雏鸡接种新城疫Ⅱ系苗后细胞免疫状态及淋巴细胞转化试验较佳测定条件的研究

雏鸡接种新城疫Ⅱ系苗后,细胞免疫功能表现为首免后有增强趋势,二免后升到极显著水平。采用微量全血培养~3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷(~3H-TdR)掺入法,以植物血凝素(PHA)为刺激原,确定鸡淋巴细胞转化试验的较佳测定条件为:用含5％犊牛血清的RPMI-1640培养液2ml,血量为25μl,刺激管PHA为0.4ml,置41.5℃培养36小时,并在培养结束前18小时加入~3H-TdR。     

枸杞多糖对雏鸡淋巴细胞体外增殖及分泌IL-2的影响

为探讨枸杞多糖(LBP)对雏鸡T、B淋巴细胞体外增殖的影响,将不同浓度的LBP分别加入到用植物血凝素(PHA)刺激的体外培养的雏鸡胸腺、外周血、脾脏淋巴细胞中,以及用细菌脂多糖(LPS)刺激的体外培养的雏鸡法氏囊、外周血、脾脏淋巴细胞中,分别用MTT比色法和ELISA法测定淋巴细胞增殖的变化以及IL-2的分泌量.结果显示:(1)LBP在一定浓度范围内时,均能刺激T、B淋巴细胞的增殖和促进IL-2的分泌,且随着多糖浓度的增加而增加；(2)LBP对同一器官来源的T、B淋巴细胞的OD值随着雏鸡日龄的增长均呈现增长趋势；(3)同浓度LBP对相同日龄雏鸡胸腺T淋巴细胞和法氏囊B淋巴细胞的OD值均高于外周血和脾脏的T、B淋巴细胞OD值.结果表明LBP能够促进雏鸡淋巴细胞的增殖和IL-2的分泌,并且对淋巴细胞增殖的促进作用有一定的量效、时效关系和组织相关性.     

水溶性苜蓿多糖对肉仔鸡T、B淋巴细胞体外增殖的影响

为探讨水溶性苜蓿多糖(WSAP)对体外培养的肉仔鸡淋巴细胞增殖的影响。本研究将不同浓度的WSAP分别加入到体外培养的用伴刀豆球蛋白A(ConA)刺激的肉仔鸡外周血、胸腺、脾脏淋巴细胞中和用细菌脂多糖(LPS)刺激的肉仔鸡外周血、脾脏、法氏囊淋巴细胞中,培养48h后用四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定淋巴细胞增殖的变化。结果显示:(1)在本试验中,当WSAP在一定浓度范围(4～20μg·mL-1)内时,T、B淋巴细胞的OD值比对照组高,且随着多糖浓度的增加,数值先增高(1～20μg·mL-1)后降低(100～200μg·mL-1);(2)同浓度WSAP对肉仔鸡外周血及不同的免疫器官的刺激强度不同,相同日龄时,肉仔鸡外周血和脾脏T、B淋巴细胞的OD值分别小于胸腺和法氏囊的OD值;(3)WSAP对相同日龄的肉仔鸡外周血及不同的免疫器官的最佳刺激浓度不同,对外周血的最佳刺激浓度为20μg·mL-1,脾脏为8μg·mL-1,法氏囊和胸腺为15μg·mL-1。本试验中WSAP对肉仔鸡体外淋巴细胞增殖的刺激浓度在8、15、20μg·mL-1时效果较好,这些结果表明一定浓度的WSAP可以促进肉仔鸡淋巴细胞的增殖,且存在一定的量效、时效关系和组织特异性。     

囊素对猪外周血单个核细胞的免疫刺激活性研究

囊素是存在于禽腔上囊中能诱导B细胞分化的活性肽类物质,其化学组成为三肽Lys-His-Gly-NH2。本试验探讨了猪外周血单个核细胞的分离培养条件,并研究了人工合成的囊素对体外培养的猪外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）的免疫刺激活性。采用猪PBMC体外增殖实验,3H-脱氧胸苷（3H-TdR）掺入法测定刺激指数（SI）。结果表明,用猪淋巴细胞分离液（1.110g/cm3）在1500r/min、30min条件下细胞得率及细胞活力最高,分别为7.26×107、91.5%。体外培养的PBMC经不同浓度的囊素刺激24h后,细胞体积明显增大、数目增多,在同一视野中细胞聚集成团的数目明显增多。4μg囊素/孔与8μg囊素/孔组每分钟脉冲数（cpm值）分别达821.60±6.90和916.70±9.25,刺激指数（SI值）分别达4.32±0.12、4.83±0.15,表明囊素对体外培养的猪PBMC具有明显的免疫刺激活性,且在一定浓度范围内囊素对猪PBMC的免疫刺激活性有剂量依赖关系。     

