漠斑牙鲆工厂化苗种繁育试验

经过66d的控温、控光和加强营养等生殖调控措施,漠斑牙鲆雌性亲鱼性腺发育成熟率为69%,雄鱼性腺发育成熟率为85%,总计产卵8090ml,其中未受精卵6175ml,受精卵1915ml,受精率为24%。孵化水温18℃,盐度27～29,pH8.0～8.2,受精卵50h后孵化出仔鱼;共孵化出初孵仔鱼112.0×10^4尾,孵化率为58.5%。仔稚鱼培育水温为19～20℃,幼鱼培育水温为20～22℃,经过90d的培育,苗种全长达30mm。18个培育池120m3水体,共培育出全长大于30mm的鱼苗30余万尾,总成活率为26.8%;单位出苗量为1562.5尾/m^2;幼鱼白化率小于3%。试验结果表明,用“控温＋控光＋营养”调控法进行漠斑牙鲆苗种工厂化繁育可行并且是成功的。     

黑鲷精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育研究

采用紫外线遗传失活的黑鲷精子与漠斑牙鲆卵子授精,获得了漠斑牙鲆雌核发育单倍体受精卵,经冷休克处理后诱导出漠斑牙鲆雌核发育二倍体.试验结果表明,黑鲷精子经紫外线照射后(0～180 J/cm2)与漠斑牙鲆卵子受精,胚胎孵化率呈现明显的Hertwig效应.黑鲷精子遗传失活的最适紫外线照射剂量为120 J/cm2.18℃的水温条件下,冷休克处理的最适时刻为受精后4 min.处理持续时间和处理温度组合试验表明,在相同处理持续时间条件下,3℃休克水温处理效果均优于对应1℃休克水温各组,且45 min处理持续时间诱导效果最佳.综合试验结果,黑鲷精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育的适合条件为:水温18℃,将黑鲷精子经120 J/cm2紫外线照射后与漠斑牙鲆卵子受精,受精后4min,用3℃冷海水处理45min,可获得46.59％的雌核发育漠斑牙鲆二倍体初孵仔鱼.     

黄海所“漠斑牙鲆引进繁育及养殖模式研究”课题通过专家鉴定

近日,黄海水产研究所主持完成的“漠斑牙鲆引进繁育及养殖模式研究”课题通过了专家鉴定。该课题是在农业部“948”项目、青岛市科技计划项目和山东省科技兴海项目的资助下完成的。该项目成功地引进了漠斑牙鲆亲鱼,完成了亲鱼暂养、驯化和培育,并采用综合调控技术,有效地调控了亲鱼自然、批量产卵,获得大批量优质受精卵;系统地进行了漠斑牙鲆繁育发育生物学、实验生态学、种质资源、工厂化苗种培育及配套技术、养殖模式及技术工艺等方面的研究;开展了早期形态及生长发育规律、仔稚鱼生态习性、淡水驯化、规模化育苗及养殖技术等方面的试验研…     

漠斑牙鲆繁育技术

一、漠斑牙鲆的繁殖漠斑牙鲆二龄性成熟,成熟的雄性个体体重300～400克,体长25厘米:雌性个体体重800～1000克,体长35厘米。漠斑牙鲆是分批产卵的,每千克体重雌鱼一次产卵量为10万粒。     

盐碱水池塘养殖漠斑牙鲆试验

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma) 俗称南方鲆,原产于美国大西洋沿海,2002年引入我国进行养殖.漠斑牙鲆具有生长快、品质优、适应性广(最适宜盐度范围5‰～35‰,适宜养殖水温范围7～35℃)、抗逆能力强、耐低溶解氧等特点,且肉质细腻,营养丰富,是人们公认的水产养殖良种.2005年沧州市水产技术推广站首次利用盐碱水,通过水质改良,进行了漠斑牙鲆池塘养殖试验,取得了成功.     

网箱养殖牙鲆的度夏技术探讨

牙鲆俗称牙鳎鱼、左口、扁口鱼、牙片、比目鱼等。我国养殖的牙鲆品种主要有褐牙鲆、漠斑牙鲆、大西洋牙鲆,但以本土品种褐牙鲆（Temmincket Schlegel）最多。本文提及的牙鲆仅指褐牙鲆。牙鲆属温水性鱼类,在水温2℃仍能存活,水温在33℃成鱼能短时间存活。成鱼生长的适温为8℃～26℃,最适水温为16℃～22℃。海水网箱养殖牙鲆在水温5℃以下、28℃以上不太摄食,水温在13℃～25℃范围内随着水温升高摄食量逐渐增加。     

漠斑牙鲆在我国北方养殖前景的探讨

漠斑牙鲆(Paralichthys lethostigma),又名南方鲆,隶属于蝶形目,鲆科,牙鲆属.该鱼具有广盐和广温两大特点,盐度0～60‰,水温5～35℃可存活,生长最适盐度为5～25‰、水温25～32℃,同龄的雌性大于雄性.     

介绍虾池综合利用的几种类型

漠斑牙鲆与褐牙鲆生活方式类似,笔者结合培育褐牙鲆亲鱼的经验,对漠斑牙鲆进行低温控制,并逐渐减小光照时间和光照强度,具体方法是:水温18℃时快速降温,直至与室外水温同步,不需加温;当室外水温降到10℃时,在预热池内把水温调节到10℃后再使用。降温的同时,在亲鱼池上方设置黑帘进行控光,控光幅度不可过大,遮虾池综合利用对于降低养虾成本、增加效益、维持虾池生态平衡、提高虾池利用率和饵料利用率、净化水质等具有重要意义。1.鱼虾混养混养鱼类的品种主要有罗非鱼、梭鱼、斑祭等。罗非鱼适温范围广,属于广盐性鱼类,虾池水温春季和夏季较高…     

花鲈冷冻精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育

采用紫外线(UV)对冻存的花鲈精子进行照射使其遗传物质失活,作为异源精子诱导源,与漠斑牙鲆卵子进行“授精”,可以诱导漠斑牙鲆卵进行雌核发育。结合静水压处理,抑制第二极体排出,成功获得了漠斑牙鲆雌核发育二倍体鱼苗。实验表明,同源精子和异源精子均可在紫外线照射遗传失活后诱导漠斑牙鲆卵雌核发育,经实验筛选出异源精子诱导漠斑牙鲆雌核发育的最佳条件为花鲈冻存精子采用80 mJ/cm²的紫外线照射,然后与漠斑牙鲆卵子进行授精,培育水温18 ℃条件下,受精后4~5 min,施以65 MPa的静水压休克处理6 min,可有效诱导漠斑牙鲆卵的雌核发育。采用形态学、流式细胞仪DNA含量分析和微卫星标记技术对雌核发育鱼苗进行了分析,证明了雌核发育鱼苗为雌核发育二倍体。本文首次报道了采用异源冷冻精子诱导漠斑牙鲆鱼卵进行雌核发育的技术方法,为漠斑牙鲆性别控制和遗传改良提供了技术手段。     

舟山牙鲆、杂交牙鲆、青岛牙鲆和漠斑牙鲆对比养殖研究

2006年8-10月,进行了舟山牙鲆、杂交牙鲆、青岛牙鲆和漠斑牙鲆室内养殖对比实验,对耐高温和生长性能进行比较.试验中养殖用水盐度为26.5‰～27.0‰,水温26.0～30.0℃,自然光照.结果表明:牙鲆的生长速度和成活率存在显著的差异(P<0.05),饲料利用率无显著差异(P>0.05).     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.