烟草与丛枝菌根真菌的共生效应研究进展

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌是陆地生态系统中广泛存在的一类专性共生土壤微生物,是根系土壤区域中重要的功能菌群之一.AM真菌可侵染植物根系形成丛枝菌根共生体,改变植物根系形态和改善营养状况,从而提高宿主植物的生长发育、产量、质量和抗逆性.目前从烟草根系土壤分离报道的AM真菌已达13属5...     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长生态效应的影响

１９９６～１９９８年试验研究了大田不施肥条件下３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒ－ｒｈｉｚａｌ ｆｕｎｇｉ （ＡＭＦ）,即Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｇ．ｍ）、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｍｅ（Ｇ．ｖ）、Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｏｕｓａ（Ｓ．ｓ）对玉米生长的生态效应。结构表明,ＡＭＦ处理的玉米根系活力为对照的２．３２～３．０５倍,玉米Ｎ素吸收比对照增加２４．１４％～５６．     

丛枝菌根对三叶草根际磷酸酶活性的影响

以三叶草为材料,利用三室隔网培养方法,探讨了取自肥料长期定位试验中多年施用与不施用有机肥的田间小区土壤上,接种菌根菌（G.mosseae）对根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响。植物生长9周后,收获测定菌丝生长室土壤酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,并对磷酸酶产生位点进行细胞化学定位。结果表明,接种丛技菌根菌对根际土壤酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性均有增强作用,但作用程度在有机服小区土壤上要大于无机肥小区土壤。根际土壤酸性磷酸酶原位化学定位结果表明,菌丝周围有明显的酸性磷酸酶的反应产物,说明报外丛枝菌根菌丝能直接向外分泌磷酸酶。     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长生态效应的影响

1996～1998年试验研究了大田不施肥条件下3种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF),即 Glomus mosseae(G.m)、Glomus versifome(G.v)、Sclerocystis sinousa(S.s)对玉米生长的生态效应.结果表明,AMF处理的玉米根系活力为对照的2.32～3.05倍,玉米N素吸收比对照增加24.14%～56.65%,玉米P素吸收比对照增加41.14%～78.29%,促进玉米生长发育显著;在灭菌条件下G.m、G.v、S.s处理分别比对照增产17.63%、22.91%和10.80%;而不灭菌条件下3个处理分别比对照增产10.35%、20.56%和4.53%,同时显著提高玉米的水分供应状况.     

葫芦科蔬菜对丛枝菌根真菌依赖性的研究

在盆栽条件下试验研究了5种葫芦科（Cucurbitaceae)蔬菜对2种丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhiza,AM)真菌的语性。结果表明，AM真菌Glomus mosseae(G.m)和Gigaspora rosea(Gi,r)均能有效地促进葫芦科蔬菜的生长，显著增加叶面积和植株干物质量，提高叶片的光合速率，降低气孔阻力。供试葫芦科蔬菜对菌根的依赖程度顺序为黄瓜＞西瓜＞苦瓜＞葫芦＞南瓜。5种葫芦科蔬菜对AM的依赖性与AM真菌对根系的浸染率呈正相关关系，符合直线回归方程：y＝117．19＋0．7468x。     

低磷环境下接种丛枝菌根真菌促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷素吸收的机理

[目的]磷极易被土壤吸附和固定,导致土壤中磷有效性较低.研究接种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)和低磷处理两者交互对紫花苜蓿生长和磷吸收的影响,为提高碱性土壤中磷肥利用率提供理论依据.[方法]以黄绵土和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)为试验材料进行盆栽试验.在施...     

丛枝菌根真菌群落对白三叶草植株生物量磷吸收和土壤磷酸单酯酶活性的影响

丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）在土壤与植物的磷素循环中发挥着关键的作用。采用盆栽实验研究了丛枝菌根真菌群落对白三叶草植株生物量、磷吸收和土壤磷酸单酯酶活性的影响。结果表明,接种不同AMF群落均能显著地促进白三叶草植株的生长及其对磷素的吸收,提高根际土壤磷酸单酯酶的活性。Mnp处理中,白三叶草生物量最大,白三叶草总生物量、茎叶生物量和根系生物量分别比对照处理（-M）提高64.48%、61.48%和84.91%。不同菌根处理中,Mck处理显著地提高白三叶草磷吸收和土壤磷酸单酯酶活性,白三叶草磷吸收总量和茎叶磷吸收量分别比对照（-M）提高107.18%和91.91%,土壤碱性磷酸单酯酶和酸性磷酸单酯酶活性相对对照（-M）分别提高54.33%和138.43%。碱性磷酸单酯酶活性与AMF群落中的Acaullospora属孢子数呈显著的正相关关系,而酸性磷酸单酯酶活性则主要受Paraglomus属孢子数的影响。说明接种AMF群落可显著地影响土壤的磷酸单酯酶活性,从而影响白三叶草的生长及其对磷素的吸收。     

