肉牛育种目标的经济导向

人们普遍认为,设计结构化育种方案的首要步骤是肉牛的育种目标,其发展可分为以下阶段:规范的育种、生产和销售系统,商业收入和费用支出来源,确定生物性状对收入和费用支出的影响,衍生的经济价值,育种选择标准,预估的表型特征和遗传参数。本文旨在综述肉牛养殖目标的发展及经济价值的导向。     

Production objectives and breeding goals of Sahiwal cattle keepers in Kenya and implications for a breeding programme

The Sahiwal breed has been used for upgrading the East African Zebu (EAZ) for improved milk production and growth performance in the southern rangelands of Kenya. Main users of this breed are Maasai pastoralists. Until now, there has been no deliberate effort to understand why these pastoralists specifically prefer to keep Sahiwal genetic resources as well as which traits are considered important by them and what is the underlying reason for this. However, this information is regarded vital for further development of the breed. A survey was conducted between May and October 2009 among Maasai pastoralists in Kajiado and Narok counties in the Southern part of Kenya, and private ranches and government farms to identify production objectives and breeding goals of Sahiwal cattle producers. Sahiwal genetic resources were mainly kept for domestic milk production and for revenue generation through milk sales and live animals. To a limited extent, they were kept for breeding and also for multiple objectives that included insurance against risks and social functions. Production aims were influenced to varying extents by various household and farmer characteristics. Sahiwal cattle and their crosses were generally perceived to be better with respect to productive traits and fertility traits when compared to the EAZ. However, the EAZ was rated higher with respect to adaptation traits. The breeding objective traits of primary importance were high milk yield and big body size, good reproductive efficiency and relatively good adaptation to local production conditions. Performance and functional traits are important breeding goals that play a major role in fulfilling the multiple production objectives. This forms the basis for the optimisation of a breeding programme for sustainable utilisation to meet the needs of Sahiwal cattle producers.     

Problems and possibilities into the next decade involving beef cattle breeding research in the southern region: cooperator herds.

When resources are limited, use of cattle owned and maintained by cooperators to conduct beef cattle breeding research in the Southern Region can be a feasible alternative to the traditional policy of using experiment station cattle. Former students, former experiment station employees, extension personnel, institutional personnel, or tribal personnel can serve as suitable cooperators or can aid in locating potential cooperators. Several problems can be associated with cooperative work; however, the two most obvious are 1) only a limited number of researchable questions can be addressed and 2) complete experimental control over the cattle is seldom achieved. The procedure has the primary advantage that in most cases all or at least the greatest portion of the expense of owning and maintaining the cow herd is borne by the cooperator.     

Problems and possibilities into the next decade involving beef cattle breeding research in the southern region: experiment station herds.

Opinions on expected support of animal breeding and genetics research into the next decade were requested from heads of Departments of Animal Science and directors of agricultural experiment stations in the Southern Region and from directors of agricultural experiment stations outside the Southern Region. A majority of administrators in all three groups expect a reduction in assignment of state appropriated funds for beef cattle breeding research compared with total support available. Cattle numbers and land areas assigned to breeding and genetics research may be more limited in the future. Directors of agricultural experiment stations expect animal breeding scientists to work more closely with scientists in biotechnology and to become more involved in multidisciplinary research to reduce the costs associated with maintaining large herds of cattle. Departments of Animal Science do not expect to reduce significantly the number of animal breeding positions, but they may reassign some that come open to balance departmental opportunities. Animal breeding scientists will be needed to educate graduate students, teach classes, and handle research responsibilities as in the past.     

