的重要手段。     

油菜硫甙的农业生态学意义与研究进展

论述了油菜硫甙（即硫代葡萄糖甙）的组分、主要生理功能及其含量过高对家畜的不利影响以及引种国际油菜导致的生态问题，指出了影响油菜硫甙含量的主要因素，油菜硫甙对维护十字花科植物抗性的自身保护功能，生态学意义及其发展应用潜力。     

甘蓝型油菜5个重要性状QTL分析*

利用种皮色泽差异显著的甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus)黄籽GH06和黑籽P174为亲本以及由它们构建的132个F2：3家系群体，对饼粕蛋白质含量、皮壳率、皮壳含油量、千粒重及种子含油量5个性状进行考察及QTL分析，5个性状均表现为连续分布，有的甚至表现出单向或双向超亲优势，表明5个性状均为多基因控制的数量性状。5个性状共检测到13个QTL，其中千粒重1个QTL，对表型变异贡献率为18.7%；饼粕蛋白质含量5个QTL，解释表型变异在7.8% ~14.4%之间；皮壳率3个QTL，解释表型变异在26.5%~32.8% 之间；皮壳含油量3个QTL及种子含油量1个QTL，解释表型变异在8.3% ~12.1%之间。在第20连锁群上，发现有饼粕蛋白质含量QTL与皮壳含油量和千粒重QTL重叠的区段。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.