Bt玉米丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与养分含量的变化研究

本文对比了两个不同转化事件的Bt玉米品种"5422Bt1"和"5422CBCL"及其同源常规玉米"5422"丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和叶片及根系氮、磷、钾养分含量的变化,并分析了丛枝菌根真菌侵染率和养分含量的相关性。结果表明,在观测期间,两个Bt玉米品种与常规玉米之间根系丛枝菌根真菌侵染率均无显著差异,但氮、磷、钾养分含量则明显不同,丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与养分含量之间的相关性也有所改变,其变化随玉米品种、生育期以及器官不同而不同。Bt玉米"5422Bt1"在大喇叭口期叶片全钾和根系全磷、开花授粉期叶片全磷和根系全氮、乳熟期叶片全钾以及成熟期叶片全磷和根系全氮、全钾含量均显著高于常规玉米"5422",而大喇叭口期和开花授粉期叶片全氮、开花授粉期根系全磷和全钾以及乳熟期根系全钾含量则低于常规玉米"5422"。Bt玉米"5422CBCL"在大喇叭口期叶片全钾和根系全氮及全钾、开花授粉期叶片全磷以及成熟期根系全氮和全钾含量显著大于常规玉米"5422",而开花授粉期根系全磷、乳熟期根系全磷和全钾以及成熟期叶片全磷含量则小于常规玉米"5422"。相关分析表明,常规玉米"5422"和Bt玉米"5422CBCL"的丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与根系全氮含量及叶片全钾含量之间均呈显著正相关(P0.05),而Bt玉米"5422Bt1"则无显著相关性(P0.05)。可见,与常规玉米"5422"相比,Bt玉米养分含量以及丛枝菌根真菌侵染率与养分含量之间相关关系与不同转化事件所形成的品种特性有关。     

大豆丛枝菌根共生结构和多聚磷累积双定位方法

【目的】多聚磷是丛枝菌根内磷的主要贮存形式,定性、定量观察多聚磷对于解析菌根中磷代谢具有重要意义。随着植物体内越来越多的参与菌根真菌与寄主植物之间营养交换过程的基因被鉴定,迫切需要进一步提高根内菌根共生结构和多聚磷累积的染色和定位分析技术。【方法】本研究利用丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae侵染的大豆植株,采集新鲜根样制片,一部分薄根片利用低浓度荧光染料麦胚凝集素,室温染色30 min,在波长488 nm的蓝光激发下使用荧光显微镜观察拍照;另一部分薄根片利用荧光染料4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐(DAPI)进行染色,在波长405 nm紫外光激发下观察并拍照;进一步取新鲜制备的薄根片,先后用以上两种荧光染料进行染色,分别在波长405 nm和488 nm的激发光下观察并拍照,完成了菌根共生结构和多聚磷的共定位。【结果】1)使用荧光染料麦胚凝集素,大豆丛枝菌根真菌侵染结构的荧光标记活性染色法,可以清晰地检测到大豆丛枝菌根中所有的共生结构,包括丛枝,泡囊和根内菌丝等。2)在丛枝菌根真菌侵染的根中,各种共生结构都呈现出黄色荧光,为DAPI与多聚磷结合在紫外光激发下的呈色。根段中部分细胞内的蓝白色斑点为DAPI与细胞核中DNA结合的显色结果。在含有成熟丛枝结构的细胞中,也可观察到大部分丛枝呈蓝白色,主要是丛枝膜质结构的呈色。因此,利用荧光染料4’,6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚二盐酸盐染色法定位多聚磷,能很好地区分多聚磷酸盐、DNA和膜质。3)在以上研究的基础上,通过荧光光路的切换,可以同时观察到菌根共生结构和多聚磷的共定位。处于发育阶段的整个丛枝中多聚磷累积的亮黄色清晰可见。在成熟的丛枝中,由于膜质结构发达,对累积在丛枝结构中的多聚磷的染色观察产生了一定影响,导致仅仅局部的多聚磷累积清晰可见。【结论】本研究建立的大豆菌根共生结构与多聚磷累积的双定位分析系统,能够直观观察植物与丛枝菌根真菌的养分交换,清晰地对丛枝菌根共生结构中多聚磷的累积进行定位分析,可作为从组织和细胞水平研究菌根共生体的重要技术手段。     

