Influence of interposition of pink muscle fiber into dorsal ordinary muscle on temporal change of K-value in cultured carp

To clarify the influence of the interposition of pink muscle fiber into dorsal ordinary muscle on temporal change of K-value, using cultured carp, the dorsal muscle was divided into five muscle parts towards depth with the naked eye as follows: the dark muscle part (P-1), the intermediate muscle part (P-2) and three ordinary muscle parts (P-3, P-4, P-5). These were organized from the muscle fiber types as follows: P-1 was only red muscle fiber type. P-2 was only pink muscle fiber type in a thin layer and two muscle fiber types of not only pink muscle fiber but also white muscle fiber of the IIa or IIb subtype in a mosaic pattern. All of P-3, P-4 and P-5 were two muscle fiber types, white muscle fiber (IIa or IIb subtype) and pink muscle fiber. The temporal changes of K-values were remarkably faster in the order of P-1, P-2, and three parts of P-3, P-4 and P-5. The changes did not exhibit a remarkable difference among the three ordinary muscle parts. From these results, it was considered that the interposition of pink muscle fiber into the dorsal ordinary muscle might accelerate the temporal change of K-value.     

鱼类细胞多孔性与肌肉品质关系的研究进展

鱼类肉品品质与肌肉组织学特性有显著的相关性,相关因素包括肌纤维直径、数量、密度等(即肌肉细胞多孔性参数)。本文综述了鱼类肉的品质与肌纤维数量、密度、胶原蛋白及肉pH等之间的一些研究状况。肌肉细胞多孔性受品种、营养状况、运动状况等多种因素影响,因此了解可能影响肌肉细胞多孔性的因素可以为实践中通过合理控制这些因素来改善鱼肉品质提供有益参考。     

长牡蛎闭壳肌肌纤维的组织学特性

分别利用石蜡切片苏木精-伊红染色法、冷冻切片烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸四唑氧化还原酶(NADH-TR)组化染色法、肌球蛋白ATP酶染色法对长牡蛎闭壳肌平滑肌和横纹肌进行了组织学特性研究,并比较平滑肌和横纹肌肌纤维组成的差异。石蜡切片结果显示,闭壳肌中平滑肌和横纹肌肌纤维形态结构不同,肌纤维直径、肌纤维密度和横截面积存在显著差异,其中平滑肌肌纤维直径为(5.97±0.631)μm,肌纤维密度为(25 485.65±3917.807)根/mm~2,肌纤维横截面积为(26.25±5.365)μm~2;横纹肌肌纤维直径为(7.41±0.847)μm,肌纤维密度为(16 908.25±3917.807)根/mm~2,横截面积为(40.45±10.083)μm~2。NADH-TR染色结果显示,平滑肌中富含NADH,肌纤维染色较深,呈现深蓝紫色,主要是I型肌纤维,为氧化代谢的慢速收缩型肌纤维;横纹肌染色较浅或者基本不着色,主要是II型肌纤维,为糖酵解代谢的快速收缩肌纤维。ATPase酶染色结果显示,横纹肌ATPase活性强,染色较深,呈现黑色,主要是II型肌纤维;平滑肌中ATPase活性弱,着色浅或基本不着色,主要是I型肌纤维。ATPase酶染色结果与NADH-TR染色结果一致。研究阐明了长牡蛎闭壳肌中平滑肌和横纹肌肌纤维的组织学特性及收缩、代谢特性差异,为深入研究长牡蛎肌纤维生物学特性提供了重要的基础资料,为提高我国贝类肉质品质提供理论依据。     

Comparison of characteristics of actomyosin from white, pink, and red muscle fiber types in cultured carp

ABSTRACT: The present study compared and examined the characteristics of actomyosin among white (W), pink (P), and red (R) muscle fiber types in carp (cultured). Both the superprecipitation reaction and the Mg²⁺-ATPase activity of actomyosin became higher with increased Ca²⁺ concentration (pCa 7.0–pCa 5.0) and with decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration (3.0–0.5 mM) in all three muscle fiber types. A comparison of the three fiber types shows that the superprecipitation reaction of actomysoin was lower in the order of W < P < R and, in contrast, was higher for Mg²⁺-ATPase activity in the order of W > P > R. A significantly positive correlation between both values was found for each of the three muscle fiber types, but these correlations were clearly different among the three muscle fiber types, and the superprecipitation reaction of actomyosin was lower in the order of W < P < R when Mg²⁺-ATPase activity was at the same level. In conclusion, the characteristics of actomyosin were remarkably different among white, pink, and red muscle fiber types.     

