Groundwater evapotranspiration under psammophilous vegetation covers in the Mu Us northern China

Groundwater is a significant component of the hydrological cycle in arid and semi-arid areas. Its evapotranspiration is an important part of the water budget because many plants are groundwater-dependent. To restore the degraded ecosystems, the need is pressing to further our understanding of the groundwater evapotranspiration (ET_g) in arid and semi-arid areas. This study employed the White method to estimate ET_gat four sites in the Mu Us Sandy Land in northern China, and the four sites are covered by Salix psammophila(SP site), Artemisia ordosica(AO site), Poplar alba (PA site), and Carexenervis(CE site), respectively. The depth of groundwater table and the duration of drainage were taken into account in calculating the specific yield (S_y) to improve the accuracy of the ET_gestimats. Our results showed that from late May to early November 2013 the ET_g were 361.87 (SP site), 372.53 (AO site), 597.86 (PA site) and 700.76 mm (CE site), respectively. The estimated ET_g rate was also species-dependent and the descending order of the ET_g rate for the four vegetation was: C. enervis, P. alba, A. ordosica, and S. psammophila. In addition, the depth of groundwater table has an obvious effect on the ET_g rate and the effect varied with the vegetation types. Furthermore, the evapotranspiration for the vegetation solely relying on the water supply from unsaturated layers above the groundwater table was much less than that for the vegetation heavily relying on the water supply from shallow aquifers.     

额济纳三角洲地下水位年内动态变化特征分类分析

选取额济纳三角洲14口自动观测井日尺度的地下水位埋深观测值(2010.4-2011.4)作为数据基础,运用SPSS 18.0软件中的描述性分析,趋势分析和K-means聚类分析模块,对额济纳三角洲地下水位年内动态变化特征进行了分类分析。结果表明:研究区地下水位年内动态变化空间上存在着较大的差异性,其地下水位动态可分为四种波动类型。其中,类型Ⅰ主要分布在远离河道的荒漠地带,地下水位动态变化较为稳定;类型Ⅱ的观测井靠近东西河,地下水与河水不断的发生交换,多次的抬升下降是该类型地下水位动态变化的典型特征。类型Ⅲ主要分布于东河下游绿洲区,地下水位动态变化主要受人为调控的地表径流影响,地下水位剧升后缓慢下降是该波动类型的典型特征;类型Ⅳ分布在远离河道的绿洲区周边地带,其地下水位动态变化呈显著的下降趋势,地下水位缓慢下降是此波动类型的典型特征,这与地下水不断以蒸散发形式排泄,且得不到补给有关。     

昌马水库运行后疏勒河流域盆地地下水补给资源及其水位变化分析

通过对昌马水库运行前后不同时期疏勒河流域各盆地地下水补给量与地下水水位动态变化分析表明:流域地下水资源呈减少趋势,地下水位表现为较强的区域性下降。昌马水库运行后,中游玉门踏实盆地地下水补给量大幅减少,比上世纪60年代、90年代末分别减少了3.11亿m3、2.95亿m3,下游安西敦煌、花海盆地地下水补给量小幅增加,中游昌马洪积扇前缘泉水量与60年代比削减了53.2%。各盆地水量补给减少区水位下降,增加区水位上升,下降(上升)幅度随补给量减少(增加)而增大。     

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge,residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions.Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge,the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China,is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area.In this study,71 groundwater samples(mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River)and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected,and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions,together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources,residence time and their associated recharge processes.Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley,while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation.Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3-Ca-Na type with low salinity.The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺and Na+are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland.Theδ¹⁸O(from-11.70‰to-8.52‰)andδ2H(from-86.15‰to-65.75‰)values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone,suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past(≤220 a).The corrected 14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old,indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods.Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east,south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a.The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability.Based on theδ¹⁸O temperature indicator of groundwater,we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4℃-6.0℃ colder than the present.The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer,which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.     