Performance of genomic selection under a single-step approach in autochthonous Spanish beef cattle populations

This study evaluated different strategies for implementing a single-step genomic selection programme in two autochthonous Spanish beef cattle populations (Pirenaica—Pi and Rubia Gallega—RG). The strategies were compared in terms of accuracy attained under different scenarios by simulating genomic data over the known genealogy. Several genotyping approaches were tested, as well as, other factors like marker density, effective population size, mutation rate and heritability of the trait. The results obtained showed gains in accuracy with respect to pedigree BLUP evaluation in all cases. The greatest benefit was obtained when the candidates to selection had their genotypes included in the evaluation. Moreover, genotyping the individuals with the most accurate predictions maximized the gains but other suboptimal strategies also yielded satisfactory results. Furthermore, the gains in accuracy increased with the marker density reaching a plateau at around 50,000 markers. Likewise, the effective population size and the mutation rate have also shown an effect, both increasing the accuracy with decreasing values of these population parameters. Finally, the results obtained for the RG population showed greater gains compared to the Pi population, probably attributed to the wider implantation of artificial insemination.     

Problems and possibilities into the next decade involving beef cattle breeding research in the southern region: purebred field data banks.

Beef cattle field records can provide data to generate important research information. The challenge in using field data for animal breeding studies involves proper editing to remove erroneous records and formulating proper models to account for fixed effects and to estimate or predict effects of interest free of bias and(or) with minimum estimation error. Use of field data for testing hypotheses is limited due to the lack of control and knowledge of the conditions under which the data were collected. Therefore, designed studies and field data should be used together to answer important questions. Some of the possible projects that can use field records are the estimation of genetic and environmental relationships among economically important traits, defining environments over which genotype x environment interactions and heterogenous heritabilities are most likely to occur, and pinpointing important fixed effects that must be accounted or adjusted for in genetic prediction models. The goal of research involving field data has been and will continue to be to provide information to improve genetic prediction models and procedures and to provide producers with genetic values with which to make informed selection decisions with a high degree of confidence.     

Leptin as a predictor of carcass composition in beef cattle

Our objective was to determine if serum concentrations of leptin could be used to predict carcass composition and merit in feedlot finished cattle. Two different groups of crossbred Bos taurus steers and heifers were managed under feedlot conditions near Miles City, MT. The first group consisted of 88 1/2 Red Angus, 1/4 Charolais, and 1/4 Tarentaise composite gene combination steers (CGC) harvested at the ConAgra processing facility in Greeley, CO. The second group (Lean Beef Project; LB) consisted of 91 F2 steers and heifers born to Limousin, Hereford, or Piedmontese by CGC F1 cows crossed to F1 bulls of similar breed composition and harvested at a local processing facility in Miles City, MT. Blood samples were collected approximately 24 h before harvest (CGC) or approximately 3 d before and at harvest (LB). No differences in serum concentrations of leptin were detected (P > 0.10) between Hereford, Limousin, or Piedmontese F2 calves nor between LB steers and heifers. Positive correlations (P < 0.01) existed between serum leptin and marbling score (r = 0.35 and 0.50), fat depth measured between the 12th and 13th rib (r = 0.34 and 0.46), kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH) (r = 0.42 and 0.46), and quality grade (r = 0.36 and 0.49) in CGC and LB cattle, respectively. Serum leptin was also positively correlated with calculated yield grade for CGC steers (r = 0. 19; P = 0. 10) and LB cattle (r = 0.52; P < 0.01). Longissimus area was not correlated with serum leptin in CGC steers (r = 0.12; P > 0.10). However, a negative correlation existed between longissimus area and serum leptin in the LB cattle (r = -0.45; P < 0.01). Serum concentrations of leptin were significantly associated with carcass composition (marbling, back fat depth, and KPH fat) and quality grade in both groups of cattle studied and may provide an additional indicator of fat content in feedlot cattle.     

