鸡胚接种柔嫩艾美耳球虫和堆形艾美耳球虫活卵囊的免疫保护试验

给18日龄鸡胚接种一定剂量的柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eim eria tenella)和/或堆形艾美耳球虫(E.acervulina)孢子化卵囊,出雏后在无球虫环境中笼养,1~10日龄每天收集各组粪便样本,计数克粪便卵囊数(OPG),并于14日龄时以大剂量同源孢子化卵囊攻虫,以相对增重率(RWG)、饲料转化率(FCR)、相对卵囊产量(ROP)评价免疫保护效果。结果显示,以E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊免疫18日龄鸡胚,其卵囊排出的潜隐期及达到峰值的时间与1日龄雏鸡接种组相一致,有相似的排卵囊曲线,提示其诱导免疫的建立是在出雏后开始建立的。攻虫后各免疫组的RWG由攻虫对照组的31.9%~51.7%提高到了76.5%~83.6%,RCR由攻虫对照组的4.11~4.89改善为2.72~2.96,ROP降至4.7%~23.5%。结果表明以一定剂量E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊单独或混合经羊膜腔免疫18日龄鸡胚都可以建立起针对出雏后14日龄同源攻虫的良好免疫保护力。比较混合免疫E.tenella和E.acervulina卵囊组与单一接种E.tenella或E.acervulina卵囊组的免疫效果发现,混合免疫组的各项指标均稍优于后者。     

鸡球虫病四价活疫苗对毒害艾美耳球虫和柔嫩艾美耳球虫的免疫效果观察

为评价一种商品化鸡球虫病四价活疫苗[柔嫩艾美耳球虫(E.tenella)、毒害艾美耳球虫(E.necatrix)、巨型艾美耳球虫和堆型艾美耳球虫]对E.necatrix和E.tenella的免疫保护效果,本研究基于试验鸡血便记分、存活率、相对增重率、病变值、卵囊值及抗球虫指数(ACI)等指标对其免疫效果进行检测.结果表明,免疫攻虫组抗E.necatrix和E.tenella的ACI分别为157.3和135.6,均低于160,表明该球虫疫苗抗两种球虫的效果均为低效.然而,免疫攻虫组鸡血便数量、血便记分、增重、卵囊产量和病变记分等指标均优于阳性对照组.综合指标显示,该疫苗对E.necatrix和E.tenella具有一定的免疫保护力,但单纯采用疫苗并不能够达到防控鸡球虫病的目的.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫Serpin基因的原核表达及其免疫保护效果研究

为评价Serpin基因重组表达产物对预防鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella,E.tenella)感染的效果,克隆和表达E.tenella Serpin基因,对表达产物进行初步纯化和复性,制备免疫原.设计了重组蛋白肌肉注射组、重组蛋白口服组、重组蛋白滴鼻组3个试验组以及红、白对照组.分别于7、14和28日龄对雏鸡进行3次免疫,35日龄时用3×104个E.tenella孢子化卵囊攻虫,第7天末宰杀,对各组的存活率、相对增重率、卵囊减少率、ACI等指标进行统计分析.结果表明,各免疫组的平均增重与红对照组相比均有显著增加(P＜0.05),其中以重组蛋白肌肉注射组增重最多,相对增重率为66.73％,优于其他免疫组;各免疫组卵囊产量较红对照组均有显著的下降,其中重组蛋白肌肉注射组卵囊减少率最高,为30.01％;各免疫组ACI均明显高于红对照组,其中以重组蛋白口服组最高,但仍低于160,暗示Serpin蛋白并不是一个理想的球虫疫苗保护性抗原.     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫海南株SO7基因表达产物的免疫保护效果观察

为研究鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella,E.tenella)海南株SO7基因原核表达产物对E.tenella攻击的免疫保护效力,分别于8和16日龄采用SO7基因可溶性重组蛋白和包涵体重组蛋白经肌肉注射两次免疫文昌鸡公雏,同时设立攻虫对照组和空白对照组;其中,免疫组和攻虫对照组雏鸡于27日龄接种5×10~4个E.tenella卵囊,观察其诱导产生的保护力。结果显示,与攻虫对照组相比,SO7可溶性蛋白组雏鸡的相对卵囊产量降低了82.9%,攻虫至试验结束的增重增加了76.3%,盲肠病变减少了29.8%;SO7包涵体蛋白组雏鸡的相对卵囊产量降低了60.4%,攻虫至试验结束鸡增重增加了42%,盲肠病变减少了18.7%。结果表明,E.tenella海南株SO7基因在大肠杆菌中的表达产物对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫的攻击有一定的免疫保护作用,且SO7可溶性蛋白的抗球虫效力优于包涵体蛋白。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫3-1E和CDPK双抗原DNA疫苗的免疫保护效果观察

将构建的含鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)CDPK和3-1E双抗原的真核重组质粒proEC,在14日龄和21日龄分别免疫AA肉鸡,28日龄感染5×104个E.tenella孢子化卵囊,观察其免疫保护效果.结果显示,攻虫后1周,与proC组相比,proEC组能显著增强淋巴细胞转化和血清抗体水平(P＜0.05);与proE组和proC组相比,proEC组卵囊产量最低但差异不显著(P＞0.05),其相对增重低于proE组和proC组.结果表明,proEC双抗原DNA疫苗对E.tenella攻虫表现出一定双抗原协同保护效应.     