两种抗艾滋病药物对马传贫病毒的体外抑制作用

探讨了抗艾滋病病毒药物3′-叠氮3-脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷及三氮唑核苷在马传贫病毒(EIAV)-驴胎皮肤细胞培养系统中对EIAV的抑制作用。通过细胞病变观察及培养物病毒抗原活性的测定表明,上述两种药物对EIAV有明显的抑制作用。     

AA肉鸡免疫禽流感油乳剂灭活疫苗细胞免疫应答的变化

为了解肉鸡生长期内免疫前后的细胞免疫反应,本实验采用CD3/CD4/CD8三色流式细胞术、MTT法和Griess法依次检测了AA肉鸡免疫禽流感灭活疫苗和非免疫状态下外周血、胸腺和脾脏中T淋巴细胞及其亚群的相对含量、外周血中T淋巴细胞对PHA-P的增殖反应能力和诱导巨噬细胞NO分泌量的变化。结果表明,非免疫状态下,AA肉鸡外周血CD4+、CD8+、CD3+T淋巴细胞相对百分含量在7日龄时均为最低,脾脏中CD4+T淋巴细胞相对百分含量在整个试验期一直呈下降趋势,免疫后外周血、脾脏和胸腺中CD4+、CD8+、CD3+T淋巴细胞相对百分含量均明显高于非免疫组,且脾脏CD4+T淋巴细胞呈阶段性上升状态;各时期淋巴细胞刺激指数(SI)值和巨噬细胞NO分泌量检测结果表明,免疫组均高于同期对照组(p<0.05)。研究结果还表明:肉鸡在7日龄时细胞免疫水平最低,灭活疫苗可以激发肉鸡产生较强的细胞免疫应答。     

3H-TdR掺入法检测鸡不同组织淋巴细胞增殖反应的条件优化

为了检测感染免疫抑制病毒后鸡群的细胞免疫变化,以建立的3H-TdR掺入法观察了外周血、脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊中淋巴细胞的增殖反应,对影响该方法的细胞密度、丝裂原浓度(ConA或LPS)、犊牛血清(FCS)浓度等条件进行优化.结果表明,外周血淋巴细胞增殖试验的最佳条件细胞105～106/mL,ConA 5 mg/L,FCS 10%;脾脏中淋巴细胞最佳条件细胞5×106/mL,ConA 10 mg/L,FCS 10%;胸腺中淋巴细胞最佳条件细胞106/mL,ConA 40 mg/L,FCS 10%;法氏囊中淋巴细胞最佳条件细胞5×106/mL,LPS 40 mg/L,FCS 10%.     

3种植物多糖对鸡外周血和脾脏淋巴细胞体外增殖作用的影响

本试验旨在比较3种植物多糖对鸡外周血T淋巴细胞和脾脏B淋巴细胞体外增强免疫活性的研究.通过酶学检测法测定3种植物多糖对鸡胚成纤维细胞的安全浓度,MTT法比较3种植物多糖单独刺激和PHA协同刺激对鸡外周血T淋巴细胞增殖指数的影响,同时比较3种植物多糖单独刺激及与LPS协同刺激对鸡脾脏B淋巴细胞增殖率的影响.结果显示,黄芪多糖和桑叶多糖具有较高的细胞安全浓度,在64~512 μg/mL时,3种植物多糖对鸡外周血T淋巴细胞和脾脏B淋巴细胞的增殖作用较强.结果表明,3种植物多糖对鸡外周血和脾脏淋巴细胞都有不同程度的体外增殖作用,其中黄芪多糖的增殖作用最强,桑叶多糖其次,山药多糖最差.     

PRRSV特异性肽对猪骨髓、脾脏、胸腺、肺门淋巴结中T细胞表型的影响

通过猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)特异性肽PRRSV-GP5(GP5aa96-104)、PRRSV-N(Naa49-57)刺激PRRS免疫后的仔猪骨髓、脾脏、胸腺、肺门淋巴结,用流式细胞仪检测T淋巴细胞表型的变化。结果显示:(1)骨髓和脾脏T细胞受到刺激时,首先转化为以CD4~+ T细胞为主,而胸腺和肺门淋巴结主要转化为以CD8~+ T细胞为主,并产生CD4~+ CD8~+ T细胞。其中,胸腺和肺门淋巴结中CD4的降低为一过性降低。(2)N特异性肽对骨髓CD3~+ 和CD4~+ CD8~+ T细胞有抑制作用,对脾脏和肺门淋巴结中的CD3~+ T细胞有促进作用,该抑制作用在48h后得以改善。(3)胸腺中T淋巴细胞转化能力最持久。(4)骨髓中T淋巴细胞开始以CD4~+ T细胞为主,后转为以CD8~+ T细胞为主。这为进一步研究有效防制PRRS的途径提供理论数据。     

