广东孔江国家湿地公园1 hm~2针阔叶混交林样地群落组成与结构研究

天然针阔混交林是广东孔江国家湿地公园的地带性植被,具重要生态和经济价值。为深入了解天然针阔混交林群落的结构特征和物种多样性维持机制,在广东孔江国家湿地公园内建立了1 hm 2的森林长期监测型固定样地,对其物种组成、结构及其多样性特征进行研究,结果表明:在总面积1 hm2的样方中,共记录到胸径≥1 cm的植株6 212株,隶属43科69属77种。以茜草科、樟科和山茶科为优势科,马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、木荷(Schima superba)和黄樟(Cinnamomum parthenoxylon)为优势种。样地内所有植株平均胸径为4.71 cm,群落径级分布呈"J"型,群落结构总体稳定;马尾松、白花苦灯笼(Tarenna mollissima)、酸味子(Antidesma japonicum)的空间分布呈较强的聚集性;木荷、油茶(Camellia oleifera)的分布较均匀。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数较高,样地的物种种类较多,植株分布的均匀。群落结构总体稳定。     

冰雪灾害后生态公益林乔木层物种结构变化

于2008年冰雪灾害后在福建省宁化县水茜乡生态公益林内常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林代表地段设置固定样地,探讨封育对冰雪灾害后的次生幼龄林乔木物种结构的变化。结果表明:经5 a封育,乔木层物种丰富度指数明显增加,自然恢复为以壳斗科、山茶科、樟科、杉科、安息香科等物种为建群种或共建种的次生常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林。随着封育的延续,针阔混交林往常绿阔叶林方向发展,使林分形成一个稳定的顶级森林群落。     

广东罗浮山省级自然保护区不同林型群落结构及物种多样性研究

基于2018年对广东罗浮山省级自然保护区5种典型植物群落物种调查数据,分析了各群落的物种组成、垂直结构,选取物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及Pielou均匀度指数描述植被多样性特征。结果表明:不同林型植被监测样地共记录野生维管植物210种,分属于81科158属,其中,蕨类植物有10科10属11种,珍稀濒危保护植物4种。优势物种主要包括马尾松、木荷、黄樟、密花树等。通过群落聚类分析和群落乔木层主要优势种重要值排序分析,可将16个样地聚为3种森林植被类型、5种群落类型,包括马尾松针叶林、马尾松+木荷针阔混交林、黄樟+华润楠+青冈常绿阔叶林、华润楠-密花树常绿阔叶林、密花树山顶矮林。群落垂直结构可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层、层间藤本4个层次,乔木上层的建群种主要是黄樟、马尾松,乔木中层常见的优势种有罗浮柿、密花树和木荷,乔木下层高1～5 m,优势种主要有密花树、豺皮樟等。不同群落植物多样性和结构差异明显,季风常绿和山地常绿阔叶林的物种丰富度指数明显高于针叶林、针阔叶混交林和山顶矮林。     

冀西北小五台山区针阔混交林样地监测分析及对策研究

为搞清小五台山区针阔混交林林分结构以及影响其生长的因素,通过选取林分类型为天然次生林中针阔混交林具有代表性的臭冷杉-桦树建立1 hm~2生态样地,调查并记录树高≥1.5 m的乔木名称、胸径、树高、冠幅、枝下高、坐标等,挂牌作为永久标记;同时对幼苗更新、乔灌草种类等进行调查。通过对设置样地的监测,分析不同林分类型空间分布格局(包括单种内空间格局分析和种间关系分析)和不同林分类型物种组成及多样性(包括物种组成分析和物种多样性分析),对林下幼苗更新、森林生态系统健康分析和林分密度及立地条件对典型群落影响的研究等,针对所存在问题进行分析并提出相应的解决建议。     

平潭岛不同演替阶段植被群落物种多样性特征

以平潭岛天然次生林为研究对象,分析灌草丛、针叶林、针叶混交林、常绿阔叶林群落的物种组成、重要值、物种多样性特征的变化,探讨平潭岛与邻近海岛和大陆的群落物种多样性差异。结果表明:4种群落类型共有53科89属104种植物,群落类型间及各层次的丰富度、多样性、均匀度从灌草丛到针阔混交林阶段呈上升趋势,阔叶林阶段呈下降趋势。群落各层次的丰富度、多样性变化,乔木层为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林;灌木层为针阔混交林>针叶林>常绿阔叶林>灌草丛;草本层为针阔混交林>常绿阔叶林>针叶林>灌草丛。单因素方差分析,乔木层丰富度、多样性、均匀度在针阔混交林和针叶林呈显著性差异(P<0.05);灌木层和草本层多样性在针阔混交林与灌草丛和常绿阔叶林呈显著性差异(P<0.05)。平潭岛群落物种多样性水平明显低于普陀山岛和大陆。     

基于2017年森林资源连续清查样地的广东省典型植被型植物多样性研究

为了揭示广东7 种典型的植被型植物多样性的差异及其规律。从广东省森林资源连续清查固定样地中抽取267 个有林地的固定样地开展植物多样性调查调查,以Margalef 指数作为物种丰富度指标、以Shannon-Wiener 指数作为物种多样性指标、以Pielou 指数作为均匀度指标对每种植被型的乔木层、灌木层和草本层进行植物多样性评价。结果显示：乔木层的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数总体呈现出常绿阔叶林＞常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞暖性针阔混交林＞热性针阔混交林＞暖性针叶林＞热性针叶林＞阔叶林型（人工植被）;灌木层的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数总体表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞热性针阔混交林＞暖性针叶林＞暖性针阔混交林＞常绿阔叶林＞阔叶林型（人工植被）＞热性针叶林;草本层的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数总体趋势为热性针阔混交林＞常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞阔叶林型（人工植被）＞热性针叶林＞常绿阔叶林＞暖性针叶林＞暖性针阔混交林。     

