丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长生态效应的影响

１９９６～１９９８年试验研究了大田不施肥条件下３种泡囊丛枝菌根真菌Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒ－ｒｈｉｚａｌ ｆｕｎｇｉ （ＡＭＦ）,即Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｇ．ｍ）、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｍｅ（Ｇ．ｖ）、Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｉｓ ｓｉｎｏｕｓａ（Ｓ．ｓ）对玉米生长的生态效应。结构表明,ＡＭＦ处理的玉米根系活力为对照的２．３２～３．０５倍,玉米Ｎ素吸收比对照增加２４．１４％～５６．     

缺锌对番茄与甜椒生长发主矿物质代谢的影响

研究了缺Ｚｎ溶液培养对番茄（Ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｓｉｃｏｎ ｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｍ ｍｉｌｌｅｒ）和甜椒（Ｃａｐｓｉｃｕｍ ｆｒｕｔｅｓｃｅｎｓ Ｌ．Ｖａｒ．ｇｒｏｓｓｕｍ Ｂａｉｌｅｙ）生长发育及Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｚｎ在植物体内各部位含量的影响。结果表明,２种蔬菜叶部缺Ｚｎ症状与叶含Ｚｎ量关系不大,而与叶含Ｐ、Ｃａ量密切相关,叶部缺Ｚｎ症状主要是由于叶内Ｐ过度积累产生的毒害作用和叶含Ｃａ量大幅度降低产生的有     

香蕉园主要节肢动物群落多样性研究

香蕉园主要节肢动物群落组成有７４科１５２种。优势种包括香蕉冠网蝽（Ｓｅｐｈａｎｉｔｉｓ ｔｙｐｉｃａ）、茶袋蛾（Ｃｒｙｐｔｏｔｈｅｌｅａ ｍｉｎｕｓｃｕｌａ）、香蕉交脉蚜（Ｐｅｎｔａｌｏｎｉａ ｎｉｇｒｏｎｅｒｕｏｓａ）、广西抚蛛（Ｕｌｏｂｏｒｕｓ ｇｕａｎｇｘｉｅｎｓｉｓ）、草间钻头蛛（Ｈｙｌｙｐｈａｎｔｅｓ ｇｒａｍｉｎｉｃｏｌｕｍ）、幼豹蛛（Ｐａｒｄｏｓａ ｐｕｓｉｏｌａ）、立毛蚁（Ｐａｒａ     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种（Ⅱ）

本文为中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种（Ｉ）的继篇，报导了１８个不同的新组合种。这１８个新组合种是：１８．寄生在中粒种咖啡和黄檀树叶部的白斑拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓａｌｂｏ－ｍａｃｕｌａｎｓ（Ｐ．Ｈｅｎｎ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；１９．寄生在槭树属的鸡爪槭、樟叶槭、五角槭、三角槭、五裂槭和三裂槭等多种植物上的槭树拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓａｃｅｒｉｓ（Ｐ．Ｈｅｎｎ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２０．寄生在悬钩子属的越南悬钩子、宜昌悬钩子、扇叶悬钩子、粗叶悬钩子和悬钩子上的触角形拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓａｎｔｅｎｎａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓ（Ｂ．Ｊ．Ｍｕｒｒｒａｙ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２１．寄生在卫茅属的金星卫茅和卫茅及假卫茅上的卡罗列那拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｌｉｏｐｓｉｓｃａｒｏｌｉｎｉａｎａ（Ｏｕｂａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２２．寄生在樟树上的樟树拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｉ（Ｂ．ｄｅＨａａｎ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；２３．寄生在棕榈科的　棕和西谷棕上的刚果拟盘多毛孢（Ｐ     

天山林区不同地段6种灌木生物量组成

分布于天山云杉林下线的山地灌丛是天山重要的植被类型之一,也是天山相对稳定的生态系统类型,在天山水土保持中发挥着重要的作用。以天山6种常见的灌木为研究对象,在天山西部、中部、东部设置调查样地,并用平均标准木收获法获得6种常见灌木各营养器官的生物量。从而探讨了6种灌木在天山三段的分布特征以及各营养器官的分配差异。结果表明:（1）同种灌木在天山西部、中部、东部单株生物量存在着差异,其中天山西部6种灌木生物量明显大于天山中部和东部。主要是由于天山西部水热条件优于天山中部和东部;（2）在天山6种常见灌木类型中,单株生物量从大到小排序为:刚毛忍冬（8 549 g/株） > 黑果栒子（7 943 g/株） > 黑果小檗（7 880 g/株） > 新疆方枝柏（3 014 g/株） > 天山绣线菊（2 837 g/株） > 密刺蔷薇（2 615 g/株）;（3）天山6种常见灌木在天山三段各器官生物量分配比例不同,天山西部主要表现为枝生物量（53.30%）大于根生物量（27.32%）,而天山中部和东部则为根生物量（75.90%）大于枝生物量（19.06%）,这种分配比例的差异体现了物种对其生境选择的适应性。本研究结果可为对于天山灌丛植被的保护及其退化生态系统的恢复重建提供科学依据。     

