马铃薯无性一代植株性状相关及通径分析

本文对马铃薯３０个杂交组合无性一代的１４个性状与单株产量的相关关系作了估算，其中无效生育期，播后７４天和９２天冠层覆盖度，平均冠层覆盖度，最高冠层覆盖度，有效生育期，单株块茎数，单块重８个性状与单株产量的相关性达显著或极显著水平。进而对影响单株产量的平均冠层覆盖度，有效生育期，单株块茎数，单个块茎重进行通径分析。结果表明，该４个性状决定单株产量变异的９４．６１％，说明这４个性状是影响单株产量的决定     

马铃薯主要数量性状遗传参数及通径分析

本试验对14个品种(系)的23个数量性状的遗传力、遗传变异系数以及诸性状与单株产量的相关系数进行了估算,对产量、株高(x_1)、块茎数(x_2)和单块茎重(x_3)散了通径分析。结果表明,该3个性状决定了产量变异的98.67％,而剩余通径系数仅为0.1153,说明该3个性状是影响产量的主要因素。     

旱作马铃薯块茎产量相关性状的通径分析

本试验以２０个马铃薯无性系为材料，进行块茎产量相关性状通径分析。结果表明，９个相关性状对块茎产量影响的顺序为：块茎数＞块茎大小＞根数＞根系拉力＞根鲜重＞冠层鲜重＞商品薯率＞出苗天数＞冠层覆盖度。提高块茎数和块茎大小是增加块茎产量的主要途径。选择根系发达的材料，是提高块茎产量的重要途径。商品薯率通过块茎大小，冠层覆盖度通过块茎数进行间接选择，亦可提高块茎产量。出苗天数的增加可导致块茎产量大幅度减少。     

旱作马铃薯块茎产量相关性状的通径分析

本试验以２０个马铃薯无性系为材料，进行块茎产量相关性状通径分析。结果表明，９个相关性状对块茎产量影响的顺序为：块茎数＞块茎大小＞根数＞根系拉力＞根鲜重＞冠层鲜重＞商品薯率＞出苗天数＞冠层覆盖度。提高块茎数和块茎大小是增加块茎产量的主要途径。选择根系发达的材料，是提高块茎产量的重要途径。商品薯率通过决茎大小，冠层覆盖度通过块茎数进行间接选择，亦可提高块茎产量。出苗天数的增加可导致块茎产量大幅度减少。     

二棱啤酒大麦六个农艺性状与其单株产量间的多元回归分析

我们于1986—1987年对15个二棱啤酒大麦的株高(x_1)、单株穗数(x_2)、平均穗长(x_3)、单株粒数(x_4)、千粒重(x_5)、结实率(x_6)和单株产量(y)之间进行了多元回归分析。结果如下:(1)x_4和x_5对y的贡献达极显著水平,它们和y间的直线回归方程为y=-1.972059+0.03661108x_4+0.05663436x_5(F=29.95457~(**),R=0.912756)。根据这一方程可对二棱啤酒大麦的单株产量进行预报;(2)六个农艺性状对单株产量贡献大小的顺序为:单株粒数>千粒重>单株穗数>株高>平均穗长>结实率,因此,在二棱啤酒大麦的育种实践中,应把提高单株粒数作为主要育种目标,千粒重次之。     

马铃薯近缘栽培种种间杂种优势及配合力的研究

本试验用新型栽培种(A)、普通栽培种(T)和能产生2n花粉(FDR)的二倍体杂种(D)以不完全双列杂交设计配制杂种并产生5个杂种群体(TA、TD、AD、AA及TT).这些群体的无性系按完全随机区组设计种植.对总产量等主要性状进行了研究.在5个群体中,TA群体在产量和单株块茎数上有显著的杂种优势,其超过中亲值平均分别为15.18和26.51%.在群体平均产量上TA显著地高于TD、AD、TT和AA;在其它产量构成性状及经济性状上超过或与这4个群体无差异.种间杂种TD和AD的产量等性状在以中亲值为比较的杂种优势上有显著的杂种优势,并与TA无差异甚至高于TA,但在实际群体产量上都低于其四倍体亲本的均值,甚至与种内品种间杂种TT和AA无显著差异.AD除在产量和平均块茎重的优势高于TD外,其它性状无差异.相同杂交组合其实生苗世代与无性一代在产量、淀粉含量和单株块茎数上呈显著的正相关.因此,在实生薯利用中以组合为单位的群体选择是有效的.配合力分析表明,马铃薯单株产量和平均块茎重在亲本选配中一般配合力和特殊配合力是同等重要的,而在单株块茎数和淀粉含量上以一般配合力为主.     