A survey of beef cattle farmers in New Zealand, examining management practices of primiparous breeding heifers

AIM: To obtain an estimate of the incidence of assistance at calving in primiparous (first-calving) beef heifers and the prevalence of breeding heifers at 15 months of age in New Zealand in 2006, and to identify factors contributing to farmers' decisions regarding breeding strategies for heifers, using a survey of beef cattle farmers. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to farmers listed in a Massey University database and to members of selected breed societies, as well as published in an industry newspaper; 331 valid responses were received. Information was gathered on the age and number of primiparous heifers, number of heifers assisted, and the importance of various reasons for and against breeding heifers at 15 months of age. Respondents were also required to outline the criteria used for selecting bulls to join with heifers, and the strategies used to manage dystocia in primiparous heifers. RESULTS: Sixty-five (95% CI=58-71)% of respondents had only 2-year-old primiparous heifers in 2006, whilst a further 11 (95% CI=8-16)% had both 2- and 3-year-old primiparous heifers. The mean reported incidence of assisted calving was 7.0 (95% CI=6.4-7.5)% for 2-year-old primiparous heifers and 1.7 (95% CI=1.2-2.2)% for 3-year-old primiparous heifers. The reported incidence of assistance at calving within individual herds ranged from 0 to 100% for 2-year-old heifers. Respondents with bull-breeding herds most commonly observed their primiparous 2-year-old heifers twice daily, whilst respondents with commercial herds most commonly observed them once daily during calving. The most important reason for breeding heifers at 15 months of age was increased profit, whereas the most important reason for not breeding them at that age was concern about rebreeding performance of 2-year-old heifers. Estimated breeding value (EBV) for birthweight was the factor considered most frequently when selecting bulls to join with maiden heifers; age of bull and body shape of bull were the next most frequently considered factors. Selection of an appropriate bull was the most common strategy used to manage dystocia in 2-year-old beef heifers. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of respondents calved their heifers at 2 years of age, and increased profit was the primary motivator. Concern about the rebreeding performance of 2-year-old heifers was the most important reason among the remainder of respondents for not breeding heifers at 15 months of age. Dystocia in 2-year-old heifers was not a problem or a minor problem in most herds, but there was much variation amongst herds.     

A survey of beef cattle farmers in New Zealand,examining management practices of primiparous breeding heifers

AIM: To obtain an estimate of the incidence of assistance at calving in primiparous (first-calving) beef heifers and the prevalence of breeding heifers at 15 months of age in New Zealand in 2006,and to identify factors contributing to farmers' decisions regarding breeding strategies for heifers, using a survey of beef cattle farmers.

METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to farmers listed in a Massey University database and to members of selected breed societies, as well as published in an industry newspaper; 331 valid responses were received. Information was gathered on the age and number of primiparous heifers, number of heifers assisted, and the importance of various reasons for and against breeding heifers at 15 months of age. Respondents were also required to outline the criteria used for selecting bulls to join with heifers, and the strategies used to manage dystocia in primiparous heifers.

RESULTS: Sixty-five (95% CI=58–71)% of respondents had only 2-year-old primiparous heifers in 2006, whilst a further 11 (95% CI=8–16)% had both 2- and 3-year-old primiparous heifers. The mean reported incidence of assisted calving was 7.0 (95% CI=6.4–7.5)% for 2-year-old primiparous heifers and 1.7 (95% CI=1.2–2.2)% for 3-year-old primiparous heifers. The reported incidence of assistance at calving within individual herdsranged from 0 to 100% for 2-year-old heifers. Respondents with bull-breeding herds most commonly observed their primiparous 2-year-old heifers twice daily, whilst respondents with commercial herds most commonly observed them once daily during calving. The most important reason for breeding heifers at 15 months of age was “increased profit”, whereas the most important reason for not breeding them at that age was “concern about rebreeding performance of 2-year-old heifers”. Estimated breeding value (EBV) for birth weight was the factor considered most frequently when selecting bulls to join with maiden heifers; age of bull and body shape of bull were the next most frequently considered factors. Selection of an appropriate bull was the most common strategy used to manage dystocia in 2-year-old beef heifers.

CONCLUSIONS: The majority of respondents calved their heifers at 2 years of age, and “increased profit” was the primary motivator. Concern about the rebreeding performance of 2-year-old heifers was the most important reason among the remainder of respondents for not breeding heifers at 15 months of age. Dystocia in 2-year-old heifers was “not a problem” or “a minorproblem” in most herds, but there was much variation amongst herds.     

