农田土壤重金属污染的农业生态修复技术

总结了常见的农田土壤重金属污染的农业生态修复技术,包括合理施用化肥、施用生物有机肥、秸秆还田、调整作物种植结构、筛选重金属低积累作物品种和耐性作物品种、深耕深翻、控制土壤水分以及施用石灰等修复措施,并对农田土壤重金属污染修复技术的前景进行了展望。     

泥炭对菜心-土壤系统中重金属生物有效性的效应研究

以菜心为研究对象,利用盆栽试验,观测在重金属Cu（200 mg/kg）、Cr（300 mg/kg）、Pb（1000 mg/kg）污染的土壤上添加不同用量的泥炭（0%、0.5%、1%、2%、4%、5%）对重金属生物有效性及其土壤形态分布的影响。结果表明,随着泥炭施用量的增加,菜心采收时土壤重金属的形态分布发生了改变,DTPA交换态的重金属明显减少,有机结合态重金属明显增加,菜心根、茎、叶重金属含量显著降低;从总体趋势来看产量有所提高,只是在5%或4%的泥炭施用水平下产量略有下降。说明在0%～5%范围内的泥炭施用量能降低铜、铬、铅重金属污染土壤的生物有效性,0%～3%范围内的泥炭施用量能提高菜心产量。     

吉林省人参土壤中重金属污染水平及生物有效性研究

为了解吉林省人参土壤中重金属污染水平及其生物有效性,人参对重金属的吸收、转化及富集程度,运用ICP-OES对农田栽参和林下参及其土壤重金属进行测定分析。结果表明,人参土壤中重金属Cd含量超过国家三级土壤标准,所测的其它八种重金属含量均处在国家一级土壤水平内,重金属Pb的生物有效性系数最高达27.37%,虽然含量较低但存在一定的风险性,人参土壤中Ti的含量最高,其全量在476-1038 mg/kg,生物有效性最低为0.09%;两种模式下人参根区土壤中重金属生物有效态含量差别不大,但林下参土壤重金属生物有效性系数低于农田栽参土壤,尤其是对生物毒性较大的Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb元素,Cd的生物有效态含量与其生物有效性系数达极显著负相关(P<0.01),相关系数为0.79;不同肥料的施用对农田栽参土壤重金属生物有效态有一定影响,同一种肥料对不同重金属生物有效态含量影响亦不同;人参对Cu、Zn和Pb的富集系数最大,潜在风险较大,其中Cu富集系数达到0.63;综合分析人参土壤中重金属全量、有效量及人参根中含量,发现人参土壤中Cd超标,污染严重,Cu和Zn受土壤类型影响较大,其它重金属均可通过培肥改土调节其有效态含量。     

低分子量有机酸对土壤有效磷及重金属释放影响的研究进展

农药化肥的过量施用、重金属矿产开发冶炼、污水灌溉等导致土壤磷素养分降低和重金属污染,对生态环境、粮食安全和人类健康带来一定的风险隐患。土壤低分子量有机酸是一类重要的土壤有机活性物质,在土壤质地、养分循环和重金属毒害等方面起重要作用,但低分子量有机酸对土壤磷素和重金属释放影响的研究尚没有系统归纳。本文结合国内外研究进展,综述了土壤低分子量有机酸的来源、浓度、功能及其影响因素,举例说明了低分子量有机酸种类、浓度等对土壤磷及重金属释放的影响。系统总结了低分子量有机酸对土壤磷活化及重金属释放的机制。低分子量有机酸与其他物质协同提升土壤磷素有效性和降低重金属污染,这些结果为土壤磷素有效性的提升和重金属污染土壤修复提供科学依据和技术支撑。     

长期施肥对菜田土壤微量元素有效性的影响

利用田间试验研究了长期定位施用有机肥和氮、磷、钾化肥对菜田土壤重要微量元素有效性的影响。结果表明,长期施用氮肥会提高土壤有效态铁、锰、锌、铜含量,随着氮肥用量增加,土壤酸化程度加重,土壤中铁、锰、锌、铜有效性亦随之增强。磷、钾化肥能够提高土壤有效铁、锰含量,对土壤锌有效性不会产生明显影响,在一定范围内可以提高土壤有效性铜含量,但效果不明显。长期施用有机肥对土壤微量元素的影响与配施的化肥种类有关。土壤有效铁、锰、铜含量与土壤pH呈极显著负相关,而有效锌含量与pH相关性不明显,而且关系比较复杂。总之,影响微量元素有效性的首要因素是土壤酸碱度。     