马铃薯杂种群体的性状相关及其配合力分析

本试验以7个优良马铃薯品种(系)按不完全双列杂交设计配制组合,分析了群体主要性状与生产力的遗传相关及其配合力效应.结果表明,群体平均单株结薯数、平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量及小薯数量和产量与群体产量的遗传相关达显著或极显著.平均块茎重、商品薯数量和产量是筛选商品价值较高的优良群体的重要相关性状.亲本的一般配合力效应在平均单株结薯数、平均决茎重、商品薯产量、小薯产量和数量几个性状上对模型Ⅰ差异显著,组合间的特殊配合力效应均达到显著差异.特殊配合力方差为总方差的61.47%～147.52%,表明该群体的生产力主要由非加性基因控制.相对配合力总效应值与产量的相关达极显著水平(r_(3.4)=0.99).综合评定亲本801-5,Katahdin和Baraka在马铃薯群体和品种选育中具有较高的利用价值.     

马铃薯植株性状遗传相关及遗传通径系数分析

本文对马铃薯的重要性状作了遗传参数估算和遗传相关分析,并对单株生产力、生育期进行了通径分析。结果表明:平均块茎重、单株薯块数、单株茎数、茎粗和商品薯率是重要的产量因子,在马铃薯育种中进行综合选择能取得较好的效果。     

河南大豆主要数量性状与产量的相关和通径分析

对河南省大豆的6个主要数量性状与产量进行相关分析,结果表明:生育期与产量达极显著正相关;百粒重、单株粒数与产量达显著正相关;株高、单株荚数、总分枝数与产量相关性不显著。通径分析结果表明:6个主要数量性状与产量的直接通径系数顺序依次为:生育期>百粒重>单株粒数>有效分枝>株高>单株荚数。大豆育种,应注重选育生育期适中、百粒重大、单株荚数、粒数、有效分枝多的大豆新品种。     

密度和肥料对马铃薯‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响

利用L9(34)正交设计,研究密度和氮磷钾肥料因素对‘渝马铃薯3号’主要性状及产量的影响,得出高产栽培最佳模型,为品种推广提供依据。结果表明,‘渝马铃薯3号’正交试验各处理在主茎数、单株块茎数、商品薯数比和商品薯重比4个性状间无明显差异,在株高和单株块茎重间差异明显;密度间、施氮量间株高差异显著或极显著,施磷量和施钾量间株高无显著差异;密度越大,株高越低,氮肥用量越高,株高越高。单株块茎重除密度间差异显著外,氮磷钾因素间均达极显著水平;密度4 000株/667m~2和氮肥用量10 kg/667m~2时的单株块茎重最高;单株块茎重随磷肥用量增加而增加;钾肥用量11 kg/667m~2时单株块茎重最高。‘渝马铃薯3号’高产栽培最佳组合为T5处理,即密度4 000株/667m~2、施氮量10 kg/667m~2、施磷量6 kg/667m~2、施钾量为11 kg/667m~2时,‘渝马铃薯3号’鲜薯产量可达2 508 kg/667m~2。     

Selection of Yield-Associated Morphological and Biochemical Traits Using Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis in Potato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.) in the Foothills of North-Western Himalayas

