Respiratory therapeutics.

Treatment of small animal respiratory diseases tends to target bronchodilators. Although this is not inappropriate, recent advances in the understanding of respiratory diseases have underscored the importance of inflammatory mediators in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases. Drug therapy of the respiratory tract in small animals is most successful when it is based on a knowledge of normal physiology and disease pathophysiology of respiratory tract diseases.     

Bronchoscopy in small animal medicine: indications, instrumentation, and techniques

Bronchoscopy is a useful tool in the evaluation and management of canine and feline respiratory diseases. Diagnostic indications include the evaluation of structural diseases (tracheobronchial collapse, stricture, intraluminal mass); inflammatory conditions (chronic bronchitis, pneumonia); and traumatic injuries. Several airway-sampling techniques are available with bronchoscopy; bronchoalveolar lavage has proved to be the most satisfactory specimen-collection technique. Therapeutic indications of bronchoscopy at this time in veterinary medicine are mainly limited to foreign body removal. As advances are made in veterinary bronchopulmonary medicine, other therapeutic applications of the bronchoscope may be realized.     

Report of the equine herpesvirus-1 Havermeyer Workshop, San Gimignano, Tuscany, June 2004

Amongst the infectious diseases that threaten equine health, herpesviral infections remain a world wide cause of serious morbidity and mortality. Equine herpesvirus-1 infection is the most important pathogen, causing an array of disorders including epidemic respiratory disease abortion, neonatal foal death, myeloencephalopathy and chorioretinopathy. Despite intense scientific investigation, extensive use of vaccination, and established codes of practice for control of disease outbreaks, infection and disease remain common. While equine herpesvirus-1 infection remains a daunting challenge for immunoprophylaxis, many critical advances in equine immunology have resulted in studies of this virus, particularly related to MHC-restricted cytotoxicity in the horse. A workshop was convened in San Gimignano, Tuscany, Italy in June 2004, to bring together clinical and basic researchers in the field of equine herpesvirus-1 study to discuss the latest advances and future prospects for improving our understanding of these diseases, and equine immunity to herpesviral infection. This report highlights the new information that was the focus of this workshop, and is intended to summarize this material and identify the critical questions in the field.     

Advances in respiratory therapy.

Effective respiratory therapy depends on obtaining a definitive diagnosis and following established recommendations for treatment. Unfortunately, many respiratory conditions are idiopathic in origin or are attributable to nonspecific inflammation. In some situations, disorders are controlled rather than cured. Recent advances in pulmonary therapeutics include the use of new agents to treat common diseases and application of local delivery of drugs to enhance drug effect and minimize side effects.     

The immunology of the bovine respiratory disease complex.

The bovine respiratory disease complex continues to be an economically important syndrome in an era when immunologic control is likely to become increasingly important. Recent studies have yielded a better understanding of the interaction, at the molecular level, of various pathogens with the bovine immune system. Improved challenge models for important viral pathogens such as bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus have provided evidence of the efficacy of immune responses stimulated by vaccination. This article highlights recent advances in understanding of the role of the immune response in the pathogenesis and prophylaxis of bovine respiratory disease complex.     

New technology for prevention and control of infectious bovine respiratory diseases

Recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, and immunochemistry have provided the basis for a new generation of vaccines, diagnostic tools, and prophylactic substances for the prevention of infectious diseases in cattle. This article describes how these new technologies are being applied to veterinary medicine and their potential in bovine respiratory diseases caused by infectious agents.     

Haemophilus parasuis: new trends on diagnosis, epidemiology and control

Haemophilus parasuis is a commensal organism of the upper respiratory tract of conventional pigs, but under appropriate conditions can invade and cause severe systemic disease, characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, arthritis and meningitis. Factors involved in systemic invasion by H. parasuis remain largely unknown. However, major advances in our knowledge of H. parasuis include (1) development of a species-specific PCR test to detect H. parasuis in clinical samples, (2) study of molecular epidemiology within and between herds, by use of a repetitive element-based PCR, (3) the proposal of an alternative serotyping technique, (4) development and testing of a new in vivo model for pathogenesis and virulence studies, and (5) use of controlled exposure of young pigs to low doses of live, virulent H. parasuis strains to reduce nursery mortality in affected swine herds.     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒单克隆抗体的研究进展

单克隆抗体在兽医领域的应用价值越来越受到研究人员的重视。本文概述了近年来猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）结构蛋白单克隆抗体的研究概况，以及它们在该病病毒分子生物学研究中的应用。     

Successful treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome in 2 dogs

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was diagnosed in 2 dogs with acute dyspnea. Short-term positive pressure ventilation and intense critical and nursing care were provided. Both dogs improved and were discharged. Few reports describe successful recovery from ARDS. Due to advances in positive pressure ventilation and improvement in the supportive care of critically ill veterinary patients, the prognosis for ARDS may improve.     

Respiratory problems in foals

Despite major advances in our knowledge and ability to treat respiratory diseases in neonatal foals, neonatal respiratory medicine is still in its infancy. It is hoped that this article may serve as a guideline for diagnosis and treatment. Specific antibiotic regimens and emergency procedures are covered in other articles in this symposium. Because management factors play a critical role in the pathogenesis of respiratory disease, education of clients as to their importance would help both prophylactically and therapeutically. The necessity of very careful monitoring of neonates, which is critical to early detection of disease, should be stressed. As respiratory diseases can be fulminant and rapidly fatal, it is imperative not to delay diagnosis and therapy. Thorough examination and implementation of appropriate diagnostic techniques, as well as prompt early referral to a more sophisticated facility when indicated, would prevent many deaths. Although sophisticated support systems are vital for survival of some of these foals, good basic intensive nursing care combined with selection of appropriate drug therapy very early in the course of the disease is all that many foals require and can significantly improve survival rates.     

禽流感诊断技术研究进展

禽流感是严重危害畜牧业和人类健康的一种传染性疾病,多年来在世界上许多国家和地区都发生过此病,危害巨大.世界各国对其进行了大量研究.文章就目前国内外对禽流感病毒血清学和分子生物学诊断技术的研究进展做一综述.     

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) belongs to the pneumovirus genus within the family Paramyxoviridae and is a major cause of respiratory disease in young calves. BRSV is enveloped and contains a negative sense, single-stranded RNA genome encoding 11 proteins. The virus replicates predominantly in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells but also in type II pneumocytes. It appears to cause little or no cytopathology in ciliated epithelial cell cultures in vitro, suggesting that much of the pathology is due to the host's response to virus infection. RSV infection induces an array of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines that recruit neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes to the respiratory tract resulting in respiratory disease. Although the mechanisms responsible for induction of these chemokines and cytokines are unclear, studies on the closely related human (H)RSV suggest that activation of NF-kappaB via TLR4 and TLR3 signalling pathways is involved. An understanding of the mechanisms by which BRSV is able to establish infection and induce an inflammatory response has been facilitated by advances in reverse genetics, which have enabled manipulation of the virus genome. These studies have demonstrated an important role for the non-structural proteins in anti-interferon activity, a role for a virokinin, released during proteolytic cleavage of the fusion protein, in the inflammatory response and a role for the SH and the secreted form of the G protein in establishing pulmonary infection. Knowledge gained from these studies has also provided the opportunity to develop safe, stable, live attenuated virus vaccine candidates.     

猪生殖——呼吸综合征病毒蛋白的结构与功能

猪生殖－－呼吸道综合征（ＰＲＲＳ）病毒是新发现的ＲＮＡ病毒，其基因组有８个开放阅读框架（ＯＲＦ），ＯＲＦ１编码病毒的ＲＮＡ聚合酶，ＯＲＦ２－７分别编码糖蛋白ＧＰ２－５、Ｍ蛋白和Ｎ蛋白。本文概括了近几年来国际上对其病毒蛋白的研究成果，对这些病毒蛋白的结构，功能及其免疫学地位进行了分析和讨论。     

猫杯状病毒基因组结构与结构蛋白功能研究进展

猫杯状病毒是一种引起猫的急性口腔溃疡、上呼吸道传染病和慢性胃肠炎等病的重要病原。近年来，随着对其研究的不断深入，在病毒分子生物学方面取得了很大的进展。本文主要从基因组结构、编码的结构蛋白功能、基因疫苗等方面系统阐述了猫杯状病毒的研究进展，同时提出了存在的问题和展望。为进一步研制猫杯状病毒基因工程疫苗及诊断试剂提供理论基础，以期能更有效地防治此病。     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗研究进展

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征是一种引起母猪繁殖障碍和新生仔猪呼吸道症状及高死亡率的传染病。在世界包括中国在内的各养猪国家广泛流行,造成严重经济损失,受到国内外学者的高度重视,对此病的研究特别是对其疫苗的研究正日益受到关注。文章就猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的灭活疫苗、弱毒疫苗和基因工程疫苗的研究进展做了详细的阐述。     

Respiratory diseases, diagnostics, and treatment of marsupials.

Primary respiratory disease is uncommon in marsupials, but generalized disease often involves the respiratory tract in these animals. Other disease entities may spread to involve the respiratory system secondarily. Treatment is challenging because most animals are severely compromised on presentation. Bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi and yeasts, trauma, and neoplasia all can affect the respiratory systems of marsupials. Some of these conditions are only incidental findings, whereas others are pathogenic. Many therapies and diagnostic procedures are extrapolated from those in companion animal medicine and surgery. Despite the problems associated with the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory disease in marsupials, new therapeutic agents and diagnostic techniques are making these tasks easier and ultimately more successful.     

Clinical trials using a telemetric endoscope for use during over‐ground exercise: A preliminary study

Dynamic collapse of the upper respiratory tract (URT) is a common cause of poor performance in horses. These conditions occur predominantly during strenuous exercise when the URT is unable to maintain dilation in the face of high inspiratory pressures. In most cases, these disorders cannot be accurately diagnosed during a resting endoscopic examination. To date, a definitive diagnosis of dynamic URT obstructions has been possible only by performing an endoscopic examination during high‐speed treadmill exercise. However, recent technological advances now enable URT endoscopy to be performed while the horse is exercising in its normal environment.     

Exercise testing in the equine athlete

In the last decade there have been significant technological advances and increases in the availability of portable diagnostic equipment for use in the assessment of athletic performance. The design and application of appropriate exercise tests are critical factors for the diagnosis of conditions affecting equine performance and it is therefore necessary for veterinary surgeons using such equipment to develop an understanding of appropriate exercise testing methods. This is the first in a series of three papers covering exercise testing in the equine athlete, interpretation of heart rate and rhythm during exercise and interpretation of dynamic upper respiratory tract function. In this first paper, both performance and clinical exercise testing in the equine athlete are reviewed.     

羊常见呼吸器官疾病的防控及治疗验方

在养羊生产实践中,呼吸器官疾病是一种（类）常见多发病,在全球范围内均广泛存在,可导致严重的经济损失。呼吸器官是机体与外界进行气体交换的组织器官,包括呼吸道（鼻、副鼻窦、咽、喉、气管、支气管）和肺两部分。呼吸器官是机体的开放门户,环境中的寒冷刺激、病原微生物、有害气体、化学刺激、粉尘等易随空气进入呼吸道和肺部,引起呼吸器官发病。羊常见的呼吸器官疾病主要有上呼吸道感染（包括感冒、流行性感冒、鼻炎和鼻窦炎）、支气管炎、肺炎等。本文重点介绍羊常见呼吸器官疾病的防控措施及治疗验方。     

The association between serological titers in infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine virus diarrhea virus, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus and treatment for respiratory disease in Ontario feedlot calves.

A seroepidemiological study of the association between antibody titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, bovine virus diarrhea and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses, and treatment for bovine respiratory disease was conducted. A total of 322 calves from five different groups were bled on arrival, then one month later all cases (cattle treated for bovine respiratory disease) were rebled together with an equal number of controls (cattle not treated for any disease). Titers to these viruses varied significantly from group to group. Based on seroconversion, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus was active in 4.4%, bovine virus diarrhea virus in 24%, parainfluenza-3 virus in 69.5% and bovine respiratory syncytial virus in 71.3% of the cattle. Cattle with low titers to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and/or bovine respiratory syncytial viruses on arrival, were at increased risk of subsequent treatment for bovine respiratory disease. Treated cattle also had significantly greater increases to parainfluenza-3 and/or bovine virus diarrhea viruses than control calves. Treatment rates varied considerably from group to group and were not strongly correlated with weight gain in the postarrival period.