赤灵芝多糖对鸡淋巴细胞增殖的影响

为探讨赤灵芝多糖(Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides,GLP)对体外培养鸡外周血淋巴细胞、脾脏淋巴细胞增殖的影响,将不同浓度的GLP单独或协同伴刀豆素球蛋白(Con A)刺激仔鸡外周血淋巴细胞、脾脏淋巴细胞,采用MTT法测定淋巴细胞增殖的变化。结果表明,单独刺激外周血淋巴细胞时,GLP在0.070~2.25 mg/m L的剂量范围内,其吸光度值均显著大于细胞对照组(P0.05),协同Con A刺激外周血淋巴细胞时,GLP+Con A组在0.141~2.25 mg/m L吸光度值显著大于Con A对照组(P0.05)。单独刺激脾脏淋巴细胞时,GLP在0.035~2.25 mg/m L浓度时的吸光度值显著大于细胞对照组(P0.05),协同Con A刺激脾脏淋巴细胞时,GLP+Con A组在0.035~2.25 mg/m L吸光度值显著大于Con A对照组(P0.05)。提示,GLP在体外不仅能单独刺激鸡淋巴细胞增殖,与Con A具有协同刺激作用,且在一定范围内呈现明显的量效关系。     

重组鸡白细胞介素18(rChIL-18)对MDV感染SPF鸡细胞免疫的影响

用马立克氏病病毒（MDV）感染5日龄SPF鸡后,取21日龄和35日龄鸡的淋巴细胞,运用3H-TdR掺入法检测T淋巴细胞对ConA和重组鸡白细胞介素18（rChIL-18）的反应,并用MTT法检测NK细胞和CTL对MD肿瘤细胞系CU147的杀伤活性及rChIL-18和IFN-γ对它们的作用。结果显示,SPF鸡感染MDV后淋转水平显著下降,NK细胞、CTL杀伤活性在感染后21日龄时升高,而在35日龄时NK细胞杀伤活性显著下降。rChIL-18对对照组和感染组SPF鸡的淋转水平和杀伤活性均有提高作用,同样IFN-γ也具有提高NK细胞和CTL杀伤活性的作用。     

Modulation of sheep lymphocyte responses by Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products

The effect of Fasciola hepatica excretory-secretory products (FhESPs) on mitogen-induced proliferation of sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and PBMC subsets (CD2(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadeltaTCR(+) or CD21(+) cells) were studied. PBMCs were incubated with Concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at optimal (1 microg per well) or suboptimal (0.25 microg per well) doses and with FhESPs at several doses (1.25-20 microg per well). PBMC subsets were incubated with ConA at a suboptimal dose and with FhESPs at 5 microg per well. These cells were incubated with or without monocytes (CD14(+) cell). FhESPs slightly increased the proliferation of PBMCs stimulated with optimal doses of PHA. FhESPs (10 and 20 microg per well) inhibited the PBMCs stimulated with optimal doses of ConA. FhESP dose-dependent inhibition was observed on PBMCs stimulated with suboptimal doses of ConA. CD21(+) lymphocytes (B lymphocytes), CD14(+) cells (monocytes) and gammadeltaTCR(+) cells were not stimulated by ConA. T lymphocyte subsets (CD2(+), CD4(+) or CD8(+) cells) proliferation was decreased by FhESPs at 5 microg per well. FhESPs inhibits the ConA-induced stimulation of sheep PBMCs and sheep T lymphocyte subsets. Further studies should be done to investigate the mechanism of this FhESP immunomodulatory effect.     

Performance of a whole blood interferon-gamma assay for detection and eradication of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep

Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), a chronic bacterial disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, could be controlled by eradication of infected carriers. This study aimed at validation of a whole blood interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Bovigam, Pfizer) in naturally infected sheep for use in eradication of infection from a flock. This assay used formalin-inactivated whole bacterial cells as antigen. The sensitivity of the whole cell assay was improved by increasing both the volume of blood and the number of bacterial cells. The assay was validated in experimentally infected sheep and in a flock of known-negative sheep, as well as in a naturally infected flock, a proportion of which was vaccinated with a commercial CLA vaccine. An optical density (540nm) (OD) cut-off of 0.09 was effective in classifying animals as test positive or negative in the naturally infected flock, although there was variation in OD between visits, notably with weakly reacting animals. The test had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 98%. Postmortem data supported the results in test-negative animals. Visit-to-visit variation in IFN-gamma EIA OD in the naturally infected flock as well as CLA disease status was used to develop an algorithm for the eradication of CLA from a known infected flock. The whole blood IFN-gamma assay shows promise for eradication of caseous lymphadenitis from sheep flocks.     