The objective of the study was to assess the direct and indirect effects of 13 important morphological and biochemical traits on yield enhancement in 28 advanced breeding lines of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the foothills of north-western Himalayas. Tuber yield was positively correlated with number of tubers per plant (r?=?0.76), number of stems per plant (r?=?0.53), number of leaves per plant (r?=?0.43) and tuber weight (r?=?0.37). Furthermore, tuber yield exhibited a significant negative correlation with days to maturity (r?=???0.39). Days to 50% emergence had a significant negative correlation with protein content (r?=???0.42). Path analysis revealed that the components of yield, number of tubers per plant and tuber weight, had high positive direct effects (0.876 and 0.618, respectively) on tuber yield, whereas the effects of other traits were low (≤?0.128). Furthermore, tuber weight had an indirect negative effect on tuber yield through the number of tubers. Tuber size had a low correlation (0.19) with tuber yield because a positive indirect effect (0.451) through tuber weight was balanced by a negative indirect effect (??0.254) through tuber number. The number of stems and number of leaves had positive indirect effects (0.377 and 0.377, respectively) on tuber yield through tuber numbers, whereas days to maturity had a negative indirect effect (??0.298) through tuber numbers. There were virtually no indirect effects through the biochemical traits. The implications for potato breeding are discussed.     

种植密度与马铃薯块茎大小的分布——Ⅱ.块茎大小分布的数学模型及其应用

本试验在3种不同的种植密度下,分期调查了马铃薯主栽品种Mira和783-1在田间的块茎大小分布。结果证明,块茎生长发育期间其大小分布为一负指数曲线形式,并可用数学模型y=N(e~(-λbn~(-1))-e~(-λbn))来表示(式中y为块茎重量等级n的块茎个数,N为单位面积的块茎总数,λ为块茎平均重量的倒数,b为块茎重量等级的上限)。即在一个块茎群体中,块茎数目以30g以下的小块茎为多,随着重量级别的增加,其数目逐步减少。高密度增加了小块茎的数目及其比例从而导致块茎的平均重量下降。统计分析表明,模型预测值与实际观测值无显著差异。根据上述模型,块茎的大小分布主要取决于单位面积上的块茎总数及块茎平均重量这两个参数。由于种植密度与块茎数目、光能截获量与块茎产量之间存在着显著的相互关系,因此根据对块茎大小的需求,该模型可帮助确定适宜的种植密度与收获晚期,来达到控制块茎大小的目的。     

马铃薯试管薯诱导因子最佳组配的研究

应用多元分析方法研究马铃薯的诱导因子,得到薯块数(y_1)、薯块重(y_2),2个国标函数分别与光照强度(x_1)、CCC浓度(x_2)和BAP浓度(x_3)三项因素的回归数学模型。3个因素对于目标函数的影响程度不同,其中以光照强度的强弱影响作用最大,BAP和CCC浓度略次之。通过计算机摸拟筛选,得出最优组配为:黑暗条件下,MS+500～700 ppm CCC+3～5 ppm BAP。     

Variation of Growth and Disease Characters Between Clones of Potato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.)

The occurrence and magnitude of variation of selected characters in clones derived from meristem tips of four potato cultivars in field trials in three countries was assessed. Recorded were: the number of plants per plot; maturity of plants; skin and flesh colour; tuber deformity; time of emergence; flowering; number of stems and tubers per plant; tuber size, yield and dry matter percentage; and the occurrence of common scab. Far more significant differences between clones than could be expected by chance were found for the last eight characters. Most of the significant differences for number of stems per plant, number of tubers, yield and tuber size distribution were found in six clones of three cultivars and were repeated at different locations and in different years. It is concluded that significant clone differences exist and are repeated at independent locations over the years.     

Comparative performance of different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed

The growth and yield of plants from different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed were evaluated on a per stem, per plant, and per unit area basis using either single or multiple-sprout tubers. In single-sprout tubers, haulm dry weight per stem 47 days after planting was greater in the 40–60 g tubers when compared with that in the 5–10 g or the 10–20 g tubers. This resulted in greater tuber weight per stem in the 40–60 g tubers throughout the growing season. The number of tubers per stem was not affected by seed tuber size. In multiple-sprout seed tubers of increasing size, total tuber number and total tuber weight, as well as weight of those tubers larger than 45 mm, increased on a per plant basis but decreased on a per stem basis. At different rates of planting, 1–5 g seed tubers produced smaller tubers than 5–10 g or 10–20 g seed tubers. Increased rate of planting resulted in non-significant yield increases per unit area in plots planted with 1–5 g seed tubers. The yield increases were significant when 5–10 g and 10–20 g seed tubers were planted at higher rates. The number of main stems per unit of seed tuber weight was five times greater in 1–5 g tubers compared with that in 40–60 g tubers. This resulted in low seed weights per hectare when small tubers were planted and in a high ratio of harvested to planted tuber weight.     