锡林河流域地下水位管理阈值研究

地下水资源是维系锡林河流域社会经济发展和生态环境稳定的关键因子。立足于地下水位这一关键性指标,采用地下水可持续性评价和数值模拟模型相结合的方法,探讨地下水安全利用方式。结果表明:现状年河谷平原的地下水可持续性较强,而开采集中的城市规划区及毛登牧场可持续性一般或较差;丰沛的降水及富水性较强的含水层增强了地下水资源可持续性,但农牧业快速发展和农灌集中开采,破坏了城市规划区周边及毛登牧场的地下水均衡关系,通过设置和对比不同开采方案,限制灌溉规模成为未来解决这一危机的首要途径,即2020年应减少903.23×104m3开采量,其管理地下水位阈值为0.13~0.55 m。     

鄂尔多斯高原潜水同位素特征及其成因分析

西北干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式仍没有统一的认识。通过对比鄂尔多斯高原不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征,发现鄂尔多斯高原潜水的δD、δ~(18)O平均值(-71.75‰,-9.64‰)相对于当地降水均值(-65.00‰,-8.79‰)偏负。通过综合分析区内气候特点、地下水补给方式、潜水位动态等方面因素,认为潜水δD、δ~(18)O偏负现象与干旱地区降水的雨量效应和季节性冻土冻融作用下降水入渗补给地下水过程有关。δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的大降水补给地下水的能力较强,可能使潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负;冻土冻融条件下δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的冬季降水有效入渗补给能力较强,是潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的另一可能原因。研究表明,利用氢氧稳定同位素研究干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式,需要考虑不同降水条件及冻土冻融作用下地下水补给能力的差异及其对地下水同位素组成的影响。     

密怀顺研究区地下水NO3--N时空变化分析

密怀顺地区是北京市重要的水源涵养区,直接影响着主城区的供水安全。2014年南水北调盈余水量通过潮白河河道回补地下水,地下水位不断抬升,使常年积累在耕地土壤中NO₃^--N对地下水环境风险不断增加。通过对地下水中NO₃^--N和耕地属性地块研究。结果表明:1)2015-2018年研究区地下水NO₃^--N浓度有升高趋势;2)2015-2018年研究区水质稳定区面积达到164.26km²,占比33.78%;其次为水质略变差区和水质变差区,面积分别为136.76km²和112.74km²,占比分别为28.12%和23.18%。3)耕地属性不变的7个有监测地块地下水NO₃^--N浓度均有不同程度升高,MW-3和MW-1地块超过地下水Ⅲ类水质标准;4)地下水NO₃^--N含量变化与地下水回补有一定关联。     

Evaluation of groundwater sustainability based on groundwater age simulation in the Zhangye Basin of Heihe River watershed,northwestern China

Water resources, as the primary limiting factor, constrain the economic and social development in arid inland areas. The Zhangye Basin is a representative area of inland river basins, which is located in the middle parts of the Heihe River watershed, northwestern China. Facing with the huge water shortage, people exploited ground- water at a large scale in recent years. The reducing recharge from surface water and over-exploitation of ground- water led to the decline of groundwater levels and threatened the sustainability of water resources. This study con- structed a conceptual and numerical groundwater flow model and calibrated the model based on the observed wells. A solute transport model was built using MT3DMS to calculate the groundwater age distribution in the Zhangye Basin. The simulated result shows that the youngest groundwater is distributed near the most upstream areas in the model domain, which is less than 1,000 a, older groundwater is distributed in deeper parts of the aquifer and near the discharge outlets, ranging from 6,000 a to over 20,000 a. Spatial variation of groundwater ages in the middle area indicates the recharge diversity between unconfined and confined aquifer. Groundwater age can serve as an indicator to evaluate groundwater’s renewal capacity and sustainability. The formation of groundwater resources in the lower stream area would spend 10,000 a or even more than 20,000 a, so exploitation of groundwater in these areas should be restrained.     

海河流域地下水开采初期数值模拟及水量平衡分析

海河流域平原区地下水长期过度开采已引起了严重的环境问题,水资源的不断枯竭也制约着当地经济的可持续发展,成为国家一直关注的问题。作为地下水管理的方法之一,建立了地下水数值模型。对海河流域平原区地下水开采初期状态作了模拟分析,模拟结果显示:该区域地下水年补给量为156.6亿m3,其中,山前侧渗17.5亿m3,降雨入渗补给136亿m3,河道入渗3.1亿m3;地下水的排泄途径为河道基流88.5亿m3,蒸散发50.1亿m3,排泄入海15.2亿m3,黄河内滩侧渗排出1.8亿m3,总排泄量为156亿m3,地下水收支基本平衡。地下水的总体流向为自北、西、南指向渤海湾,吻合于地形坡度变化。模拟结果为水资源管理和水环境修复提供数据依据。模型也为下一步地下水大量开采状态的模拟提供初始水头条件、地质物理参数和边界条件。     