Humoral and cellular immune responses of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

Cellular and humoral immune responses of pigs inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were investigated at postinoculation weeks (PIW) 2, 4, and 6. The response of blood lymphocytes (BL) and bronchial lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) to stimulation by M hyopneumoniae antigens was evaluated by a lymphocyte-stimulation test. Specific antibodies in serum and lung washing samples were assayed by ELISA. Immunoglobulin-positive cells in lungs and bronchial lymph nodes were identified by indirect fluorescent antibody test, using isotype-specific monoclonal antibodies. At PIW 0 to 6, BL from control and M hyopneumoniae-inoculated pigs were stimulated by M hyopneumoniae cells; however, BL from inoculated pigs generally had higher stimulation indices, especially at PIW 6. The response of LNL was influenced by previous exposure to M hyopneumoniae, as indicated by higher stimulation indices (P less than 0.01) of LNL from inoculated pigs killed at PIW 2 and 6. Specific ELISA antibodies to M hyopneumoniae in lung washings from inoculated pigs consisted mainly of IgG and IgA isotypes. Examination of lung sections by indirect immunofluorescence revealed that cells producing IgM and IgA were in controls as well as M hyopneumoniae-inoculated pigs, but IgG-positive cells were only in lungs of inoculated pigs. Resolution of pneumonia appeared to correlate with development of increased sensitization of BL, as well as development of marked increases in immunoglobulins, particularly IgG in lung washings at PIW 6.     

Bovine leukosis virus in sheep,lymphocyte modification and surface-immunoglobulin-bearing cell numbers

Lymphocytes from sheep experimentally infected with bovine leukosis virus (BLV) and from non-infected normal sheep were examined for the presence of surface Ig by an immunofluorescence test. Surface Ig-bearing lymphocytes in blood from BLV-infected sheep increased when lymphocyte counts of blood were elevated in comparison with normal animals. The mitogen stimulation of cultured lymphocytes from BLV-infected sheep and from non-infected normal sheep was determined by measuring ³H-thymidine incorporation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from BLV-infected leukemic sheep with elevated PBL counts responded poorly to phytohemagglutinin M and concanavalin A but responded well to lipopolysaccharide compared with lymphocytes from uninfected animals. In BLV-infected preleukemic sheep with low PBL counts, stimulation indices of mitogen responses of lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin M, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen were low compared with those of lymphocytes from uninfected animals. The results indicated that B cells were affected by BLV infection in sheep as suggested by the increased number of surface Ig-bearing lymphocytes and that significant alteration of mitogen stimulation of lymphocytes occured in sheep with BLV infection.     

Serological diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection in sheep using cyst fluid antigen processed by antibody affinity chromatography

Serum antibody responses in sheep naturally or experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus and/or other larval cestodes were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with various antigens prepared from sheep hydatid cyst fluid ( SHCF ). Serum donors included: sheep experimentally infected with E. granulosus and their age-matched non-infected controls; sheep experimentally infected with other helminth parasites; sheep naturally infected with E. granulosus both from Tasmania and the Australian mainland; sheep from Tasmania naturally infected with larval cestodes other than E. granulosus; and naturally reared sheep completely free from infection with larval cestodes. Attempts were made to eliminate serological reactions which were not specific for E. granulosus by using a series of antibody affinity chromatography steps to deplete crude SHCF antigen; these included adsorption with a monoclonal antibody, 3EgH 29-2, removal of host IgG using rabbit anti-sheep IgG antibody, and removal of antigens which bound non-specifically to normal sheep immunoglobulin. The final affinity-depleted antigen product was designated AD SHCF . Specific serological reactivity in infected sheep was very low. Affinity depletion of SHCF using 3EgH 29-2 did not appear to increase the specificity of serological diagnosis of E. granulosus infection when experimentally infected sheep were compared with their non-infected controls provided the latter were age-matched with experimental animals. The other affinity adsorption steps significantly reduced non-specific background binding to antigen by normal sheep serum. Despite this reduction in background in the ELISA, only low levels of antibody could be detected in naturally-infected sheep.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