Sequential Path Analysis of Yield Components in Potato

In order to determine proper selection criteria for tuber yield in potato clones obtained from true potato seed (TPS) and to evaluate relationships between tuber yield and its components, an investigation was conducted using the five check cultivars Agria, Marfona, Draga, Agata, and Arinda, and 120 potato clones obtained from TPS. The study was conducted in an augmented randomized complete block design with three replications. Yield and its components were recorded. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that tuber yield had significant positive associations with number of tubers per plant, average weight per tuber (tuber size), plant height, diameter of main stem, and number of main and secondary stems per plant, whereas its correlation with tuber dry-matter concentration was significantly negative. Number of tubers per plant, tuber size, and plant height had significant standardized partial regression coefficients with very small tolerance and large variance inflation factor (VIF) values. These were considered as the first-order variables in sequential path analysis.     

种植密度与马铃薯块茎大小的分布 Ⅰ.密度与块茎生长的关系

种植密度是影响马铃薯块茎生长发育的主要因素之一。主栽品种 Mira 和783-1各3种密度的试验结果表明,随着单位面积播种密度的增加,单位面积上的主茎数及块茎数目均增加,而块茎的平均重量及大中薯率则减少。单位面积上的光能截获量与植株干重、块茎干重和块茎的平均重量均呈极显著的直线相关。Mira 和783-1的光能转化系数分别为1.444克干重/兆焦和1.106克干重/兆焦。分配到块茎的干物质比率随着块茎的生长而增加,最终两品种的干物质转化率均为85%左右。而密度对各品种的光能转化率及块茎干重分配率均无显著影响。因此,种植密度主要是通过对单位面积上块茎数量的控制来影响块茎所获得的屯合产物的数量及块茎的生长发育。     

马铃薯库建成动态研究

在马铃薯块茎的形成和增长过程中 ,小薯不断地形成、退化或转化成大中薯 ,其中出苗2 8d以后的 2～ 3周是决定大中薯数的关键期。在不同密度及施肥处理下 ,马铃薯块茎体积及干重的增长均呈S型曲线变化。单株块茎体积随密度增加而减少 ,适量施用氮、磷、钾 ,可增加块茎体积、单株结薯数和大中薯数 ,其中磷钾肥可使结薯时间提前 ,过量氮肥则推迟结薯时间 ;随密度的增加 ,块茎日增重逐渐降低 ,适量增施磷、钾肥可提高库的充实度 ,增加产量。在本试验因素中量 (适量 )组合 ,底西芮品种单株块茎体积最大增长速率为 2 5 7392ml d ,块茎干重的最大增长速率为 10 6 82 6 g d ;种植密度 4 5 0 0株 6 6 7m2 时 ,单株结薯数为 13 5个 ,大中薯数平均为 10个 ,单产可达 30 0 0kg 6 6 7m2 以上     

株行距和施肥量对木薯产量及生长的影响

采用裂区试验设计方法,研究株行距和施肥量对华南5号木薯产量和生长的影响.结果表明:在本试验株行距和施肥量条件下,施肥量对木薯产量和生长的影响比株行距大.密植(0.6～0.8 m)有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量和鲜薯淀粉含量,以0.8m株行距最佳,而疏植(1.2～1.4m)有利于提高单株薯数、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、收获指数和茎径.施肥有利于提高淀粉产量、鲜薯产量、单株鲜薯重、单株鲜茎叶重、茎径、株高和单株薯数,但降低鲜薯淀粉含量和收获指数.丰产栽培技术要兼顾单位面积株数、单株鲜薯重和鲜薯淀粉含量.建议在土壤肥力差和少施肥时,用0.6 m株行距;土壤肥力中等且较高施肥时.采用0.8 m株行距;土壤肥力中上且优越水肥管理,采用1.0 m株行距.