A retrospective study of non-suppurative encephalitis in beef cattle from western Canada

Non-suppurative encephalitis occurs sporadically in beef cattle in western Canada, leading to loss of animals. This retrospective study investigated the presence of viral, bacterial, and protozoal antigens or DNA in 37 western Canadian feedlot cattle with non-suppurative encephalitis for which a cause had not been identified. Cases were selected based on the age of the animal (> 7 months), and clinical history of recumbency and depression. The identification of rabies in 1 case stresses the importance of including this viral disease in the list of differential diagnoses. Because there was variation in the severity, distribution, and type of lesions, it is possible that there may be more than 1 cause, but failure to identify an infectious agent might also suggest that non-infectious agents could play a role.     

Pre-slaughter control of Escherichia coli O157 in beef cattle: a simulation study.

A stochastic simulation model was used to assess the benefit of measures implemented in the pre-slaughter period that are aimed at reducing the contamination of beef carcasses with Shiga-like-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157. The scenario studied was based on an abattoir processing approximately 1000 head of lot-fed cattle per day. Input assumptions were described using probability distributions to reflect uncertainty in their true values. Control measures that were assessed were based on either a reduction in herd prevalence of infection, reduction in opportunity for cross-contamination in the processing plant by re-ordering of the slaughter queue, reduction of concentration of E. coli O157 in fresh faeces, or a reduction in the amount of faeces, mud and bedding ('tag') transferred from the hide to the carcass. Some control measures evaluated were hypothetical in nature and were included to assist with the planning of research priorities. Simulations suggested that the greatest potential impact is associated with vaccination and with an agent that reduces shedding E. coli O157 in faeces. Knowledge of herd-test results obtained by testing a sample of animals from the herd provides only a minor advantage in control programmes, although application of a rapid test to all animals in all lots might be of some benefit. Under most scenarios, there is ample opportunity for cross-contamination to occur within the slaughter plant as a result of early entry of cattle contaminated with E. coli O157. An industry-wide reduction in the amount of tag attached to hides and addition of a source of cattle having a prolonged average fasting time were not predicted to have a large impact on mean amount of carcass contamination with E. coli O157.     

Stochastic simulation of dairy cattle nucleus breeding schemes: Influence of breeding strategy and biased breeding values in the population

