宁波水稻和蔬菜农药使用情况调查分析

通过对宁波市9个地区的农药使用情况调查,明确了宁波市水稻和蔬菜病虫害防治过程中农药使用量和使用强度,以及种类、剂型及常用农药品种。调查结果显示,宁波市每季水稻病虫防治平均用药3.77次,平均用药量为6.645kg/hm~2,使用的农药有效成分共68种,以杀菌剂和杀虫剂为主,常用农药有效成分15种;每季蔬菜病虫防治平均用药量为6.79 kg/hm~2,使用农药有效成分共91种,以杀虫剂和杀菌剂为主,常用农药有效成分14种。水稻和蔬菜上低毒高效农药比例占88%。     

金龟子绿僵菌CQMa421与杀虫剂、杀菌剂的兼容性

本研究通过测试杀虫剂和杀菌剂在田间使用剂量下对金龟子绿僵菌Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421孢子萌发率的影响,筛选了与菌株CQMa421兼容的25种防治水稻、蔬菜和茶叶重要害虫的常用杀虫剂和11种防治水稻、蔬菜重要病害的杀菌剂。结果表明,农药有效成分、浓度影响绿僵菌CQMa421孢子萌发率外,制剂组成也是重要影响因素,不同厂家的同一有效成分的杀虫剂对菌株CQMa421活性影响存在差异,研究结果为活体微生物农药与其他杀虫剂、杀菌剂的联合使用提供了依据。     

杀菌剂新产品田间药效试验评价概述

本文对近年来开展田间小区药效试验的1 600余个杀菌剂产品进行了梳理,重点对其中含新有效成分的19个杀菌剂产品进行了整理,其中化学农药13个,微生物农药、植物源农药各3个,按照有效成分的作用机理及试验结果进行了汇总。     

防控大豆病害的农药登记现状及发展对策

在分析大豆生产和病害危害的基础上,对我国大豆生产中防控病害的农药登记现状进行了统计分析。目前我国大豆上登记的杀菌剂有效成分12个,产品64个,分别占61个总有效成分数量的19.67%,306个总产品数量的20.92%;其中福美双、多菌灵和克百威不同配比的混配产品在2002年前占登记杀菌剂产品的82%以上;登记的靶标病害包括大豆根腐病、紫斑病、孢囊线虫病、锈病和病毒病等5种,占国内已经报道的33种病害总数的15.15%。目前丁硫克百威、毒死蜱和阿维菌素等替代高毒的克百威与福美双、多菌灵混配的种衣剂产品登记发展较快;甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂嘧菌酯和三唑类杀菌剂戊唑醇、苯醚甲环唑和丙环唑先后取得登记,对防控大豆锈病等具有较好效果。建议加速具有针对性、超前性的杀菌剂新有效成分及新产品的研究开发,推进"小范围使用登记",促进我国大豆病害防控的可持续发展。     

我国杀菌剂产品登记现状与分析

我国杀菌剂近年发展迅速,在申报登记的农药产品总数中所占比例逐年上升。截止2012年8月,杀菌剂共登记344个有效成分,6 137个产品,其中原药582个,制剂5 555个。登记的使用范围涉及85种作物,302种防治对象。制剂主要以可湿性粉剂为主,占54.7%,但水分散粒剂和水乳剂等环保剂型产品近几年登记数量增长明显。按制剂有效成分统计,共有561个品种,其中单剂178个,混剂组合383个;登记数量最多是代森锰锌单剂,共有273个产品。杀菌剂登记企业共有1 080家,其中境外企业50家,境内企业1 030家。     

欧盟委员会延长6种农药的临时登记许可

欧盟委员会再次将6个农药有效成分临时登记许可延长至2014年5月31日。这6种有效成分为：1日产化学的杀菌剂吲唑磺菌胺（amisulbrom）2杜邦公司的杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺（chlorantraniliprole）     

欧盟确定了3种新农药有效成分DARs的最终期限

近日,欧盟委员会确定了3种新农药有效成分评审草案报告（DARs）的最终期限,要求欧盟成员国5月12日之前完成。这3种有效成分为：日产化学的杀菌剂amisulbrom．日本石原的杀菌剂disodiumphosphonate,住友化学的杀虫剂pyridalyl。从3月13日开始,这些评审草案报告（DARs）已经在成员国之间循环评审。     

2013-2014年度杀菌剂新产品田间药效评价概述

第十九届全国农药药效试验总结暨技术交流会上,杀菌剂专业组重点评价了41个杀菌剂新品种,包括新有效成分22个、新混配制剂9个、新剂型4个和新使用范围6个。     

欧盟即将批准七种新有效成分

欧盟食品链和动物健康委员会投票赞同批准七种新有效成分：石原产业株式会社杀菌剂磷酸二钠盐和pyriofenone,先正达公司杀虫剂甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐以及该公司种子处理杀菌剂sedaxane,拜耳作物科学有限公司杀菌剂氟吡菌酰胺,澳大利亚Bio-ferm公司生物杀菌剂短梗霉菌株DSM14940和DSM14941,     

第四届中国植物病害化学防治学术研讨会征集论文通知

最近，3种新的有效成分在欧盟的登记已获欧盟委员会批准，它们分别是：BASF的杀菌剂pyraclostrobin、ISK生命科学的除草剂啶嘧磺隆(flazasulfuron)和Menno Chemie's的杀菌剂苯甲酸(benzonic acid)．这3种有效成分将在2004年7月1日增加入欧盟农药登记导则     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.