肥料重金属含量状况及施肥对土壤和作物重金属富集的影响

本文对肥料中重金属的含量状况以及施肥对土壤和农作物重金属累积影响的研究进展进行了系统分析和总结。过磷酸钙中锌（Zn）、 铜（Cu）、 镉（Cd）、 铅（Pb）含量高于氮肥、 钾肥和三元复合肥,有机-无机复混肥料中的Pb含量高于其他化肥。有机肥如畜禽粪便、 污泥及其堆肥中的重金属含量高于化肥,猪粪中的Cu、 Zn、 砷（As）、 Cd含量明显高于其他有机废弃物,鸡粪中铬（Cr）含量高;污泥和垃圾堆肥中Pb或汞（Hg）含量高。商品有机肥Zn、 Pb和镍（Ni）含量高于堆肥,Hg含量高于畜禽粪便。多数研究表明,氮磷钾配施与不施肥相比土壤Cd和Pb含量增加,施用有机肥比不施肥提高土壤Cu、 Zn、 Pb、 Cd含量。施用化肥对农作物重金属富集的影响不明确,而施用有机肥可提高作物可食部位Cu、 Zn、 Cd、 Pb 的含量,影响大小与有机肥种类、 用量、 土壤类型和pH以及作物种类等有很大关系。在今后的研究中应着重以下几个方面, 1）典型种植体系下土壤重金属的投入/产出平衡; 2）不同种植体系下长期不同施肥措施对土壤重金属含量、 有效性影响的动态趋势; 3）典型种植体系和施肥措施下土壤对重金属的最高承载年限; 4）现有施肥措施下肥料中重金属的最高限量标准。     

油菜连作及施用堆肥对土壤镉赋存形态和生物有效性的影响

通过温室土培盆栽试验,研究了重金属镉污染土壤上连作油菜及施用堆肥对土壤中镉赋存形态及生物有效性的影响。结果表明：（1）在油菜连作体系下,施用堆肥显著降低油菜地上部镉含量。施用堆肥改变了土壤镉赋存形态,显著降低土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量而增加土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉含量,从而降低土壤镉的生物有效性。（2）在相同堆肥处理下,种植两茬油菜后的土壤易溶态和碳酸盐结合态镉含量与不种植油菜的处理相比显著降低;而土壤硫化物及有机结合态镉含量较对照有所上升,种植油菜对土壤铁锰氧化物结合态镉和残渣态含量影响不显著,但是不同积累镉能力油菜朱苍花籽和川油Ⅱ-93之间对土壤镉形态的影响差异不显著。     

施用沼肥对土壤和油菜中重金属Cd、As的影响

沼肥是一种在农业生产中广泛应用的有机肥,为了研究施用沼肥对土壤和油菜中重金属含量的影响,以Cd、As为研究对象,用盆栽的方式,以抗病苏州青油菜为种植作物,选取棕壤土,通过基肥与追肥配合施用,研究沼渣与沼液配合施用和猪粪与化肥配合施用对土壤及油菜各部位重金属含量的影响,为沼肥的合理安全利用提供理论依据。试验结果表明:沼渣沼液配合施用和猪粪化肥配合施用可以增加油菜鲜重;沼渣沼液配合施用后,土壤中重金属Cd含量无明显变化,重金属As的含量明显增加,过量施用沼渣沼液后土壤重金属As含量降低;沼渣沼液配合施用会显著降低油菜茎叶部Cd、As含量以及茎叶部Cd、As富集系数。过量施肥对茎叶部Cd、As含量无明显影响,但会增加油菜茎叶部Cd、As富集系数。     

污泥农用对土壤和作物重金属累积及作物产量的影响

以3 a定位试验为基础,比较3种不同处理的污泥肥料（消化污泥、污泥堆肥及污泥复混肥）农田施用下土壤养分、土壤和作物籽粒中Mn、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属的积累以及作物产量的变化情况,以阐明污泥农用对土壤及作物的影响。研究表明,3种污泥肥料提高了土壤中氮素和有机质的含量;与空白和普通化肥处理相比,3种污泥肥料增加了土壤中Mn和Cu的含量,而对土壤交换态重金属含量没有显著影响;3种污泥处理均增加了小麦籽粒中Zn的含量;相对普通化肥处理,3种污泥肥料处理对小麦和玉米产量均无显著影响。合理施用污泥肥料可以有效地提高作物产量;污泥肥料施用对土壤重金属有一定累积效应,但短期施用对土壤比较安全。     