Mechanochemical properties of ordinary and dark muscle myosins from seawater fish

Myosin was isolated from two types of muscle, ordinary and dark muscles, of three species of fish living in sea water. The compositions of light chains were visualized by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the mechanochemical activity was examined by in vitro motility and ATPase assays. Ordinary muscle myosin of either species had three species of light chain, whereas dark muscle myosin had another two species of light chain judged by SDS-PAGE. Sliding velocity of ordinary muscle myosin was in the range of 4.92–6.89 μm/S, whereas that of dark muscle myosin was in the range of 3.07–4.25 μm/s. Therefore, ordinary muscle myosin showed 1.26–1.95 times higher sliding velocity than dark muscle myosin in either species. The ratios of V_max of actin-activated Mg²⁺-ATPase activity of ordinary to dark muscle myosins were correlated quite well to the ratios of sliding velocity. Activity of ordinary muscle myosin was comparable to that of mammalian fast muscle myosin, but that of dark muscle myosin was twice of that of mammalian slow muscle myosin. These results may reflect the essential role of fish dark muscle myosin always used in slow cruising.     

不同脆化阶段草鱼肌肉的显微结构观察和质构特性分析

脆肉鲩作为广东特色水产品之一,其养殖中常出现"不脆"、"半脆"现象,严重制约其产业发展。为探索可鉴定脆度的指标,文章结合生产(饲喂120 d蚕豆+30 d饲料),每30 d采集1次肌肉,检测其感官脆度、肌纤维结构、质构特性的变化。随着脆化时间增加,蚕豆组草鱼感官脆度不断增加(P0.05),肌纤维直径逐渐减小、密度逐渐增大(P0.05);60 d后蚕豆组草鱼质构特性(硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、内聚性、胶黏性)均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。转投30 d饲料对感官脆度、肌纤维结构、质构特性均无显著影响(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性与感官脆度的相关性更高(R~20.90,P0.05)。结果表明,硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、胶黏性可用于脆肉鲩的脆度评价,转投30 d饲料不影响其脆度。     

三种不同游泳习性鱼类骨骼肌的快、慢肌纤维组织学特性

硬骨鱼类的骨骼肌可为其游泳运动提供动力。为认识不同游泳习性鱼类的骨骼肌肌纤维组织学特征,本研究选取3种具有不同游泳习性的鱼类：鲐(Scomber japonicus)、大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)和褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus),采用石蜡切片苏木精–伊红染色法和形态计量法,以形状、直径和密度作为评价指标,对其骨骼肌的快、慢肌纤维组织学特性进行表征,比较3种不同游泳习性鱼类的快、慢肌纤维组织学特征差异。组织学观察发现,3种类型鱼类的骨骼肌快、慢肌纤维横切面均呈不规则形状。营持续式游泳的鲐的快肌纤维呈多角状,慢肌纤维呈多边柱形;营延长式游泳的大黄鱼的快、慢肌纤维呈长椭圆形;营爆发式游泳的褐牙鲆的快、慢肌纤维呈扁椭圆形。形态计量结果显示,3种鱼类的快肌纤维直径均极显著大于其慢肌纤维(P<0.01)。大黄鱼的慢肌纤维直径在3种鱼类中最大,约为鲐的1.34倍、褐牙鲆的1.14倍;鲐的快肌纤维直径在3种鱼类中最大,约为大黄鱼的1.41倍、褐牙鲆的1.35倍。3种鱼类的快肌纤维密度均极显著小于其慢肌纤维(P<0.01),其中,快肌纤维密度大小排...     

虾夷扇贝横纹肌和平滑肌的蛋白分布及理化性质

为探讨虾夷扇贝闭壳肌中横纹肌(ST)和平滑肌(SM)蛋白分布特征及理化性质差异。对肌肉组织进行切片、苏木精—伊红染色后,在光学显微镜下观察肌肉组织形态,SDS-PAGE分析蛋白组成,通过盐溶性和Ca~(2+)-ATPase对理化性质进行了比较研究。研究表明,横纹闭壳肌的肌纤维更粗,肌细胞间更致密;Myorod蛋白仅存在于平滑闭壳肌中,在横纹闭壳肌中不存在;副肌球蛋白在平滑闭壳肌中含量为31%,横纹肌中仅为11%。2种肌肉盐溶曲线也完全不同,在0.05~1.0 mol/L盐浓度范围内平滑肌的溶解性呈S型曲线上升,而横纹肌呈直线型上升,这种差异可能与副肌球蛋白含量有关。此外,平滑肌和横纹肌肌原纤维蛋白Ca~(2+)-ATPase最适温度分别为35和30°C,活化能分别为23.4和11.3 k J/mo L。     