Dynamics of groundwater recharge near a semi-arid Mediterranean intermittent stream under wet and normal climate conditions

In arid and semi-arid stream-dominated systems, the temporal variability in groundwater recharge has not been widely addressed. Various questions remain about the sources of groundwater recharge, its patterns, and the appropriate measuring techniques. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to assess the changes that might affect the pattern of groundwater recharge under wetter than normal surface water availability. Therefore, the groundwater depth was monitored near a semi-arid Mediterranean intermittent stream on the piedmont of the High Atlas Mountains in the mountain catchment of the Wadi Rheraya over two hydrological years (2014-2016) with different climate conditions: extreme wet and normal conditions. Groundwater recharge was assessed using the episodic master recession algorithm. During the two years, the pattern of groundwater recharge was dominated by episodic events and by a high seasonality from wet seasons to dry seasons. In the wet year (2014-2015), the highest groundwater recharge was recorded following an extreme flood, which deeply replenished groundwater. Furthermore, an exceptional steady state of the groundwater depth was induced by a steady groundwater recharge rate. For several groundwater recharge events, the assessed recharge had multiple sources, mainly from streamflow at the local scale, but possibly from precipitation, underflow, deep percolation or irrigation return from the upstream part of the catchment. Local recharge by streamflow was likely to be short-lived, and lateral recharge was likely to last longer. Consequently, the episodic master recession algorithm estimated the total groundwater recharge that could encompass various sources. In the future, more studies and multidisciplinary approaches should be carried out to partition these sources and determine their specific contributions. In semi-arid stream-dominated systems, different groundwater recharge patterns induced by extreme hydrological events (e.g., wet events) and various potential sources of groundwater recharge should be considered when assessing and predicting groundwater recharge.     

基于多变量时间序列模型的大安市地下水埋深预测

依据大安市2000—2009年的降水、蒸发、地下水开采量和地下水埋深等数据资料,首先利用主成分分析法确定了与地下水埋深相关性较大的影响因素,然后利用多变量时间序列CAR模型建立了大安市地下水埋深预测模型,并对模型进行验证,利用模型预测了地下水埋深。结果表明,农业用水量、降水量和蒸发量与地下水埋深的相关系数分别为:0.56,0.46,-0.13,三者对地下水埋深的贡献率分别为:43.09%,27.45%,21.39%,总贡献率达91.93%,是影响地下水埋深的主要因素。CAR模型预测的承压水埋深和潜水埋深与实际观测值之间的相对误差不超过5%。根据预测方案,当降水量减少10%,蒸发量增加9%,农业用水量增加11%时,承压水埋深将达到8.70 m,潜水埋深将达到4.55 m。干旱时期应适当减少农业开采量,增加地表水灌溉,减小土壤沙漠化发生的可能。     

新疆奎屯河流域地下水资源开发引起的生态环境问题及对策

简要介绍了奎屯河流域水文地质条件及"三水"转化特征,分析了地下水资源开发利用现状,进而对不合理开发利用地下水,引发的一系列生态环境负效应,如:区域地下水位下降,植被退化,土地沙化,土地盐渍化等进行了剖析。针对存在的问题,提出了奎屯河流域地下水资源合理开发利用对策及维持地下水位的生态意义。     

河谷区地下水人工回灌试验研究

河谷区采用现场坑灌和井灌试验,通过测定回灌量衰减和渗透系数的变化来分析回灌效果.坑灌回灌量中期衰减24%,后期衰减40%,在整个回灌过程中区域水位上升1.1～1.3 m,实际形成水丘规模很小,反映出试验层水平渗透能力强.井灌初期回灌量衰减33%,在后期基本稳定,但总趋势仍在衰减,含水层渗透系数以主孔为中心,由远到近渗透...     

黑河中游甘州区地下水埋深变化的时空分异

根据黑河中游甘州区地下水位埋深时间变化的相似性和差异性,选择了4个典型站点,分析其地下水埋深随时间的变化趋势及产生的原因。继而基于测井埋深时间序列变化的相似性、测井位置的临近性以及地下水补给的一致性,将整个研究区分成了4个分区。第Ⅰ分区地下水总体呈下降趋势,但波动性很大,且2001年以后地下水出现上升的迹象;第Ⅱ分区地下水位呈持续下降趋势;第Ⅲ分区地下水位在分水措施实施前缓慢下降,分水后地下水位显著下降;第Ⅳ分区地下水位呈先上升后下降的趋势。并对每个分区地下水位的变化从地下水的补给和利用等方面进行了阐述。     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.     

