斑点金标免疫渗滤新技术检测家畜血吸虫病的效果试验

采用血吸虫病斑点金标免疫渗滤诊断技术在永胜县做了动物血吸虫病感染符合率、特异性试验,共检测2 800份牛血纸,结果检出阳性78头;检测755份牛血清,检出阳性72头;再对被检查的2 800头牛采用粪便毛蚴孵化法检出阳性74头。免疫学诊断结果与病原检查结果阳性符合率血纸达94.8%,血清达97.3%。同时在县内非疫区乡(镇)做了阴性符合率试验,符合率达100%。血吸虫病斑点金标免疫渗滤诊断技术在永胜县6个血防区试验运用,取得了成功。     

斑点金标免疫渗滤新技术检测家畜血吸虫病的效果试验

斑点金标免疫渗滤新技术(简称金标法)检测家畜血吸虫病抗体,在本省进行了特异性、敏感性、符合率等试验.金标法能检出人工感染犬血吸虫14 d后的血吸虫病抗体,检出率为100%,可用于血吸虫病早期诊断.粪孵100头份血吸虫病阳性的牛血纸,用金标法检测全部为阳性,阳性符合率为100%;在非疫区的2个县分别采牛血纸100份,用金标法进行检测,未查出血吸虫病阳性牛,阴性符合率为100%.在金标法检测4 000份牛血纸,检出阳性牛为129头,再对这129头牛采粪孵化,有血吸虫毛蚴的牛128头,金标法与病原学检查法阳性符合率为99.2%(99%～100%).在本省54个血防疫区县推广应用,取得了显著的社会经济效益.     

湖北荆州地区牛血吸虫病流行病学调查

用血清学诊断法,顶管毛蚴孵化法,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法等检测湖北荆州地区牛血吸虫感染情况。结果显示,血清学检查阳性率为17.92%,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为19.46%,粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为16.04%。提示,阳性牛以重、轻度感染居多,该地区是血吸虫病的老疫区,牛血吸虫病比较严重。     

湖北省江陵县湖滩地区牛日本血吸虫病流行特征的研究

选择湖北省江陵县5个行政村的水牛和黄牛，用血清学诊断法、饱和盐水漂浮虫卵法、顶管毛蚴孵化法检测日本血吸虫感染情况，并采用抽样法对调查村所属的湖滩钉螺分布情况进行了检查。结果，牛日本血吸虫病血清抗体检查阳性率为17．92％，饱和盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为19．46%，粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为16．04%，5个村湖滩钉螺的平均密度为0．445只／m^2。结果显示，该县日本血吸虫病流行严重。     

湖北省江陵县猫日本血吸虫感染情况调查

以饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法、顶管毛蚴孵化法检测猫日本血吸虫的感染情况。结果显示,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检测阳性率为7.82%;粪便毛蚴孵化法检测阳性率为6.80%;含5-9个毛蚴杯子数占总杯数的17.35%。结果提示,血吸虫病的老疫区江陵县猫轻度感染日本血吸虫。     

吡喹酮注射液对水牛血吸虫病的临床治疗效果

采用粪便毛蚴孵化法筛选自然感染血吸虫病水牛,考察30%吡喹酮注射液对水牛血吸虫病的临床治疗效果。在实验性临床试验中,将自然感染血吸虫病水牛随机分为5组,分别为吡喹酮注射液高（20 mg/kg）、中（10 mg/kg）、低（5 mg/kg）剂量组,吡喹酮片组（30 mg/kg）和阳性对照组（不用药组）。给药30 d后,吡喹酮注射液高、中、低剂量组及吡喹酮片组的粪便毛蚴孵化转阴率分别为100.0%、100.0%、77.8%和85.7%。在扩大临床试验中,将自然感染血吸虫病水牛随机分为2组,分别为吡喹酮注射液推荐剂量组（10 mg/kg）和吡喹酮片组（30 mg/kg）,给药30 d后,吡喹酮注射液组的52头患牛的粪便毛蚴孵化转阴率为100%,吡喹酮片组的6头患牛的粪便毛蚴孵化转阴率为100%。研究结果表明,30%吡喹酮注射液对水牛血吸虫病具有良好的治疗效果,给药方便,可以替代传统内服片剂,临床推荐剂量为10 mg/kg。     

胶体金免疫层析条诊断家畜日本血吸虫病的现场应用

为评估快速胶体金免疫层析条(colloidal gold imunochromatography assay,GICA)诊断现场家畜日本血吸虫病的价值,以GICA法对来自湖南血吸虫病流行区和非流行区的山羊、水牛、黄牛血清进行栓测,并和间接血凝法(indirect haemagglutination test,IHA)及粪便孵化法的诊断结果进行比较.结果显示,GICA对流行区284只山羊、172头水牛和145头黄牛血清检测,阳性率分别为10.21%、8.14%、8.28%;对非流行区的30只山羊、25头水牛、17头黄牛检测,假阳性率分别为10%、12%和11.76%.GICA和IHA的诊断结果相比,阳性符合率分别为93.8%、100%、100%,阴性符合率分别为99.7%、98.9%、98.7%;GICA与粪便孵化法的诊断结果相比,阳性符合率均为100%,阴性符合率分别为94.6%、96.9%、94.3%.可见,GICA法快速、简便,可以代替现行的IHA和粪便孵化检查法,用于疫区家畜血吸虫痛的筛查.     

渐江省安吉县连续三年用硝硫氰胺治疗日本血吸虫耕牛的调查

一、安吉县血吸虫病耕牛粪孵诊断结果1983年6月28日—7月5日,中国农业科学院上海家畜血吸虫病研究所病原诊断组在安吉县血吸虫病流行区进行毛蚴孵集器考核试验,用四种工具,各经一粪四检,从10个公社,17个大队,计86头牛次粪便的诊断结果,未能查出一头病牛。为此进行了深入调查与分析;探明安吉县原是血吸虫病耕牛阳性很高的流行区,解放后,曾用锑剂治疗,因副作用大,没     

日本血吸虫毛蚴孵集器研制成功

在近30年中,日本血吸虫病的诊断,已由粪便直接涂片或水洗沉淀检查虫卵,发展到了用粪便水洗沉淀或用尼龙筛淘洗孵化毛蚴,以毛蚴为病原诊断的高度,大大提高了阳性检出率。但是粪孵的操作烦琐,器具复杂,在观察中花费的时间与精力较大,为此经常出现了漏检和误诊的现象,对进一步提高阳性检出率带来了很大的困难,我们为了克服上述困难,在棉析     

湖北荆州部分地区羊血吸虫病流行病学调查

用血清学诊断法、顶管毛蚴孵化法、饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法等检测湖北荆州部分地区羊血吸虫感染情况。结果显示,血清学检查阳性率为16.88%,饱和食盐水漂浮虫卵法检查阳性率为17.46%,粪便毛蚴孵化法检查阳性率为13.57%。提示在血吸虫病的老疫区,羊血吸虫病以中、轻度感染居多。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -