新型药剂线蛟清对柞蚕线虫病的防治效果

柞蚕线虫病是危害柞蚕生产的主要病害之一。为了避免长期使用单一药剂防治柞蚕线虫病给柞蚕生产带来的潜在危机,从10种线虫防治药剂中筛选出了新型药剂线蛟清。以0.108 00%、0.054 00%、0.021 67%和0.016 25%线蛟清药液喷洒的药叶饲喂柞蚕,对柞蚕寄生线虫病的防治效果均达100%,但前2种浓度的药液可导致柞蚕慢性中毒。给柞蚕全龄添食0.016 25%线蛟清药液喷洒的药叶,其结茧率和全茧量与清水对照没有显著差异,且子代的产卵量、孵化率、收蚁结茧率、全茧量及茧层率均与清水对照差异不显著。喷洒0.016 25%线蛟清药液0.5 h后人工降水20~25 mm,用药叶给柞蚕添食的防效仍达到100%,正常情况下该浓度药液的持效期达35 d,柞蚕被线虫寄生8 d内,连续4 d取食药叶,可全部杀死寄生于体内的线虫。试验结果表明:0.016 25%线蛟清药液对柞蚕线虫病具有显著的防治效果,药液喷洒后的内吸性好,药效持续时间较长,对柞蚕的安全性好。     

Tremor syndromes in dogs: Diagnosis and treatment

Tremor is frequently associated with a variety of diseases in human beings and animals. Unlike humans beings, however, many tremor disorders of animals resist strict classification and have poorly defined aetiologies. In dogs, generalised tremor is more commonly recognised than tremor localised to one body area. History and clinical presentation remain important in the differential diagnosis of these disorders. Appropriate therapy for several of these syndromes can result in long term control or resolution of tremor.     

Defining European preparedness and research needs regarding emerging infectious animal diseases: results from a Delphi expert consultation

Emerging and major infectious animal diseases can have significant international impact on social, economic and environmental level, and are being driven by various factors. Prevention and control measures should be prepared at both national and international level to mitigate these disease risks. Research to support such policy development is mostly carried out at national level and dedicated transnational research programmes are still in its infancy. This research reports on part of a process to develop a common strategic research agenda on emerging and major infectious diseases of livestock in Europe, covering a 5-15-year time span. A two round online Delphi study was conducted to explore the views of experts on issues relating to research needs on emerging infectious diseases of livestock in Europe. Drivers that may influence the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases in both the short (next 5 years) and medium term (10-15 years) were identified. Drivers related to regulatory measures and biological science developments were thought to decrease the incidence, and socio-economic factors to increase the incidence of emerging infectious animal diseases. From the first round a list of threats to animal health was compiled and participants combined these threats with relevant drivers in the second round. Next to identifying threats to animal health, also possible mitigatory actions to reduce the negative impact of these threats were identified. Participants emphasised that interdisciplinary research is needed to understand drivers of emerging infectious animal diseases, as well as to develop prevention and control measures which are both socio-economic and technical. From this it can be concluded that interdisciplinary research combining both natural and social research themes is required. Some of the European member states research budget needs to be allocated so that effective prevention and mitigation strategies can be developed.     

Animal transboundary diseases: European union and asian network of veterinary research cooperation for quality livestock production

Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) constitute a global threat that afflict livestock. They are characterized by the suddenness, acuteness, the rapidity with which they can spread in susceptible livestock populations and the widespread nature of the losses that they can produce. The havoc they play renders individual farmers and private veterinary services relatively powerless to take effective action. As TADs do not recognize national borders, there is a great demand for regional cooperation which must be put into a global term. From the epidemiological point of view, the prospects for eradication of a disease with minimal production losses and other costs are best, if the disease can be recognized early where it is localized and then a disease control programme be quickly implemented.     

Control of gastrointestinal parasitism with nematodes in dairy goats by treating the host category at risk

Infections of the gastrointestinal tract with parasitic nematodes remain one of the main limiting factors in grazing dairy goats. The usual mode of control of these parasitic diseases has up to now been based on the repeated use of anthelmintics. However, the prevalence rates of anthelmintic resistances, in particular to benzimidazoles, are now particularly high in the French dairy goat production. This situation makes it mandatory to reconsider the usual mode of control of these nematodes and to look for short term, alternative solutions which combine the control of gastrointestinal infections and management of anthelmintic resistances. One of the possible options is to leave a part of the flock without treatment during the grazing season in order to maintain alleles of susceptibility to anthelmintics within the worm populations. Previous epidemiological observations identifying the categories of host populations at risk are presented which provide the rationale for targeted applications of treatments. The results of assays on experimental flocks and from farm surveys examining the advantages and drawbacks of selective treatments are presented. The value of these results in combination with other alternative solutions of control are discussed in order to use minimum treatments with maximum benefits.     