渠井结合灌区地下水位动态对变化环境的响应及敏感性分析

以陕西省泾惠渠灌区为研究区,运用线性趋势分析法及Spearman秩次相关检验法分析了灌区地下水系统外部环境因子的变化特征,建立了基于BP神经网络的灌区地下水位动态对变化环境的响应模型,并应用通径分析方法,进行了灌区地下水位动态的敏感性分析。结果表明:近30多年来,灌区降水量呈显著减少趋势,其线性倾斜率为2.09 mm·a-1,蒸发量减少趋势不明显,其线性倾斜率为0.04 mm·a-1;地表水灌溉引水量呈减小趋势,渠首农灌引水量20世纪90年代之前减少了41.6%;地下水开采量减少了39.7%,渠井用水比例减小了33.9%;地下水位埋深不断增大,近31 a来地下水位累计下降了11.88 m;地下水位埋深模拟的平均相对误差为4.52%,检验的平均相对误差为2.23%,误差均在可接受范围之内;敏感性变化环境因子最大为渠井用水比例,最小为降水量。     

疏勒河流域水资源特征及开发利用存在的问题

疏勒河流域是目前甘肃省移民和农业开发的重点地区 ,也是“再造河西”战略实施水资源潜力最大的地区。随着移民范围和开发程度的迅速增大 ,进一步提高流域水源及其循环转化关系的研究程度 ,及时发现水资源开发利用过程中存在的问题迫在眉睫。本文在广泛收集有关水文、水利化现状资料和实际调查数据的基础上 ,计算和评价了疏勒河流域的降水资源、冰川资源、地表水资源、地下水资源 (包括地下水补给资源、允许开采资源、储存资源 )、水资源总量的数量和特征 ,评价和分析了水资源开发利用现状及存在的问题     

民勤绿洲地下水环境动态研究

根据民勤绿洲1999～2008年51眼地下水位观测井资料和2010年采集的30个地下水水样资料,利用传统统计学和地统计学分析方法对该地区新时期地下水位时空变化动态和地下水化学特性进行了研究。结果表明:民勤绿洲地下水位近10年来总体呈逐年下降的趋势,年均降幅达0.52m;在引黄民调工程、石羊河流域分水方案等政策措施的影响下,2005、2007和2008年地下水位降幅均呈现减小趋势,并在2007年首次出现0.01m的回升;坝区和泉山区地下水位年均降幅较湖区分别高0.23m和0.52m,下降速度明显快于湖区;整个绿洲区地下水平均矿化度为3.34g/L,沿地下水流动方向,地下水化学类型变化较大,由坝区和泉山区南部的SO42--HCO-3-Na+或SO42--HCO-3-Ca2+型淡水-微咸水逐渐变为湖区的SO2-4-C1--Na+-Mg2+咸水-苦咸水。     

沈阳市城区地下水位调控模拟研究

针对沈阳市城区地下水位不断上升、地下水资源开发利用不合理等问题,通过GMS建立地下水流数值模型,根据模型模拟预测结果和沈阳市城区实际情况提出合理的地下水开采方案,以达到有效调控地下水位的目的,此方案下地下水开采量为1440900m3/d,该方案保留了李巴彦水源地,并在全区范围内合理降低地下水位,为防治地下水有关灾害和地下水资源的优化管理提供了科学依据。     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线地下水空间变异性及分布规律研究

塔里木沙漠公路防护林生态工程是新疆防沙、治沙重大工程之一,就其建设长度和规模来讲,可谓世界之最。文中通过地下水位测量、地下水样水化学分析等数据,对防护林沿线的地下水空间变异性特征及地下水要素的空间分布规律进行了探讨,目的是为防护林带的正常生长提供理论依据和技术支撑。分析表明:在小于当前研究尺度下,影响地下水特征变异的过程作用较强。地下水埋深在整个尺度上具有恒定的变异,沿线区域北部的地下水埋深小于南部;地下水矿化度表现为中等的空间相关性,高矿化度水集中在沙漠北部;地下水pH值的空间相关性很弱,高值交替出现,最大值出现在沙漠中部位置。