施用菇渣与有机肥对生菜生长和重金属累积的影响

采用小区试验的方法,以施用化肥和不施肥为对照,研究了施用金针菇、双孢蘑菇菇渣、猪粪和牛粪有机肥对生菜生长、重金属含量及对土壤养分、重金属的影响。结果表明:两种菇渣Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Cd重金属元素含量显著低于猪粪有机肥,而双孢蘑菇菇渣的这几种重金属含量又显著高于金针菇菇渣;与施用化肥、施用有机肥相比,施用菇渣能显著提高土壤多种养分和有机质含量,增加生菜叶片可溶性蛋白质的含量,降低生菜叶片硝态氮含量,而土壤和生菜重金属含量与对照(不施肥)无显著差异;施用猪粪有机肥的土壤Cu、Zn含量明显升高,但生菜的重金属Cu、Zn与对照亦无显著差异。总之,施用两种菇渣具有与猪粪、牛粪有机肥相似的培肥土壤、提高蔬菜产量和改善品质效果,所引起的土壤和蔬菜重金属累积风险低于施用猪粪有机肥;但长期施用菇渣的环境分析还需通过多年试验,进行长时间监测才能得出评估结果。     

Effect of controlled-release urea on heavy metal mobility in a multimetal-contaminated soil

Controlled-release N fertilizers can affect the availability of heavy metals in the contaminated paddy soil.A soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of prilled urea(PU),S-coated urea(SCU),and polymer-coated urea(PCU)on the solubility and availability of heavy metals Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn in a multimetal-contaminated soil.The results showed that the application of different coated urea significantly affected the solubility and availability of heavy metals.At 5 d of incubation,the application of PU,SCU,and PCU had significantly decreased the concentrations of water-soluble and available Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn,when compared with the control.At 60 d of incubation,the depletory effects of PU on water-soluble and available heavy metals had reduced,and the initial decrease in the concentrations of water-soluble Cd,Pb,Cu,and Zn caused by SCU had changed to an increase.The concentrations of water-soluble Pb,Cu,and Zn in the SCU-treated soil were higher than those in the control.Application with PCU led to a higher water-soluble Cu than that in the control,while the available Cd,Pb,and Zn were lower than those in the control.The effect of different coated urea was much stronger on the water solubility of the heavy metals than on their availability.The effects of controlled-release urea on the transformation of heavy metals resulted in changes in the concentrations of NH4^+,water-soluble SO4^2-,and soil p H.The results further suggested that PCU could be used in dry farming operations in multimetal-contaminated acid soils.     

Phosphatic fertilizers as a source of heavy metals in protected cultivation

Abstract

In order to quantify the uptake by lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) of heavy metals contained in the phosphate fertilizers and to evaluate their residual bioavailability in the growth substrate a greenhouse experiment was carried out. The superphosphate added to the soil contained varying amounts of heavy metals, particularly Cd, Cr and Zn which accumulated in the soil and increased the amounts available for plant uptake. The accumulation of metals observed in the plant tissues did not have physiological effects on lettuce and did not affect negatively the growth of the plants. The heavy metal speciation in soil indicated that metals extractable by EDTA increased by increasing the phosphorus added. These amounts of metals, adsorbed or complexed in the soil after harvest, represent in protected environments a potentially bioavailable species for the following cultivations.     

土壤与人体健康

土壤可以通过多条途径对人体健康产生正面或负面的影响。本文从土壤通过食物链提供人体必需的矿质营养、人体来自于土壤-食物链的有害重金属暴露、以及土壤中抗生素抗性基因传播等方面探讨土壤与人体健康的关系。土壤对人体健康的影响具有非均等性,贫困地区与低收入群体往往更容易受到土壤对人体健康的负面影响。在未来人口增长与全球气候变化双重压力下,土壤与人体健康的关系将变得更为突出。本文还提出了消减土壤对人体健康负面影响的一些干预措施选项及未来的研究方向。     

不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属活性的影响

为了解施用不同种类有机物对污染农田土壤重金属行为的影响,布设了田间小区试验,观察研究施用6种不同类型有机物对土壤水溶性重金属和农作物对重金属吸收等的影响。试验设7个处理,分别为对照(不施有机肥)、施新鲜水稻秸秆、新鲜鸡粪、鸡粪堆肥、新鲜猪粪、猪粪堆肥和商品有机肥,动态检测土壤中水溶性重金属含量、田面水中重金属浓度及收获水稻籽粒中重金属含量的变化。结果表明,与不施有机物的对照处理比较,施用各类有机物在试验前期均可明显提高土壤中水溶性重金属和田面水中重金属的含量,总体上以施用新鲜猪粪的最高,其次为新鲜鸡粪,施用商品有机肥的最低。土壤中水溶性重金属含量随试验时间增长逐渐下降。施用各类有机物对水稻籽粒中重金属的积累影响不明显。土壤中水溶性重金属及田面水中重金属含量均与相应的水溶性碳(DOC)浓度呈显著相关性,表明因有机物施用增加土壤中DOC浓度可能是土壤中水溶性重金属含量增加的主要原因;而不同有机物对土壤重金属活性影响的差异可能与有机物本身的分解程度及可释放DOC大小有关。但施用有机物引起的农田土壤水溶性重金属含量的增加是暂时的,对水稻生长后期籽粒中重金属积累的影响不明显。     