The current status and outlook for insecticide,acaricide and anthelmintic resistances across the Australian ruminant livestock industries: assessing the threat these resistances pose to the livestock sector

The Australian ruminant livestock industries are faced with the need to control parasitic infectious diseases that can seriously impact the health of animals. However, increasing levels of resistance to insecticides, anthelmintics and acaricides are substantially reducing the ability to control some of these parasites. Here we review the current situation with regard to chemical resistances in parasites across the various sectors of the Australian ruminant livestock industries and assess the level of threat that these resistances pose to the sustainability of these sectors in the short to long terms. We also look at the extent to which testing for resistance occurs across the various industry sectors, and hence how well-informed these sectors are of the extent of chemical resistance. We examine on-farm management practices, breeding of parasite-resistant animals, and non-chemical therapeutics that may act as short to long term means to reduce the current reliance on chemicals for parasite control. Finally, we look at the balance between the prevalence and magnitude of current resistances and the availability and adoption rates of management, breeding and therapeutic alternatives in order to assess the parasite control outlook for the various industry sectors.     

抗病毒药物的毒性及残留检测方法研究进展

曾试用于兽医临床后来又被禁用的金刚烷胺、金刚乙胺、利巴韦林、阿昔洛韦和吗啉胍等抗病毒药物,常被一些不发分子用于预防和治疗动物疾病。长期大量使用这些药物会引起动物中毒、免疫抑制、耐药性和药物残留等问题,甚至给动物疫病防控带来巨大困难。2012年的“速成鸡”事件就检出鸡肉中残留有金刚烷胺,给我国家禽业带来了负面影响。文章就常见抗病毒药物的理化性质、代谢、毒性以及残留检测方法等四个方面的研究进展进行了综述。     

牦牛重要传染病和寄生虫的防治与展望

本文概述了牦牛常见重要传染病和寄生虫病的防治研究进展,指出了目前牦牛重要疾病防治工作上的不足,并探讨了牦牛疾病防治的发展方向。     

绿肥影响农田土传病害的研究进展

土传病害是制约我国农业可持续发展的因素之一.绿肥作为高效清洁的有机肥源,与主作物合理搭配,可有效降低主作物土传病害的发生和危害,是减少化学药剂使用的重要措施.因此,综述绿肥对土传病害的防控效果与机制,对于绿肥推广应用和土传病害绿色防控具有重要意义.绿肥影响作物土传病害的研究主要集中于土传真菌病害和线虫病害,且大多数研究...     

Problems of interpretation of ileal lesions in New Zealand slaughter pigs

The term proliferative enteritis (PE) is a collective one used to describe a group of related diseases characterised by adenomatous intestinal epithelium frequently seen to contain intra-cellular campylobacter-like organisms. It embraces four related disease syndromes, porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA), necrotic enteritis (NE). regional ileitis and proliferative haemorrhagic enteropathy (PHE), all affecting mainly the terminal ileum.     

Oesophageal disorders in horses: Retrospective study of 39 cases

Oesophageal diseases are less frequently reported in equine veterinary practice in comparison with other alimentary pathologies. This paper describes the prevalence, age, breed and sex distribution, the duration of clinical presentation before admission, the diagnosis, aetiology, treatment course, complications, length of hospitalisation, and the short‐term and long‐term survival of 39 cases with equine oesophageal disorders at a referral clinic. Prevalence of oesophageal disorders was significantly higher in the group of horses up to 4 years of age in comparison with other age groups. The most common oesophageal disorder was simple obstruction represented by 22/39 cases (56.41%). The common complications of the oesophageal disorder were oesophagitis (16/39, 41.02%) and aspiration pneumonia (11/39, 28.20%); 31/39 (79.49%) of all oesophageal cases survived up to clinical discharge. Long‐term survival was 65.78% in this group of cases.     

The first Polish animal contagious disease act of 1844

The Veterinary Control Act of 1844 was the first to regulate in entirety the control of infectious diseases in animals and questions of sanitary inspection of animal food products in the Kingdom of Poland. The act listed explicit procedures regarding diagnostics, control and eradication of diseases as well as concerning animal food product inspection. The act required that animal owners become familiar with symptoms of animal diseases, their methods of control and that they prevent their spreading. The obligations of veterinarians, state physicians and administrative control bodies in the control of animal diseases were specified by the act. Besides the main text on the control of diseases and meat inspection the act also contains elements of food law, some norms concerning public law and order (e.g. requirements concerning dogs) and even some regulations on animal protection.     

畜禽疫病发生现状及控制

常见畜禽疫病已达到成数千种,且很多病毒有变异、多发的态势,增加疫病防控难度。需要针对畜禽疫病发生现状,采取有针对性的控制措施,最大程度上降低畜禽疫病发生率。该文结合凤阳县畜禽疫病发生现状,并提出相应的疫病控制对策,旨在降低畜禽疫病发生率。     

Relationship between overfeeding, metritis and ketosis in high yielding dairy cows

The association between overfeeding before calving, metritis and ketosis in seven dairy herds was investigated. The overall rate of ketonuria in 695 adult cows tested routinely between seven and 14 days post partum was 18 per cent and that of post parturient uterine diseases was 56.5 per cent. Eighty per cent of all cows with ketonuria concurrently suffered from post parturient uterine diseases. Ketonuria was found by a retrospective analysis to be independently associated with both overfeeding before calving and post parturient uterine diseases. In view of the additional risks of both metritis and ketonuria associated with overfeeding before calving and the fact that the risk of ketonuria in cows which had metritis was also found to be associated with overfeeding, it is argued that the term 'complicated' rather than 'secondary' ketosis should be applied to such cases, and that appropriate therapeutic measures should be taken accordingly.     

