角规调查误差系统分析及修正方法

角规测胸高断面积的无偏性 ,已在理论上得到证实。但在实际工作中 ,往往出现这样或那样的偏差。1　角规调查误差分类及分析角规测树误差可归纳为以下四大类。1.1　各种抽样调查普遍存在的误差该误差包括责任心不强、系统或随机布设样地时代表性不强引起的误差及抽样本身产生的抽样误差。1.2　角规调查中操作不当造成的误差(1)角规杆末端与视网膜之间距离使绕测面积增大 ,从而产生正微差。这种误差一般小于 0 .0 5 % ,可忽略不计。(2 )绕测位置前移引起的误差。该误差表现为正差。它包括观测时人体前倾 5 cm左右 ;枕骨与脚跟之垂线距离 16～ …     

Influence of molar ratio in aminoplastic resins on the dependence of the measured perforator values on the moisture content of wood-based panels

The correction factor developed by Jann and Deppe (1990) to adjust the measured perforator values of particleboards and fibreboards measured at different moisture contents in the range of 3% ≤ u ≤ 9% to the level at 6.5% moisture content has two main deficiencies. It takes no account of the influence of the molar ratio of the resins used, which seems to remarkably impact the relationship between the moisture content and the measured perforator values. Moreover, research work revealed that the correction factor to be applied also depends on the moisture content, at which the perforator value was measured, according to an inversely proportional correlation. Besides, the correction factor according to Jann–Deppe leaves this fact unconsidered.     

江苏木材加工产业市场集中度统计与分析

基于集中度指标,分别对江苏木材加工企业和木材加工产品的市场集中度进行了统计分析。结果表明:江苏木材加工企业的集中度处于低度位或极低度位,但木材加工产品已经形成了一定的区域集聚;在此基础上提出促进江苏木材加工产业规模效益提升的具体建议。     

Interaction analysis between slenderness ratio and resin content on mechanical properties of particleboard

The interaction between particle size and resin content is one of the most important structural parameters that can influence the accuracy of predictions about wood-composite properties. We developed three kinds of equation (linear, quadratic, and exponential) for each mechanical property of particleboard based on slenderness ratio and resin content at a constant density (0.7g cm -3 ). Results from SHAZAM software (version 9) suggested that the quadratic function was not significant, but the linear and exponential functions were significant. The interaction between particle size and resin content was analyzed by Maple 9 software. The results indicated that an exponential function can better describe the simultaneous effect of slenderness and resin content than a linear equation. Under constant resin content, particles with higher slenderness ratios increased more in modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) than did particles with lower slenderness ratios. Edge withdrawal resistance (SWRe) values did not increase with increasing slenderness ratio.     

Main Characteristics of Statistical Data and the Statistical System for Wood and Wood-processing Products in Vietnam

This paper describes the characteristics of data about wood and wood-processing products published in Vietnam. The characteristics include inconsistency of data published by major data sources, lack of necessary data, and irregular publication frequency. Reasons are identified for the existence of the above characteristics of data for the wood and wood-processing industries, including recent changes in the functions of state statistical organizations and unclear concepts of data published. These characteristics create difficulties for researchers and policy-makers working at the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for analysing policies and establishing supply targets for the wood and wood-processing industries in 5-year economic plans. To improve the statistical system, co-operation between state organisations and the information network (e.g. computers and internet connection) requires strengthening.     

沙棘建园及其经济效益分析

以辽宁建平县为例，实践探索了建平沙棘园的摸式，其要点是选择繁殖材料、扦插育苗、选择园址、栽培。旨理等实行集约经营管理。经经济效益分析，集约经营沙棘园较粗放经营沙棘经济效益提高达10倍以上。     

Sublethal effects of two reduced-risk insecticides: when the invasive ladybeetle is drastically affected,whereas the indigenous not