The chemistry and phytotoxicity of nemagon in fertilized soil

Among the pesticides, soil fumigation (3, 5), particularly with chlorinated and brominated chemicals, is widely used for soil sterilization, chiefly for killing nematodes and root-rot fungi. Besides having nematocidal action, the fumigants interact chemically (1) and biologically (4) with soil components with beneficial and sometimes adverse results. Several mechanisms (2) of fumigant damage to roots and interference with availability of nutrients have been reported, While considerable information is available on the individual effects of fertilizers and fumigants on plants, not much is known about the interactions of the fumigants with fertilizers as measured by nutrient availability in soil, growth of plants, and phytotoxicity, A study, therefore, was undertaken to evaluate the effects of 1, 2 dibromo-3-chloropropane, commonly known as nemagon, and the more commonly used fertilizers on the growth of tomato plants.     

Plant heavy metal concentrations and soil biological properties in agricultural serpentine soils

Abstract

Soils developed on serpentinitic rocks have serious limitations for agriculture. They have high levels of magnesium (Mg) and heavy metals [copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr)] and are deficient in some macronutrients. In parts of Northwestern Spain, serpentine soils have been subjected to intensive management, based on the use of manure and harvesting residues. Although these practices have allowed the growth of crops, plants may have accumulated high amounts of metals. This study was carried out to assess the effect of the management practices on the uptake of heavy metals by crops, and to analyze the relationship between the concentrations of these metals in plants, and soil properties. Moderate levels of Ni and Mn and low levels of Cr and Cu were found in soil extractable fractions of these metals. In spite of this, analysis of plant tissues revealed high levels of Cr and Ni and moderate contents of Mn. Concentrations of Mn and Ni in foliage were correlated to soil extractable contents, whereas simple linear regression between concentration of Cr in plants and the soil‐extractable Cr showed a poor relationship, possibly because the availability of this metal, as Cr(VI), is determined by temporal environmental conditions. To assess the effects of the management on the uptake of heavy metals by plants, a complementary bioassay experiment was carried out in the laboratory in which Festuca rubra and Agrostis stolonifera were sown on serpentine soil with low organic matter content, and amended with peat and/or lime. This experiment confirmed that there is a reduction in heavy metal concentration in plants after organic amendment and suggested that the lower metal availability is partly due to the higher soil microbial activity, produced as a consequence of addition of organic matter.     

蚯蚓在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用前景

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术是绿色生物技术,该技术的应用受制于两个主要因素:超积累植物生物量小和土壤中重金属有效性低。本文在收集大量资料基础上,论述了蚯蚓与重金属的相互关系:重金属对蚯蚓的毒理效应和蚯蚓对重金属的忍耐力。根据在重金属污染土壤中,蚯蚓活动能提高植物生物量和土壤中的重金属的生物有效性,论证了在重金属污染土壤植物修复技术中引入蚯蚓的可行性,并指出引入蚯蚓的植物修复技术当前的研究热点及今后的研究方向。     

Applications of fertilizer cations affect cadmium and zinc concentrations in soil solutions and uptake by plants

A pot experiment was conducted to study changes over time of Cd and Zn in soil solution and in plants. Radish was grown in a soil which had been contaminated with heavy metals prior to 1961. Constant amounts of a fertilizer solution (NH₄NO₃, KNO₃) were added daily. Soil solution was obtained at intervals by displacement with water. The cumulative additions of small amounts of fertilizers were made equal to the plants' requirements at the final harvest but were found to exceed them during most of the experiment. Excess fertilizers caused substantial increases of major (K, Ca, Mg) and heavy-metal (Cd, Zn) ions in soil solutions and a decrease in soil pH, probably due to ion-exchange mechanisms and the dissolution of carbonates. Uptake of Cd and Zn into leaves was correlated with the mass flow of Cd (adjusted r²= 0.798) and Zn (adjusted r²= 0.859). Uptake of K, Ca and Mg by the plants was independent of their concentrations in solution. It is concluded that, in order to study effects of plants on heavy-metal availability and obtain soil solution that has not been altered by fertilizer ions, nutrients must be added according to the needs and growth of the plants. This could be achieved by linking fertilizer additions to the rate of transpiration, as nutrient uptake and transpiration were closely correlated in this experiment.