Exploration of developmental approaches to companion animal antimicrobials: providing for the unmet therapeutic needs of dogs and cats

AAVPT Workshop White Paper Committee. Exploration of developmental approaches to companion animal antimicrobials: providing for the unmet therapeutic needs of dogs and cats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 33 , 196–201. The American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (AAVPT) and the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) co‐sponsored a workshop to explore approaches for developing companion animal antimicrobials. This workshop was developed in response to the shortage of antimicrobials labeled for dogs and cats, as there is a shortage of approved antimicrobials for the range of infectious diseases commonly treated in small animal practice. The objective of the workshop was to identify alternative approaches to data development to support new indications consistent with the unmet therapeutic needs of dogs and cats. The indications for currently approved antimicrobials do not reflect the broader range of infectious diseases that are commonly diagnosed and treated by the veterinarian. Therefore, the labels for these approved antimicrobials provide limited information to the veterinarian for appropriate therapeutic decision‐making beyond the few indications listed. Industry, veterinary practice, and regulatory challenges to the development of new antimicrobial indications were discussed. The workshop resulted in short‐ and long‐term recommendations. Short‐term recommendations focus on the use of additional data considerations for product labeling. Long‐term recommendations center on legislative or regulatory legal initiatives. The workshop recommendations will need collaboration from industry, academia, and regulatory authorities and a legal shift in the drug approval and availability processes.     

Two state model for a constant disease hazard in paratuberculosis (and other bovine diseases)

Many diseases are characterized by a long and varying sub-clinical period. Two main mechanisms can explain such periods: a slow progress toward disease or a sudden transition from a healthy state to a disease state induced by internal or external events. We here survey epidemiological features of the amount of bacteria shed during Mycobacterium Avium Paratuberculosis (MAP) infection to test which of these two models, slow progression or sudden transition (or a combination of the two), better explains the transition from intermittent and low shedding to high shedding. Often, but not always, high shedding is associated with the occurrence of clinical signs. In the case of MAP, the clinical signs include diarrhea, low milk production, poor fertility and eventually emaciation and death. We propose a generic model containing bacterial growth, immune control and fluctuations. This proposed generic model can represent the two hypothesized types of transitions in different parameter regimes. The results show that the sudden transition model provides a simpler explanation of the data, but also suffers from some limitations. We discuss the different immunological mechanism that can explain and support the sudden transition model and the interpretation of each term in the studied model. These conclusions are applicable to a wide variety of diseases, and MAP serves as a good test case based on the large scale measurements of single cow longitudinal profiles in this disease.     

Monoclonal gammopathy associated with multiple myeloma and visceral leishmaniasis in the dog: A comparison of two cases

The term monoclonal gammopathy (MG) suggests the presence of clonal immunoglobulins in blood serum that are recognized as narrow spikes in the β and/or γ region of the electrophoretic pattern of serum. In the dog, MG is rare and is associated with a heterogeneous group of diseases that include multiple myeloma (the most common source of MG) as well as infectious and chronic inflammatory diseases such as Leishmaniasis. In this paper, two cases of MG are described: the first case is associated with multiple myeloma of monoclonal component type IgA/λ, with the latter rare in dogs, and the second case involves MG that developed 3 years after an initial diagnosis of Leishmaniasis.

     

母牛围产期营养调控技术的研究进展

广义的围产期是指母牛产前2个月至产后2个月这4个月的时期,包括干奶期和泌乳前期的大部分时间。侠义的围产期是指产前3周至产后3周这42 d的时期。母牛围产期面临难产、胎衣不下、子宫炎等感染性疾病和低血钙、酮病和脂肪肝等营养代谢病的困扰,营养代谢病引起的产后掉膘严重危害繁殖性能,大大提高了母牛的淘汰率。本文对母牛围产期营养调控技术研究进展进行了综述,旨在为相关人员降低母牛疾病发病率提供理论基础。     

Infection control and biosecurity in equine disease control

Infectious diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, along with economic costs and broader impacts associated with the loss of members of a species that generates income, acts as a working animal and is a companion. Endemic diseases continue to challenge, emerging diseases are an ever‐present threat and outbreaks can be both destructive and disruptive. While infectious diseases can never be completely prevented, measures can be introduced to restrict the entry of pathogens into a population or limit the implications of the presence of a pathogen. Objective research regarding infection control and biosecurity in horses is limited, yet a variety of practical infection prevention and control measures can be used. Unfortunately, infection control can be challenging, because of the nature of the equine industry (e.g. frequent horse movement) and endemic pathogens, but also because of lack of understanding or motivation to try to improve practices. Recognition of the basic concepts of infection control and biosecurity, and indeed the need for measures to control infectious diseases, is the foundation for successful infection prevention and control.