Chlorantraniliprole and novaluron, two reduced-risk insecticides (IRRs), are currently used to control codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in apple orchards in southeastern Canada. Reproduction of Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), an invasive ladybeetle, and the indigenous Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer, both important generalist predators, might be compromised after exposure of adults to these IRRs. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of chlorantraniliprole and novaluron on fecundity and fertility between the two ladybeetles in a laboratory setting. Reproductive mates were given chlorantraniliprole- or novaluron-treated prey for 24 h, and reproductive performance was followed during 15 days. Chlorantraniliprole did not affect reproduction of ladybeetles. However, novaluron-reduced fecundity, egg hatch, and fertility of the invasive ladybeetle H. axyridis, by 29, 43, and 78.7%, respectively, contrasting with no significant effect on the indigenous C. maculata. Additionally, H. axyridis oviposition pattern was altered by the same insecticide. This resulted in more egg masses containing fewer eggs, compared to the control. No such changes were detected for C. maculata. Chlorantraniliprole does not disturb reproduction of H. axyridis or C. maculata. Treatments of novaluron should have an important effect on populations of the invasive H. axyridis, and consequently on the impact of the invader on native ladybeetle species and on its dominance, and finally potentially on biocontrol services provided by the assemblage of ladybeetles.

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Digital image analysis of cross-sectional tracheid shapes in Japanese softwoods using the circularity index and aspect ratio

Image analysis was used in this study to develop a faster, more objective method for quantitatively measuring tracheid shapes on cross section. The morphological features were measured automatically using the circularity index and aspect ratio based on the skeletonized images. The rectangular and hexagonal similarities were introduced to evaluate the tracheid shapes. The results for 18 species of Japanese softwoods showed that the difference in tracheid shapes among the species could be successfully estimated using the quantitative method. In addition, the boundary of latewood might be evaluated based on the change in circularity indexes.The abstract of this study was presented at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998     

Thermal constants of wood during the heating process measured with the laser flash method

The thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of 13 species of wood were measured by means of the laser flash method to investigate the thermal properties of wood during the heating process. The temperature ranged from room temperature to 270°C in air or under vacuum. The thermal diffusivity varied little during the heating process up to 240°C. The values in air were larger than those under vacuum. There was a linear relation between the specific heat and the ambient temperature, and the specific heat under vacuum was larger than that in air at high temperature. The thermal conductivity increased with density and the ambient temperature. To discuss the effects of the atmospheric conditions on the thermal constants of wood, a theoretical model of thermal conductivity was proposed and its validity examined, where the wood was assumed to be a uniformly distributed material composed of cell walls and air.Part of this paper was presented at the 47th annual meeting of Japan Wood Research Society at Kochi, April 1997     

1998～2003年河北省林业科技成果统计与分析

为了使广大林业科技工作者了解河北省林业科学研究进展,有针对性地开展科学研究,通过对1998—2003年河北省林业科技成果的统计分析,对河北省林业科技工作的现状、特点及存在的主要问题进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了加速河北省林业科技发展的若干建议。     

计算器的计算误差与计算精确度的研讨

程序型计算器在林业上应用十分广泛，而用计算器进行数值计算都可能出现误差。现给出减小误差的原理和算法途径；指出不同档次的计算工具有不同的计算精度确度，应根据对计算误差的要求进行恰当选用；CASIOfx-3000p系列计算器因节省末3Bit位而采用“七舍八入”的特殊处理规则导致误差过大。     

浅析新会计准则及其相关影响

新会计准则作为进一步完善中国资本市场配套法规体系建设的重要内容,可以更好地巩固改革的成果,既有利于增强投资者信心,保护社会公众利益,也为资本交易提供了通用的国际商业语言,是中国积极应对资本市场全球化的重要步骤。     

Effects of length of seed chilling period and sowing date on family performance and genetic variances of Douglas-fir seedlings in the nursery

Seeds of four full-sibling Douglas-fir families (F) were moist chilled (C) for 14, 33, and 77 days and sown (S) March 29, April 26, and May 24 at two densities (D=111 and 200 seeds/m²), grown for 2 years in nursery beds and phenology and size traits recorded. The study was analyzed in two parts: part I evaluated seed treatment effects and their interactions with families; and part II investigated the effect of treatments on genetic variances, particularly among-family (_F ²) and within-plot ( ²) components and the intraclass correlation for families (t_{% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaa0Gaa8NKba% aa!3886!\[f\]}). In part I there were large and highly significant differences associated with C and S and among F for all traits. Early S combined with long C resulted in early emergence and gave large seedlings with little loss and damage. Many interactions between C and F, and S and F, were significant. Interactions involved rank changes for size but not for phenology traits, and were larger for C×F than for S×F. Seedling density affected seedling size but not phenology, did not interact with seed treatments, and interacted significantly but weakly with families. In part II, C and S, but not D, had significant effects on _F ², ², and t_{% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGak0dh9WrFfpC0xh9vqqj-hEeeu0xXdbba9frFj0-OqFf% ea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr% 0-vqpWqaaeaabaGaaiaacaqabeaadaqaaqaaaOqaaGqaa0Gaa8NKba% aa!3886!\[f\]}, but not in a predictable manner. Because of significant interactions, it is recommended that standardized seed treatments be used in family nursery tests. This should aid in keeping the results from these tests as repeatable as possible. Long chilling and sowing as early as practicable are recommended to minimize disease losses and winter damages and to provide good nursery stock.     