大西洋鲑肌肉营养成分分析

利用常规方法测定大西洋鲑肌肉中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、粗纤维、无氮浸出物等营养成分进行分析检测。结果表明:大西洋鲑肌肉鲜样中水分含量为73.62%,粗蛋白含量为19.40%,粗脂肪含量为4.52%,灰分含量为1.93%,,无氮浸出物含量为0.53%。大西洋鲑肌肉(干样)蛋白质中含有氨基酸16种,氨基酸总量为73.69%,必需氨基酸7种,必需氨基酸总量为31.40%,鲜味氨基酸4种,鲜味氨基酸总量为30.29%,蛋白质,鲜美程度优于草鱼、白甲鱼和鳙鱼,略低于鳜鱼和黄鳝,是一种具有较高开发养殖价值的水产优良品种。     

蓝鳍金枪鱼不同部位肌肉的营养与主要风味分析

为科学评价蓝鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus thynnus)不同部位肌肉营养与风味特征,对比分析了其背部和腹部肌肉的基本营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成和挥发性风味物质。结果显示,除灰分外,蓝鳍金枪鱼背部和腹部肌肉的水分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量差异显著;背部、腹部粗蛋白含量分别为24.70 g/100 g和18.61 g/100 g;背部、腹部粗脂肪含量分别为19.34 g/100 g和30.29 g/100 g。蓝鳍金枪鱼背部和腹部肌肉氨基酸总量分别达到(22.07±0.74) g/100 g和(16.57±0.47) g/100 g,差异显著(P<0.05)。必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量的比值均在40%左右,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值均大于60%,接近于FAO/WHO推荐的蛋白质营养评价的理想模式,属于优质蛋白。谷氨酸的含量均最高,其次为天冬氨酸,胱氨酸含量最低。背部和腹部肌肉鲜味氨基酸占氨基酸总量的比例分别为34.93%和35.91%。背部和腹部肌肉中分别检测出24种和29种脂肪酸,各脂肪酸含量差异显著(P<0.05);饱和脂肪酸中肉豆蔻酸(C14:0)、棕榈酸(C16:0)...     

Effects of seasonal temperature acclimatization on muscle metabolism in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Maximal enzyme activities in cardiac and swimming muscles of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were estimated during the natural progression of environmental temperature, between seasonal extremes of 4 and 18°C. Specific activity of marker enzymes were measured at a common temperature of 11°C to determine the potential for metabolic acclimatization. The results confirm an increased oxidative capacity in the cold, with little or no expansion in glycolytic capacity of slow muscle: citrate synthase (CS) activity was 23, 15 and 3 µmoles min^-1 g wet wt^-1 and pyruvate kinase (PK) 15, 23 and 17 µmoles min^-1 g wet wt^-1 from 4, 11 and 18°C acclimatized groups, respectively. Expansion of lipid metabolism was limited, with increased carnitine palmitoleoyltrasferase (CPT) seen only in the coldest group. Cardiac and fast muscle showed a similar response for CS but not PK or CPT which were greatest at 11 and 18°C, respectively. When compared with previous laboratory acclimation studies, these data suggest that environmental factors other than temperature are likely to influence the nature of metabolic acclimatization.     

Fish protein hydrolysate in diets of turbot affects muscle fibre morphometry,and the expression of muscle growth‐related genes

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) in diets for turbot on growth performance, muscle fibre morphometry, and the expression of muscle growth‐related genes. A control diet (FPH0) contained 0 g/kg FPH, and four experimental diets were formulated replacing fishmeal with FPH at levels of 45 (FPH4.5), 120 (FPH12), 180 (FPH18) and 300 (FPH30) g/kg. Fish fed the FPH12 and FPH18 diets had higher specific growth rate (SGR) than fish fed the FPH0 diet (p < .05), and a quadratic regression was found between SGR and dietary FPH level (p = .001, R² = .677). Cross‐section area (CSA) and the length of sarcomere in the FPH12 group increased compared with the control group (p < .05), and a quadratic regression was observed between CSA and dietary FPH level (p = .006, R² = .574) and between sarcomere length and dietary FPH level (p = .018, R² = .788). An appropriate level of FPH down‐regulated myostatin 2 gene expression and up‐regulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene expression, while the expression of myogenic regulatory factors was not affected by dietary treatments (p > .05). To conclude, an appropriate level of FPH may improve muscle growth by regulating the expression of muscle growth‐related genes, and muscle microstructure and ultrastructure.     