多胺对共生条件下丛枝菌根真菌及宿主植物生长发育的影响

为探讨多胺对共生条件下丛枝菌根真菌及其宿主植物生长发育的影响,本研究以丛枝菌根真菌(Gigaspora margarita)为试验材料,通过施用不同浓度的多胺(Polyamine,PA)及其生物合成抑制剂[Methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone),MGBG]处理接种丛枝菌根真菌的葡萄微繁苗,研究共生培养条件下外源多胺及多胺合成抑制剂对丛枝菌根真菌孢子萌发、芽管菌丝及其宿主植物生长发育的影响.试验结果表明,共生培养条件下,一定浓度的外源PA对丛枝菌根真菌及其宿主植物的生长发育具显著促进作用,丛枝菌根真菌孢子数、菌丝长度、侵染率、丛枝丰富度及菌根化葡萄幼苗生长势均显著提高.MGBG则表现较强的抑制作用.且该抑制作用可被外源PA部分解除,证明外源多胺对菌根化葡萄微繁苗生长发育的促进作用是通过活化根系土壤中丛枝菌根真菌,促进微繁苗丛枝菌根共生体的良好发育,最大程度地发挥菌根化效应得以表现的.     

Effects of fungicides on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: differential responses in alkaline phosphatase activity of external and internal hyphae

 The effect of four fungicides on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in internal and external hyphae of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus was examined. Four-week-old plants were treated with an aqueous solution of the fungicides and then harvested 3 days later. Fungicides were applied at a low and a high level corresponding to 1 and 100 times the recommended field application dose. The fungicides were the two abundantly used sterol inhibitors, fenpropimorph and propiconazole, as well as a commercial mixture of them. Benomyl served as a positive control, as this fungicide is known for its deleterious effect on AM fungi. At harvest, roots and hyphae extracted from the soil were stained for ALP activity. Benomyl inhibited fungal ALP activity of both internal and external hyphae at the low application level (1 μg g^–1 soil) corresponding to the recommended field dose. Fenpropimorph had an intermediate effect, inhibiting both internal and external hyphae but only at the high application level (125 μg g^–1 soil). Propiconazole decreased the activity of the external hyphae at the low application level (0.21 μg g^–1 soil) but did not affect the internal activity at any application level. The effect of Tilt Top was similar to that of fenpropimorph. The results showed that the external hyphae were more sensitive than internal hyphae to application of fungicides. Received: 26 May 1999     

AM 菌根真菌诱导对提高玉米纹枯病抗性的初步研究

试验研究玉米接种摩西球囊霉后对纹枯病抗性反应的结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉能明显减轻玉米纹枯病的发病率和病情指数,减轻病害。接种摩西球囊霉还能促进玉米营养生长,但立枯丝核菌侵袭会降低菌根的侵染率,表明摩西球囊霉与立枯丝核菌间存在相互作用。     

丛枝菌根真菌对棉花耐盐性的影响研究

盆栽灭菌试验研究丛枝(AM)真菌对棉花耐盐性的影响结果表明,自然盐渍化土壤和人工模拟盐渍条件下接种AM真菌处理的生物产量显著高于不接种处理,相同土壤下菌根真菌对棉花植株生长的促进作用随盐水平的提高而增大,表明AM真菌与植株建立的共生关系有利于棉花在盐渍土壤中生长。盐胁迫下棉花植株对P的需要量增加,接种AM真菌可提高植株含P量,促进植株生长,提高棉花的耐盐性。     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on rhizosphere organic acid content and microbial activity of trifoliate orange under different low P conditions

ABSTRACT

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can improve plant phosphorus (P) uptake; however, information about how AM fungi affect rhizosphere organic acid and microbial activity to alleviate citrus low P stress is limited. Here, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of AM fungi (Rhizophagus intraradices, Ri) inoculation on rhizosphere organic acid content, microbial biomass (MB) and enzyme activity of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings grown under three low P conditions. The results showed that mycorrhizal seedlings all recorded higher P concentrations, plant biomass and better root morphology with more lateral and fine roots, but lower root mass ratios, irrespective of P conditions. Mycorrhizal P absorption contribution did not differ significantly among three P conditions. Mycorrhizal seedling rhizosphere soil exhibited lower organic acid content, soil organic P content and ratio of MB-carbon (C)/MB-P, but higher MB and enzyme activity. Additionally, the main organic acids showed a negative relationship with mycorrhizal colonization rate and hyphal length; however, phosphatase and phytase activity had a significantly positive relationship with MB. Therefore, the results suggest that AM fungi inoculation may help citrus to efficiently utilize organic P source by improving microbial activity under low available P conditions.     