不同根部处理对芍药分株后生长的影响

为了探求芍药分株时简单,易行,效果好的根部处理方法,以两个芍药品种"紫凤羽"和"桃花飞雪"为材料,分株时根部分别采取不同处理方法,栽植后次年春天对萌发时间、萌芽率、株高、最大花茎、叶色等进行统计、分析。结果表明,不同芍药品种分株时不同根处理方法效果略有差异,但差异不显著,其中以用草木灰涂(加水搅拌成糊状)抹于切口的处理方法效果最好。     

Susceptibility of cork oak (Quercus suber) to canker disease caused by Diplodia corticola: when time is of the essence

New Forests - Cork is a renewable resource mainly produced in Mediterranean countries thanks to sustainable management of cork oak (Quercus suber) stands. The infection caused by the ascomycete...     

基于回归旋转分析的秦岭北坡华山松容器育苗基质配比和施肥技术

[目的]探究容器育苗氮肥、磷肥施用量和基质配比的最佳组合.[方法]以秦岭北坡华山松天然分布区为试验地,采用三因素二次回归通用旋转组合设计,建立了华山松容器苗各生长指标与氮肥、磷肥施用量和基质配比的回归模型并进行分析.[结果]影响华山松苗高的因素主次为:磷肥>氮肥>基质配比;地径:氮肥>磷肥>基质配比;针叶数:磷肥>氮肥...     

杨树防护林蛀干害虫及其天敌的调查与分析

吉林省西部杨树防护林蛀干害虫的调查结果表明:白杨透翅蛾和青杨天牛的平均危害率分别为19.31%和11.98%,是杨树防护林的主要蛀干害虫。两种蛀干害虫的主要天敌均为啄木鸟和肿腿蜂,且种群数量很少,呈零星分布;害虫的种群变化与天敌的种群变化密切相关,据此可以对害虫的种群数量进行监测,并预测害虫大发生的可能性。对于没有实施过人为防治的杨树防护林,可以利用诱捕害虫数量与基础危害率的相关关系进行蛀干害虫的预测预报。     

浅谈森林旅游开发的误区及其对策

森林旅游开发上认识误区的存在 ,严重地制约着森林旅游业可持续发展。作者分析了误区的成因及其对旅游开发的负面效应 ,提出了从生态导向型规划入手 ,通过采取有效的资源保护措施和加大环境保护力度 ,实现森林旅游业的可持续发展的对策。     

银白杨×马氏杨杂交子代及亲本的AFLP分析

为了探讨银白杨、马氏杨及银白杨×马氏杨杂交子代间的遗传多样性参数及个体聚类关系,利用8对引物对银白杨、马氏杨及银白杨×马氏杨杂交子代4个样本进行了AFLP分析。结果表明,8对引物共扩增出780条扩增谱带,其中多态性条带数为715条,多态性比例为91.65%,平均有效等位基因数为1.5017,Nei’s平均遗传多样性指数为0.3065,Shannon平均信息指数为0.4679。不同杂交子代在E-AAC/M-CAG引物对上均有特异性位点,这些特异位点可用于品种鉴定。聚类研究发现,在相似系数为0.76时,试验样品分成2个AFLP群,其中马氏杨为1个AFLP群,银白杨及2个杂交子代为1个AFLP群;当相似系数为0.78时,银白杨和2个杂交子代的AFLP群又划分为2个亚群,其中杂交子代1和杂交子代2聚合为亚群1,银白杨为亚群2。本研究的结果多态性比例很高,对样品的区分率达到100%,为杨树AFLP分析检测提供了指导借鉴价值。     

The decreasing radial wood stiffness pattern of some tropical trees growing in the primary forest is reversed and increases when they are grown in a plantation

Background   

This study examines the radial trend in wood stiffness of tropical rainforest trees. The objective was to determine if the type of growing environment (exposed plantation or dense primary forest) would have an effect on this radial trend.