cDNA cloning, sequencing and characterization of bovine pim-1

The cDNA clone of bovine pim-1 has been isolated from phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and concanavalin A (ConA)-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The full-length cDNA contains a 411bp 5' untranslated region (5'-UTR), followed by a 939bp coding region and a 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) that contains 1403bp. Comparison of the bovine pim-1 coding sequence with the human, rat, mouse, frog and zebrafish counterparts reveals 94, 90, 89, 67 and 40% homology at the nucleotide level, respectively. The predicted amino acid sequence of bovine Pim-1 shares 98.7, 97.1, 93.3, 68.8, and 52.4% similarity with the sequences of human, rat, mouse, frog, and zebrafish, respectively. The 5'-UTR of bovine pim-1 shares high sequence similarity to the human and mouse counterparts and is G/C-rich (75%) which may promote a high degree of secondary structure. The 3'-UTR of bovine pim-1 contains two potential polyadenylation sites and an A/T-rich motif which has been shown to decrease the stability of polyA mRNA molecules. Southern blot results indicate that a single copy of the gene exists in the bovine genome. Northern blot results show that PMA stimulation of PBLs increases the expression of the pim-1 mRNA. In addition, examination of Pim-1 protein expression in PBLs stimulated with a variety of mitogens including ConA, PMA, anti-CD3 and purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, reveals two different types of expression patterns during the course of a 24h period of stimulation. ConA and PPD gave a biphasic pattern of expression while PMA and anti-CD3 gave single transient pattern of expression suggesting that expression is controlled by more than one signaling pathway.     

Detection of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in the chicken

3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation assay has been generally used to measure lymphocyte proliferation in the chicken. Disadvantages of this assay are that radioisotope is biological hazard to the person and environment and that it can not measure which subset of lymphocytes proliferates. In this study, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay by flow cytometry was compared with 3H-TdR incorporation assay. As a result, BrdU incorporation assay showed a strong correlation with 3H-TdR incorporation assay, and it could be applied simultaneously to detect BrdU incorporation and expression of cell surface marker antigens. These results suggest that the BrdU incorporation assay by flow cytometry is useful to analyze lymphocyte proliferation in detail.     

Quantification of PCV2 capsid transcript in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in vitro

The presence of PCV2 DNA or spliced capsid mRNA (Cap mRNA) for viral replication was assessed following addition of PCV2 to resting or concanavalin A (ConA) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Real-time PCR or real-time RT-PCR assays were used to measure viral DNA or Cap mRNA, respectively. The study demonstrated that PCV2 replication increased in infected PBMCs over time. Replication within infected PBMCs was significantly (P<0.05) increased when PBMCs were stimulated with ConA, compared to unstimulated PBMCs. The data showed a strong correlation between the level of PCV2 Cap mRNA and the level of viral DNA in the ConA stimulated PBMCs. Replication of PCV2 was also assessed in T lymphocyte- and monocyte/macrophage-enriched or monocyte/macrophage-depleted PBMC populations which had been stimulated with ConA for 3 days. It was demonstrated that the enriched T lymphocytes and the monocyte/macrophage-depleted PBMCs had significantly higher Cap mRNA and viral DNA levels (P<0.05) compared to the monocyte/macrophage-enriched population, indicating that in addition to monocytes/macrophages, PCV2 replicates in lymphocytes, particularly T lymphocytes following stimulation. These results suggest that the presence of activated T lymphocytes may play an important role in PCV2 replication and potentially the development of clinical disease.     

Antibodies to the CP24 protein of Brucella melitensis lack diagnostic usefulness in ovine brucellosis

The potential diagnostic usefulness of antibodies to the ribosome recycling factor of Brucella melitensis (CP24) was assessed in sheep by an indirect ELISA with purified recombinant CP24. Sera from uninfected animals from the UK (n=44) and from local flocks (n=42), from sheep naturally infected with B. melitensis (n=12) or B. ovis (n=12), and from lambs (n=7) or pregnant ewes (n=6) vaccinated with B. melitensis Rev-1, were assayed. High specific optical densities (OD(with antigen) - OD(without antigen)) were obtained with both the groups of normal sera, which resulted in high cut-off values (1.414 and 1.267, respectively). Only two infected sheep yielded specific OD higher than these cut-off values. No significant difference was found between mean specific OD from B. melitensis- or B. ovis-infected sheep (0.574 and 0.472, respectively), those from vaccinated animals (0.396 and 0.400 for pregnant ewes and lambs, respectively), and those from Brucella-free animals. An inhibition ELISA with soluble CP24 confirmed the specificity of the antibodies detected in normal sera by the indirect ELISA; these antibodies belonged to the IgG class as revealed by the use of a specific conjugate. Sera from infected sheep were all positive for antibodies against lipopolysaccharides and lumazine synthase from Brucella. These results show that anti-CP24 antibodies have no diagnostic role in ovine brucellosis.