SUMMARY: A stochastic simulation model of an open nucleus scheme was used to study the consequences of the breeding strategy and biased lactation records for population cows. Selection was for a single sex-limited trait with a heritability of 0.25 and based on animal model breeding value estimates. Selection of dams was across age classes while sires were required to have a progeny test before they could be selected as proven bull or bull sire. Dams to breed nucleus replacements and young bulls could be selected from the nucleus and the top population which contained 240 and 1600 replacement heifers annually. The first 15 years of the simulated period was used to reach a population with an equilibrium genetic progress for a progeny testing scheme. Comparisons were based on the 25 year period after an alternative breeding scheme was adopted. The annual genetic gain was calculated from the last 10 years of that period. The annual genetic gain in an open nucleus breeding scheme was .247 σ(a) . The annual genetic gain increased 5.4% when MOET was also used on cows selected to breed replacements for the top population. When, in addition the number of sires used on top population cows was reduced from 8 to 4, that being the number used in the nucleus, the annual genetic gain increased by another 2.8%. The reduction in annual genetic gain due to biased lactation records of top population cows ranged from 4.6 to 15.4%. The average bias in estimated breeding values of the top population dams selected to breed nucleus replacements ranged from 0.53 to 2,52 σ(a) . The regression coefficient of the EBV of the bull after progeny testing on the EBV of the dam at the time of selection was 0.55 without biased lactations and ranged from 0.10 to 0.27 with biased lactations. The reduction in genetic gain was especially related to the regression coefficient and to a lesser extent to the average bias. In practice, the expected reduction in annual genetic gain from biased lactation records of population cows is expected to be between 5 and 10 %. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Stochastische Simulation von Milchvieh-Nukleussystemen: Einflu? der Zuchtstrategie und verzerrter Zuchtwerte in der Population Eine stochastische Simulation eines offenen Nukleussystems wurde zur Untersuchung der Konsequenzen der Zuchtstrategie und verzerrter Laktationsabschlüsse für Populationskühe untersucht. Selektion bezog sich auf ein einzelnes weibliches Merkmal mit Heritabilit?t von 1/4 und gründete auf Tiermodell Zuchtwertsch?tzungen, Selektion von Muttertieren über Altersklassen, w?hrend Stiere vor der Selektion einen Nachkommenschaftstest haben mu?ten. Muttertiere für Nukleus- und Jungstiere kommen vom Nukleus und Spitzen der Population, die 240 und 1600 nachgestellte Kalbinnen umfa?ten. Die ersten 15 Jahre der simulierten Periode wurden zum Erreichen einer Population mit Gleichgewichtsfortschritt für ein Nachkommenschaftsprüfsystem verwendet. Vergleiche beruhten auf einer 25-Jahre-Periode nach Einrichtung des alternativen Zuchtsystems, und der j?hrliche Zuchtfortschritt wurde für die letzten 10 Jahre berechnet. Der j?hrliche Zuchtfortschritt im offenen Nukleussystem war 0,247 σ(a) und nahm um 5,4% zu, wenn MOETauch für Kühe zum Ersatz der Spitzenpopulation verwendet wurde. Wenn darüber hinaus die Zahl der Vatertiere in der Spitzenpopulation von 8 auf 4 reduziert wurde, die Zahl der im Nukleus verwendeten, konnte der j?hrliche genetische Fortschritt um weitere 2, 8% gesteigert werden. Die Verminderung des Zuchtfortschrittes auf Grund von verzerrten Laktationsabschlüssen der Spitzenkühe der Population variierte von 4,6 bis 15,4%. Die durchschnittliche Verzerrung der gesch?tzten Zuchtwerte der Populationsspitzenkühe für die Nukleusremonte bewegte sich von 0,53 bis 2,52 σ(a) . Der Regressionskoeffizient von EBV der Stiere auf Grund von Nachkommenschaftsprüfung auf EBV der Muttertiere beim Zeitpunkt der Selektion war 0,55 ohne verzerrte Laktationen und schwankte zwischen 0,10 und 0,27 bei verzerrten Laktationen. Die Verminderung des genetischen Fortschritts hing deutlich mit dem Regressionskoeffizient zusammen und weniger mit der durchschnittlichen Verzerrung. In der Praxis ist zu erwarten, da? die Reduktion des Zuchtfortschrittes durch verzerrte Laktationsabschlüsse der Population zwischen 5 und 10% liegt.     

A nutritional myopathy enzootic in a group of yearling beef cattle

Steers and bulls under feedlot conditions and on an apparently adequate ration developed transitory signs of diarrhea and unthriftiness. One animal became recumbent. Sick and clinically normal animals in the group had elevated serum creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase enzyme values and degenerative changes in muscle fibers on biopsy. Feed analysis was carried out and the animals were monitored over several weeks by means of muscle biopsy and serum enzyme analysis as well as by postmortem examination at slaughter. Subclinical myopathy was found in several animals and was thought to be related to low vitamin E content in the high moisture corn ration.     

Genetic evaluation of growth in a multibreed beef cattle population using random regression-linear spline models