不同佐剂和免疫途径对柔嫩艾美耳球虫SO7抗原免疫保护效果的影响

利用PGEX-6P-1融合表达系统将SO7基因在大肠杆菌中进行融合表达,对表达产物进行初步纯化和复性,制备免疫原。分别使用不同剂量的人参总皂甙和重组γ-干扰素以及弗氏完全佐剂作为免疫佐剂,于5日龄、12日龄和19日龄对雏鸡进行3次免疫,同时设立蛋白口服免疫组、蛋白皮下注射免疫组、卵囊口服免疫组、未免疫未攻毒组和未免疫攻毒组作对照,于26日龄用105个柔嫩艾美耳球虫卵囊进行攻毒,8d后扑杀,对各组的存活率、相对增重率、病变减少率、相对卵囊产量和抗球虫指数ACI等指标进行统计分析,比较免疫保护效果。与非免疫攻毒组以及不加佐剂的免疫攻毒组相比,佐剂使用后各组的增重、病变记分、相对卵囊产量、ACI等指标均有一定的改善,对柔嫩艾美耳球虫的人工感染可以提供部分保护。3种佐剂中,γ-干扰素和人参总皂甙能增强重组蛋白的免疫保护效果,且佐剂的剂量对免疫保护的效果有一定的影响,以5000Uγ-干扰素效果最佳,效果与E.tenella活卵囊免疫相当,弗氏完全佐剂的免疫增强效果不明显。单独使用重组蛋白皮下注射或口服免疫,虽有一定的保护作用,但不明显。一定剂量的γ-干扰素对SO7抗原的免疫保护效果起明显的增强作用,是一个具有很好临床应用前景的新型佐剂。     

巨型艾美耳球虫免疫对其它几种球虫的血清学反应和临诊抗感染交叉保护力的研究

为探讨鸡艾美耳球虫种间交叉免疫这一尚有争议的问题,本文用ELISA方法检测了巨型艾美耳球虫（Eimeriamaxima）免疫血清与其它主要虫种（柔嫩艾美耳E．tenella、毒害艾美耳E．necatrix及堆型艾美耳球虫E．acervulina）抗原的血清学反应,同时观察了E．maxima免疫（1×104个卵囊/只）鸡遭受上述虫种大剂量（1×105个卵囊／只）强毒攻击后的死亡率和肠道病变,对临诊交叉保护力进行了评估。结果表明,E．maxima免疫血清与E．tenellaE．acervulina可溶性抗原有不同程度的交叉反应;E．maxima免疫后用E．tenella,E.acervulina,E.necatrix大剂量强毒攻击,分别有70％、40％、6％的鸡获得了完全保护;25％、60％、27％的鸡获得了部分保护。     

8301多糖配合柔嫩艾美耳球虫诱导雏鸡保护性免疫的研究

本文观察了８３０１多糖对鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫活卵囊免疫效力的影响。结果表明，８３０１多糖配合鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫活印囊免疫雏鸡后７天，应用强毒攻击，雏鸡存活率为１００％，增重率为７１．０７％，抗球虫指数为１７０．５５。单用柔嫩艾美耳球虫活卵囊免疫的雏鸡存活卒、增重率及抗球虫指数分别为６６．７％、４６．２７％及１１４．９３。在明８３０１多糖能增强鸡球虫免疫的效力。     

鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫生殖细胞特异性蛋白的免疫保护效果评价

为探讨鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)生殖细胞特异性蛋白(HAP2)对球虫感染的免疫保护作用,将HAP2重组蛋白(rEtHAP2)加弗氏完全佐剂或弗氏不完全佐剂免疫雏鸡后,用E.tenella孢子化卵囊感染雏鸡,以雏鸡增重效果、卵囊排出量、肠道病变记分、血清抗体水平、淋巴细胞转化水平,评估rEtHAP...     

鸡IFN-γ与鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫3-1E抗原共表达DNA疫苗的免疫保护性研究

采用SOE-PCR将鸡柔嫩艾美耳球虫3-1E抗原基因与鸡IFN-γ基因用(GGGGS)3接头融合,扩增出IFN-γ/3-1E融合基因,将其克隆到真核表达载体proVAX中构建双价融合表达质粒proIE。通过IFA检测proI、proE、proIE重组质粒在转染细胞PK-15后的蛋白表达情况。将重组质粒于14、21日龄免疫AA肉鸡,28日龄感染5×104个柔嫩艾美耳球虫孢子化卵囊,观察免疫保护效果。结果显示,与proE和proI相比,proIE双价融合DNA疫苗具有增强免疫保护作用,可显著降低粪便中的卵囊排出量(P0.05),但体重增加并不显著(P0.05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein