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我国农业中的测土配方施肥 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
根据笔者的实践,阐述了目前我国正在进行的测土配方施肥行动的意义、测土配方施肥的主要工作内容、目前需要解决的科学问题等。同时介绍了目前在我国测土配方施肥中土壤养分化验的新方法等。 相似文献
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我国农业中的测土配方施肥 总被引:65,自引:0,他引:65
根据笔者的实践,阐述了目前我国正在进行的测土配方施肥行动的意义、测土配方施肥的主要工作内容、目前需要解决的科学问题等。同时介绍了目前在我国测土配方施肥中土壤养分化验的新方法等。 相似文献
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为系统总结测土配方施肥对我国科学施肥工作的重要贡献,对测土配方施肥项目实施15年的发展进程进行了归纳,划分为启动扩大阶段(2005~2009年)、整建制推进阶段(2010~2014年)、绿色发展阶段(2015~2019年)。利用国家测土配方施肥管理系统统计数据,研究了项目在构建我国土壤及作物肥效基础数据库、推动土壤肥料技术普及和提升农民科学施肥水平等方面取得的成效。结果表明,15年来测土配方施肥项目累计采集土壤样品2046.7万个、植株样品152.6万个,分析土壤样品1833.9万个、植株样品129.9万个,开展小区试验40.3万个、大田示范76.7万个,发布肥料配方31.1万个,培训农民3.26亿人次,化肥施用总量和单位面积化肥用量分别较峰值下降10.3%和10.1%,氮肥利用率提升11.7个百分点,2019年实现测土配方施肥推广面积1.38亿hm2。测土配方施肥项目成效显著,但在管理、技术等方面仍存在一些问题,特别是在测试化验、推荐施肥指标体系、技术物化、高效施肥技术推广等方面仍有改进和提升的空间,建议围绕农业绿色发展主线,进一步夯实测土配方施肥基础性工作,加强高效肥料品种和施肥技术的研发,强化技术推广,服务乡村振兴战略实施。 相似文献
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长期不同施肥处理对不同土层土壤水力性质的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
[目的]探讨不同施肥处理对土壤主要水力性质的影响及随深度的变化,为制定科学的施肥方案提供理论依据,进而促进农业的可持续发展.[方法]以黄土高原地区36 a的长期施肥定位试验为依据,选取4个施肥处理:不施肥对照处理、单施化肥(氮磷配施)、单施有机肥和化肥有机肥配施,通过测定土壤有机质含量、容重、孔隙度、水分参数等来评价土... 相似文献
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Sediment denitrification in waterways in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed in eastern China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Xiaobo Li Yongqiu Xia Yuefei Li Todd M. Kana Sonoko D. Kimura Masanori Saito Xiaoyuan Yan 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2013,13(4):783-792
Purpose
Rice-paddy-dominated watersheds in eastern China are intensively cultivated, and lands with two crops receive as much as 550–600 kg?ha–1?year–1 of nitrogen (N), mainly through the addition of N-based fertilizers. However, stream N concentrations have been found to be relatively low. Waterways in the watersheds are assumed to be effective “sinks” for N, minimizing its downstream movement. We directly measured net sediment denitrification rates in three types of waterways (ponds, streams/rivers, and a reservoir) and determined the key factors that control net sediment denitrification. Such information is essential for evaluating the impact of the agricultural N cycle on the quality of surface water.Materials and methods
The pond–stream–reservoir continuum was sampled every 2 months at nine sites in an agricultural watershed between November 2010 and December 2011. Net sediment N2 fluxes/net sediment denitrification rates were determined by membrane inlet mass spectrometry and the N2/Ar technique. A suite of parameters known to influence denitrification were also measured.Results and discussion
Net denitrification rates ranged between 28.2?±?18.2 and 674.3?±?314.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the streams, 23.7?±?23.9 and 121.2?±?38.7 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the ponds, and 41.8?±?17.7 and 239.3?±?49.8 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1 for the reservoir. The mean net denitrification rate of the stream sites (173.2?±?248.4 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1) was significantly higher (p?<?0.001) than that of the pond sites (48.3?±?44.5 μmol N2–N?m–2?h–1), and the three types of waterways all had significantly higher (p?<?0.01) mean net denitrification rates in summer than in other seasons. Linear regression and linear mixed effect model analysis showed that nitrate (NO3 ?–N) concentration in surface water was the primary controlling factor for net sediment denitrification, followed by water temperature. Using monitoring data on NO3 ?–N concentrations and temperature of the surface water of waterways and an established linear mixed effect model, total N removed through net sediment denitrification in the pond–stream–reservoir continuum was estimated at 46.8?±?24.0 t?year–1 from July 2007 to June 2009, which was comparable with earlier estimates based on the mass balance method (34.3?±?12.7 t?year–1), and accounted for 83.4 % of the total aquatic N. However, the total aquatic N was only 4.4 % of the total N input to the watershed, and thus most of the surplus N in the watershed was likely to be either denitrified or stored in soil.Conclusions
High doses of N in a rice-paddy-dominated watershed did not lead to high stream N concentrations due to limited input of N into waterways and the high efficiency of waterways in removing N through denitrification. 相似文献12.
Phytoremediation is an emerging technology based on the use of green plants to remove, contain, inactivate or destroy harmful
environmental pollutants. Recent developments in Europe and the USA show that the approach is somewhat different on both sides
of the Atlantic. In Europe, phytoremediation has more basically been research driven and, based on the outcomes, applications
have been envisaged. By contrast, the approach in the USA is more application and experience driven. In spite of a growing
track record of commercial success, more demonstration projects are needed to prove that phytoremediation is effective in
order to rigorously measure its underlying economics, and to expand its applications. More fundamental research is also required
to better understand the complex interactions between pollutants, soil, plant roots and micro-organisms at the rhizosphere
level, to increase the bioavailability of pollutants, to fully exploit the metabolic diversity of plants and, thus, to successfully
implement this new green technology. 相似文献
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Howard B. Ross 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1987,36(3-4):349-363
Trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) concentrations in atmospheric precipitation have been routinely monitored in Sweden since the autumn of 1983. Concentrations are highest in southern Sweden and decrease northward. It is postulated that the long range transport of anthropogenic pollutants from the rest of Europe is the major source of Cd, Pb, and Zn in precipitation. Evidence for this hypothesis is that enrichment factors indicate anthropogenic origin, and Swedish atmospheric emissions of Zn and Cd are 2 to 3 times smaller than deposition fluxes. Also, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations are correlated in both space and time and are also well correlated with exSO4 +, a substance known to be of anthropogenic origin transported long distances. 相似文献
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - Epiphytic lichens were sampled in a Dutch national monitoring survey, which was carried out twice within 5 yr. The samples were analyzed by neutron activation... 相似文献
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中国华北地区近40年物候春季变化 总被引:17,自引:4,他引:17
根据华北地区7个观测站物候资料,分析了华北地区1963-1996年及北京1963-2005年物候春季的变化特征及其与气温的关系。结果表明:华北地区的物候春季有明显提早来临的趋势,而造成这一变化的主要因素是本地区近40 a来冬春季气温的明显上升。其中1963-1996年间华北地区1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了2.3℃与1.7℃,物候春季起止日期分别提前了9d和4d,因而使得春季长度也延长了5d;北京1963-2003年间1-3月及4月的平均气温分别上升了3.5℃与2.6℃,物候春季的起止日期分别提前了11d和10d,但春季长度没有明显变化。 相似文献
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天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:12
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
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天津半干旱地区不同种植年限菜田土壤微生物变化特征的研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
对天津周边半干旱地区不同种植年限的菜田土壤微生物状况调查研究表明 ,该地区土壤微生物以细菌为主 ,夏季微生物总量大大高于冬季 ;随着种菜年限的增加 ,耕层和亚耕层微生物总量都有增加趋势 ,其中细菌和放线菌增加明显 ,真菌有下降趋势 ;真菌类群分析表明 ,少数纤维素分解菌 ,如青霉 (Penicillium)、木霉 (Trichoderma)等为优势菌 ,而糖和木质素分解菌仅占少数。用尖孢镰刀霉 (Fusariumuoxysporum)、大肠杆菌 (Escherichia coli)接种不同种菜年限土壤 ,检测土壤拮抗菌状况发现 ,拮抗菌仅在种植年限长的老菜田的放线菌中发现。表明北方半干旱地区菜田土壤细菌为优势菌 ,主要存在于土壤微孔隙中 ;而适于生活在土壤疏松大孔隙中的真菌数量极少。应注意土壤结构的改良 ,为丰富土壤微生物提供良好的生态环境 相似文献
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闽北不同土地利用方式径流量动态变化特征 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
采用定位研究方法和小集水区试验技术方法,通过两年的降雨量数据观测,对闽北地区木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地和对照等不同土地利用方式的小集水区进行坡面径流动态规律研究。研究结果表明:试验小区地表径流的产生主要是受降雨量的影响,而与降雨强度的关系不大,地表径流量与降雨量之间呈现出极显著的非线性二次抛物线关系(P<0.01)。4种不同土地利用方式的月平均径流量一般随月降雨量的增大而增大,并且在同1月份间其平均地表径流量的大小趋势为:对照>封山育林>杉木>木荷,均是在6月份达到最大值,9月份出现最小值。对照比木荷林地、杉木林地、封山育林地更容易产生地表径流,林地具有较好的涵养水源和保持水土作用。 相似文献
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2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析 总被引:25,自引:5,他引:25
【目的】我国农用化肥消费量大,数据来源不同,统计口径各异,行业内大多引用国家统计局公布的数据,但该数据无法推算出氮肥、磷肥、钾肥分类消费量。我国区域间、季节间、作物间化肥消费情况的报道很少,在调节化肥供需、指导化肥行业健康发展时显得依据不足。调查种植业化肥施用状况可以为指导肥料生产、供应提供重要依据。【方法】以农业部339个国家级基层肥料信息网点为依托,根据我国农业生产习惯和我国政府部门统计习惯,将一年分为三个用肥季,1 5月份为春耕季,6 8月份为夏播季,9 12月份为秋冬种季。在三个季节,每个网点随机调查30个农户的主要种植作物施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、复合(混)肥(包括配合式)量,经两级土壤肥料部门审核后,采用省份、相似种植区域、全国三级逐级加权平均的方法,推算了不同区域、不同季节、不同作物单位面积施肥量;再用作物单位面积施肥量、该作物全国种植总面积、样本中施肥面积占该作物种植面积的比例推算了作物全年、不同季节化肥施用量。同时,分析了主要作物、不同季节化肥施用状况以及供需平衡情况,不同季节、不同区域供肥情况和农民的购肥习惯。【结果】2013年我国种植业化肥施用量5498万吨(折纯下同),其中,氮肥(实物量)3382万吨,磷肥1175万吨,钾肥941万吨。粮食作物化肥总用量为2782万吨,占种植业化肥总用量的50.6%;其次是果树和蔬菜,三类作物占种植业化肥施用总量的82.8%,经济、园艺作物单位面积化肥施用量大于粮食作物。春耕、夏播、秋冬种化肥施用量分别占全年化肥施用量的34.2%、35.6%、30.2%。复混肥料和尿素是农民最常购买的两种肥料,从全年来看,农民施用复混肥料和尿素的样本数分别占总样本数的72.5%和71.6%,春耕、夏播、秋冬种农民购买尿素和复合(混)肥的样本数分别占该阶段样本数的70.9%和62.9%、84.9%和78.1%、56.6%和83.9%。春耕和夏播时期农民多数选用尿素,秋冬种多数选用复混肥料,东北、西北、华中南地区农民多选用尿素,华北、西南、华东地区农民多选用复混肥料。另外,我国氮肥、磷肥供应分别过剩1080万吨、680万吨,钾肥缺口370万吨,供需矛盾突出。氮、磷、钾养分配合式为15-15-15的复混肥样本数占农民选购复混肥总样本数的33.3%,说明复混肥养分结构不尽合理。【结论】建议国家进一步遏制氮肥、磷肥过剩产能,优化产品结构,大力推广科学施肥技术。 相似文献