Global diversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form associations with most land plants and can control carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling between above- and belowground components of ecosystems. Current estimates of AM fungal distributions are mainly inferred from the individual distributions of plant biomes, and climatic factors. However, dispersal limitation, local environmental conditions,and interactions among AM fungal taxa may also determine local diversity and global distributions. We assessed the relative importance of these potential controls by collecting 14,961 DNA sequences from 111 published studies and testing for relationships between AM fungal community composition and geography, environment, and plant biomes. Our results indicated that the global species richness of AM fungi was up to six times higher than previously estimated, largely owing to high beta diversity among sampling sites. Geographic distance, soil temperature and moisture, and plant community type were each significantly related to AM fungal community structure, but explained only a small amount of the observed variance. AM fungal species also tended to be phylogenetically clustered within sites, further suggesting that habitat filtering or dispersal limitation is a driver of AM fungal community assembly. Therefore, predicted shifts in climate and plant species distributions under global change may alter AM fungal communities.     

AM菌对三叶草吸收、累积重金属的影响

采用4室根箱培养系统,探讨了Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属复合污染土壤中,丛枝菌根菌对三叶草生长及吸收、累积重金属的作用,结果表明:重金属Cu 100mg/kg、Zn 600mg/kg、Pb 300mg/kg、Cd 10mg/kg的复合污染对三叶草生物量影响较小,但土壤重金属处理使丛枝菌根菌Glomus intraradices和Glomus caledonium对三叶草的侵染率分别降低53%和56%,菌种G.intraradice的菌丝密度降低73%;接种菌根真菌能明显减少重金属复合污染土壤中三叶草对Cu、Cd和Pb的吸收,并强化根系在限制重金属Pb和Cd向地上部运输中的作用,地上部Pb和Cd含量分别下降24.2%~55.3%和65%~97.9%,使三叶草地上部Cd和Pb含量均低于我国牧草重金属安全含量,提高了三叶草可食部分的质量;不同菌根真菌对三叶草吸收、累积及分配重金属的影响有明显差异,Glomus intraradices对减少三叶草对重金属的吸收及其在地上部可食部分的累积的作用大于Glomus caledonium。丛枝菌根菌对于强化三叶草根系对重金属的固持作用,调节生态系统中重金属的生物循环,减轻重金属对食物链的污染风险方面起着重要作用。     

AM真菌接种对甘薯产量和品质的影响

通过田间试验方法研究了接种AM真菌对甘薯产量和品质的影响。结果表明,种植6周时接种能够提高甘薯的菌根侵染率、生长和吸P量,收获时可提高甘薯的产量和品质。从接种效果看,本地分离的菌株接种效果好于异地分离菌株,混合菌株好于单一菌株。     

两种丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜苗期枯萎病的防效及根系抗病相关酶活性的影响

由尖孢镰刀菌引起的黄瓜枯萎病是设施黄瓜生产的主要障碍之一,丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)可以和包括黄瓜在内约80%的维管植物的根系形成菌根共生体,适宜的共生体组合对于寄主的生长与抗病性的提高十分有益。为明确Glomus versiforme与Glomus intraradices两种AM真菌对"津绿3号"黄瓜苗期枯萎病的防治效果。试验采用盆钵培养的方法,研究了两种AM真菌对幼苗生长及其根系3种抗病相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:两种AM真菌均可促进黄瓜幼苗的生长,并能减轻病害,但以G.versiforme的促生及生防作用更显著,接种G.versiforme处理的黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积及干重均显著大于对照,该处理的幼苗病情指数较对照降低26.6%。菌根化黄瓜幼苗抗病性的提高一方面与接种病原菌Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum前幼苗生长健壮有关;另一方面与根系抗病相关酶活性的提前诱导有关。接种F.oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum前,G.versiforme处理的黄瓜幼苗壮苗指数显著高于G.intraradices处理与对照,分别为G.intraradices处理与对照的1.19倍与1.22倍;G.versiforme处理的黄瓜幼苗根系几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶与PAL酶分别比对照提前2 d、7 d、7 d被诱导,且酶活性分别为对照的1.44倍、2.16倍和92.00倍。     

N,P Contribution and soil adaptability of four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract

A glasshouse study was conducted to investigate the symbiotic efficiency and soil adaptability of four AMF using glass-bead cultivation systems. The results showed that efficiency and adaptability of four fungi varied among three soils. Particularly, efficiency of BEG167 shifted from positive in Beijing soil to negative in Guangdong soil. Furthermore, BEG167 had high adaptability in all three soils. Intraspecific differences of BRG168 and BEG221 were found in efficiency and adaptability in three soils. Taking efficiency and adaptabilty into consideration, it was concluded that BEG167, BEG168 and BEG221 in Beijing soil, BEG151 in Hubei soil, and BEG151 and BEG168 in Guangdong soil were effective AMF for maize.