太行山南麓锐齿槲栎-油松混交林竞争关系与空间格局

【目的】探究太行山南麓针阔混交林内植物的竞争关系及空间格局,以期更好地理解针阔混交林种内、种间相互作用,为生物多样性保护和森林生态系统管理提供一定的指导作用。【方法】在河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区内设置1 hm2锐齿槲栎-油松混交林固定监测样地,调查样地内所有木本植物（DBH≥2 cm）的物种名、胸径、坐标等。通过计算可知样地内锐齿槲栎和油松的重要值较高且平均胸径较大,进一步采用Hegyi单木竞争指数和g(r)函数分别研究混交林内优势种锐齿槲栎和油松的竞争强度和空间分布格局。【结果】1）混交林样地内所有木本植物径级结构呈倒“J”型曲线,且在小尺度上聚集分布,大尺度上随机分布;2）锐齿槲栎种群的径级结构呈“J”型曲线,不同径级个体在样地内都呈随机分布,平均种内竞争强度大于平均种间竞争强度,且小径级（DBH≤5 cm）个体所受竞争压力最大,平均种内、种间竞争指数CI分别为13.47和10.08;3）油松种群径级结构近似正态分布,全部个体在样地内呈聚集分布,油松的平均种内竞争强度大于平均种间竞争强度,小径级（DBH≤5 cm）个体所受竞争压力最大,其平均种内、种间竞争指数CI分别为18.9...     

采伐干扰对吉林蛟河针阔混交林生产力稳定性的影响

【目的】研究采伐干扰对吉林蛟河天然次生针阔混交林林分生产力稳定性的影响,以期为针阔混交林的可持续经营提供理论依据。【方法】2011年7月在吉林蛟河建立4块1 hm²的针阔混交林采伐样地,2011年12月进行抚育采伐,采伐强度为2.7%～77.6%,平均值为39.2%,并于2013、2015和2018年复测保留木,利用样地中100个连续样方的木本植物数据,通过线性回归模型分析采伐强度、林分密度、土壤养分、林木大小分化（胸径Shannon-Wiener指数）和物种多样性（物种Simpson指数）与生产力稳定性的相关性;运用方差分解分析比较不同变量对生产力稳定性的贡献;进而利用结构方程模型探讨采伐对林木大小分化、物种多样性和生产力稳定性的影响及林木大小分化、物种多样性和生产力稳定性之间的关系。【结果】采伐强度与生产力稳定性无显著关系,物种多样性和林木大小分化与生产力稳定性均呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,林分密度对生产力稳定性有显著负影响（P<0.05）。在方差分解中,物种多样性单独解释生产力稳定性的19.5%;林分密度和林木大小分化对生产力稳定性的贡献率分别...     

浙江省生态公益林物种多样性时空格局研究

通过380个浙江省生态公益林中常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林、松林、杉木林4种主要森林群落的典型样地调查,对不同群落类型物种多样性的时空格局进行研究,结果表明:在空间格局上不同群落类型物种多样性存在较大差异,乔木层多样性指数以针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为最高;针阔混交林的下木层物种数最高,其次是常绿阔叶林,但下木层各指数在各林型间均无显著差异;杉木林下草本层物种数指数最高,松林草本层各项指数都最低。从时间格局分析,不同群落类型的多样性指数随年龄变化各不相同,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层物种数在幼龄-中龄-近熟阶段趋势一致,均为先大幅增加然后略有下降,两种针叶林型的物种数都相对稳定;4种主要群落类型的乔木层Simpson生态优势度指数D,常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林随时间变化趋势一致,均为先增加后略有下降再增加,且显著高于同年龄级的针叶林;常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林乔木层Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′随时间各异,但都极显著高于同年龄级针叶林的指数。常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林群落物种组成丰富、多样性指数高,是浙江省生态公益林的理想群落与目的群落。     

翁源青云山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林群落结构和区系特征

[目的]研究青云山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林的群落结构和区系特征,为该区域森林生态系统及生物多样性保护提供参考。[方法]参照CTFS的调查技术规范,于2016年在广东翁源青云山省级自然保护区内设置了14个40 m×40 m的森林固定样地,对样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行每木调查。[结果]样地内共有胸径≥1 cm的木本植物216种、13 630株,分属52科110属;稀有种和偶见种分别占总种数的28.70%和43.98%。样地以杉木、木荷、罗浮柿、毛棉杜鹃花、黧蒴锥、栲、罗浮锥、米槠、华润楠、鼠刺、毛竹和甜槠为优势种,以樟科、山茶科、大戟科、金缕梅科、木兰科、蔷薇科、壳斗科、禾本科为优势科。52个科可划分为9个分布区类型,以热带性质为主,占总科数的65.39%,温带性质占总科数的15.38%;110个属可分为12个分类区类型,以热带性质为主,占总属数的70.00%,温带性质占总属数的26.36%。样地内所有个体径级结构呈倒"J"形分布,有丰富的小径级植株;记录到的物种数随起测胸径的增大而逐渐减少,无明显断层现象,群落总体更新良好,呈稳定增长型。[结论]青云山自然保护区亚热带常绿阔叶林群落物种组成丰富,群落总体更新良好并处于演替初期。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.