RAPD分子标记应用于斑茅分类的研究

用斑茅（ＳａｃｃｈａｒｕｍａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｃｅｕｍＲｅｔｚ）及甘蔗属（ＳａｃｃｈａｒｕｍＬ．）、蔗茅属（ＥｒｉａｎｔｈｕｓＭｉｃｈｘ）的几个种进行ＲＡＰＤ标记，试验结果表现出较好的重演性。进而通过计算遗传相似系数进行聚类分析。认为斑茅不宜列在甘蔗属，而应该划入蔗茅属或另立新属。     

中国拟盘多毛孢属的新组合种(Ⅲ)

本文为中国拟盘多毛孢属新组合种（Ⅰ）、（Ⅱ）的续篇，报道１１个不同的新组合种。这１１个新组合种是：３６．寄生在柑桔和黄皮树叶部的柑桔拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｃｉｔｒｉ（Ｍｕｎｄｋ＆Ｋｈｅｓｗａｌａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ）；３７．寄生在忍冬科荚艹迷属植物的叶部的双纤毛拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｂｉｃｉｌｉａ（Ｄｅａｒｎ＆Ｂｉｓｂｙ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｍｏｖ．）；３８．寄生在腰果树叶部的异角状的拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｈｅｔｅｒｏｃｏｒｎｉｓ（Ｇｕｂａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；３９．寄生在月桂的叶部的孢子器型拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｐｙｃｎｏｉｄｅｓ（Ａｌｍ．＆Ｃａｍａｒａ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；４０．寄生在杜鹃花科的白珠树叶部的白珠树拟盘多毛孢（ＰｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｇａｕｔｈｅｒｉａｅＤｅａｒｎ＆Ｈｏｕｓｅ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；４１．寄生在雀梅藤和鼠李叶部的鼠李拟盘多毛孢（Ｐｅｓｔａｌｏｔｉｏｐｓｉｓｒｈａｍａｎｉ（Ｃｅｌｏｔｉ）Ｙ．Ｘ．Ｃｈｅｎｃｏｍｂ．ｎｏｖ．）；４２．     

氯化胆碱对二种木本植物组培苗生长的影响

以哈斯油梨（ＰｅｒｓｅａａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａＭｉｌｃｖ．Ｈａｓｓ）胚和抗根腐病砧木托马斯（Ｐ．ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａＭｉｌｒｏｏｔｓｔｏｃｋＴｈｏｍａｓ）茎段及大叶桉（ＥｕｃａｌｙｐｔｕｓｒｏｂｕｓｔａＳｍｉｔｈ）组培苗茎尖为试材，在１／２ＭＴ（１／２无机盐＋有机物＋２％蔗糖＋０．９％琼脂）附加不同浓度（０，５０，１００，３００，５００，７００，１０００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１）的氯化胆碱的培养基上培养，结果表明适宜浓度的氯化胆碱可显著提高两种木本植物组培苗的生长，刺激发根和根的伸长，可使砧木茎段上处于“休眠”状态的腋芽大量萌发；７种浓度中以５００ｍｇ·Ｌ－１的浓度处理效果最为显著     

祁连山东段不同植被下土壤养分状况研究

通过分析祁连山东段天祝县地区5种植被类型（丛生禾草草地、银露梅灌丛、青海云杉林、青海云杉-白桦混交林和白桦林）覆盖下土壤碳、氮、磷含量的变化情况,研究了不同植被对土壤养分的影响。结果表明:植被对土壤养分具有表聚效应,不同植被覆盖下的土壤0-20 cm土层养分含量显著高于20-40 cm土层（p<0.05）,乔木林的表聚效应强于灌丛和草地。随上覆植被从草本植物到灌木再到乔木的变化,土壤有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和速效磷等养分均呈现出逐渐增加的趋势（p<0.05）;硝态氮含量变化情况为白桦林>银露梅灌丛>青海云杉林>青海云杉-白桦混交林>丛生禾草草地,土壤全磷除白桦林下较高外,其他4种植被之间都无显著差异（p>0.05）。青海云杉-白桦混交林维持土壤养分平衡的能力强于其他4种植被。     

广西淡水鱼类寄生指环虫（单殖纲：指环虫科）一新种记述

１９９０～１９９３年对广西淡水鱼类进行了寄生蠕虫区系调查，发现寄生于南方拟（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｈｅｍｉｃｕｌｔｅｒｄｉｓｐａｒ）鱼上指环虫一新种，定名为右江指环虫Ｄａｃｔｙｌｏｇｙｒｕｓｙｏｕｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。此虫种以其辅助片量度较小，交接管为基部轻微弧形弯曲的直形锥管，支持器呈中部具套环的＂Ｖ＂字形，区别于与之相近似的Ｄ．ｌａｔｉｔｕｂａＧｕｓｓｅｖ１９５５及本属其他已知种。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.