The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of using random regression-spline (RR-spline) models for fitting growth traits in a multibreed beef cattle population. To meet the objective, the results from the RR-spline model were compared with the widely used multitrait (MT) model when both were fit to a data set (1.8 million records and 1.1 million animals) provided by the American Gelbvieh Association. The effect of prior information on the EBV of sires was also investigated. In both RR-spline and MT models, the following effects were considered: individual direct and maternal additive genetic effects, contemporary group, age of the animal at measurement, direct and maternal heterosis, and direct and maternal additive genetic mean effect of the breed. Additionally, the RR-spline model included an individual direct permanent environmental effect. When both MT and RR-spline models were applied to a data set containing records for weaning weight (WWT) and yearling weight (YWT) within specified age ranges, the rankings of bulls' direct EBV (as measured via Pearson correlations) provided by both models were comparable, with slightly greater differences in the reranking of bulls observed for YWT evaluations (>or=0.99 for BWT and WWT and >or=0.98 for YWT); also, some bulls dropped from the top 100 list when these lists were compared across methods. For maternal effects, the estimated correlations were slightly smaller, particularly for YWT; again, some drops from the top 100 animals were observed. As in regular MT multibreed genetic evaluations, the heterosis effects and the additive genetic effects of the breed could not be estimated from field data, because there were not enough contemporary groups with the proper composition of purebred and crossbred animals; thus, prior information based on literature values had to be included. The inclusion of prior information had a negligible effect in the overall ranking for bulls with greater than 20 birth weight progeny records; however, the effect of prior information for breeds or groups poorly represented in the data was important. The Pearson correlations for direct and maternal WWT and YWT ranged from 0.95 to 0.98 when comparing evaluations of data sets for which the out-of-range age records were removed or retained. Random regression allows for avoiding the discarding of records that are outside the usual age ranges of measurement; thus, greater accuracies are achieved, and greater genetic progress could be expected.     

Evaluation of wheat-based thin stillage as a water source for growing and finishing beef cattle.

Two trials were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of wheat-based thin stillage as a water source for cattle. In Trial 1, 20 large-framed steers were fed a basal diet based primarily on barley grain and barley silage, with ad libitum access to water or thin stillage at one of three DM concentrations (2, 4, and 6.7%) in a completely randomized design. The trial consisted of a 70-d growing period and a finishing phase. In Trial 2, total-tract nutrient digestibility coefficients of the basal diet and water treatments fed in the growing period were determined in a randomized complete block design using 12 medium-framed steers. The results showed that when only DMI from the basal diet was considered, there was a linear reduction (P<.01) in DMI and a linear improvement (P<.01) in the gain:feed ratio with no effect on daily gain as thin stillage DM concentration increased. No differences were detected in DMI or efficiency of gain when total DMI (basal diet and thin stillage) was considered. Carcass traits indicated a trend toward increased (P<.06) carcass fat with increasing thin stillage DM concentration. Results of Trial 2 indicated a linear improvement (P<.05) in apparent digestibility of DM, CP, NDF, and energy of the total diet (basal diet and thin stillage) as thin stillage DM concentration increased. We concluded that supplementing growing and finishing cattle with thin stillage reduced the amount of the basal diet required for gain and improved nutrient utilization.     

Parameter estimation for carcass traits including growth information of Simmental beef cattle using restricted maximum likelihood with a multiple-trait model.

(Co)variance component estimates were computed for retail cuts per day of age (kilograms per day), cutability (percentage of carcass weight), and marbling score (1 through 11) using a multiple-trait sire model. Restricted maximum likelihood estimates of (co)variance components were obtained via an expectation-maximization algorithm. Carcass data consisted of 8,265 progeny records collected by U.S. Simmental producers. Growth trait information (birth weight, weaning weight, and[or] postweaning gain) for those progeny with carcass data and an additional 5,405 contemporaries formed the complete data set for analysis. A total of 420 sires were represented. Three models differing in number of traits were investigated: 1) carcass traits with growth traits, 2) carcass traits only, and 3) single trait. The final models did not include postweaning gain because of convergence problems. Parameter estimates for all three models were essentially the same. Heritability estimates were .30, .18, and .23 for retail cuts per day, cutability, and marbling score, respectively. Correlations between growth and carcass traits were low except for those with retail cuts per day, which were moderate and positive. The additional information gained by adding growth traits to the carcass-traits-only evaluation lowered prediction error variances most for retail cuts per day. Little change in prediction error variances was found for cutability and marbling score. Inclusion of growth traits in future sire evaluations for carcass traits will benefit the evaluation of retail cuts per day but have considerably less effect on cutability and marbling score.