湖白鲑肌肉营养成分分析

测定了湖白鲑(Coregonus cluncaformis)的肌肉营养成分。结果显示:湖白鲑含肉率为60.82%,肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白质含量为16.85%,粗脂肪含量4.39%,水分含量77.06%,灰分含量1.13%,该鱼肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,总量为62.00%(质量分数,干样),其中7种为人体必需氨基酸(不包括色氨酸),总量为28.16%,占氨基酸总量的45.42%;其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准。湖白鲑的限制性氨基酸为(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)、苏氨酸和(苯丙氨酸+酪氨酸),必需氨基酸指数为59.80,4种鲜味氨基酸总量为19.94%。     

Muscle fiber growth in olive flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus: Fiber hyperplasia at a specific body weight period and continuous hypertrophy

The objective of this study was to investigate muscle fiber growth‐related attributes, especially fiber hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and their relation to growth characteristics in olive flounder. After a conditioning period, juvenile olive flounder (214 g of initial body weight) were weighed after 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 weeks of a feeding trial and were selected based on mean body weight at each period (G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5, respectively). During the 3.0‐fold increase in body weight (363.1–1,071 g, p < 0.001), the fiber area was increased approximately 2.2 times (p < 0.05), and the median area increased from the G1 to G5 groups (p < 0.05). The G3 group exhibited a greater fiber number than the G2 group (p < 0.05) as the G3 group exhibited a higher percentage of smaller fiber and mosaic hyperplasia. In addition, a higher percentage of centered nuclei and deoxyribonucleic acid amount in the G2 group were accompanied by an increase in fiber number in the G3 group. Therefore, the muscle growth of olive flounder was influenced by continued fiber area growth and a significant number increase by mosaic hyperplasia during a specific period (G2 to G3 groups; from 512.7 to 670.3 g).     

饲料脂肪酸碳链长度对团头鲂生长、肌纤维发育及肉质的影响

饲料脂肪不仅影响养殖鱼类的生长与健康状况，还会通过调控肌纤维特性影响肉质。为探究不同碳链长度脂肪酸对团头鲂生长、肌纤维发育及肉质的影响，实验选取108尾初始平均体重为(77.89±0.81) g的健康团头鲂，随机分为4组，每组3重复，分别饲喂基础饲料(对照组)以及替代1.5%豆油的丁酸(BA)、辛酸(OA)、棕榈酸(PA)组饲料8周。结果显示，与对照组相比，饲料添加不同碳链长度脂肪酸对团头鲂生长无显著影响，然而可显著提升肌肉黏附性，增加肌纤维数量、较小直径(<20μm)肌纤维比例及肌节长度。在基因表达方面，OA显著增加了肌源性因子myf5基因mRNA表达量。BA能在下调抑肌基因mstnb的同时，显著上调ampkα2和sirt1基因的mRNA表达量。Ca²⁺依赖的信号通路的关键基因camk表达量也随饲料中脂肪酸碳链长度的增加而显著提升。研究表明，饲料添加不同碳链长度脂肪酸可以通过AMPK和Ca²⁺依赖的信号通路实现对团头鲂肌纤维发育及肉质的有效提升。本研究为营养素调控团头鲂鱼肉品质提供了基础数据和理论依据，也为鱼类肌肉品质的营养强化提供了...     

Influence of interposition of pink muscle fiber into dorsal ordinary muscle on 5'-IMP degrading activity in various fish species

ABSTRACT: To clarify the cause of differences in the temporal change of K -value among fish species living in the same habitat water temperature, the influence of the interposition of pink muscle fibers into dorsal ordinary muscle on 5'-inosine monophosphate (5'-IMP) degrading activity was examined. Fourteen fish species from the Sakishima Islands (habitat water temperature 28°C) and from Nagasaki (habitat water temperature 17°C) were used for the sample fishes. Each of 5'-IMP and ρ-nitrophenol phosphate (ρ-NPP) degrading activities showed a peak at near pH 8.0 and near pH 5.0, respectively. These activities were somewhat higher in fish from Nagasaki than in fish from the Sakishima Islands. The interposition percentage of pink muscle fibers into dorsal ordinary muscle correlated significantly ( P < 0.05) with the 5'-IMP degrading activity at pH 7.0. Furthermore, the activity at pH 7.0 correlated significantly ( P < 0.001) with the increasing rate of K -value at 32°C (ΔK₃₂). These results suggest that the difference in ΔK₃₂ among fish species in the same habitat water temperature might be caused by differences in 5'-IMP degrading activity because of the differences in the interposition rates of pink muscle fibers into dorsal ordinary muscle.     

中华倒刺鲃肌肉营养成分与品质的评价

利用常规肌肉营养测试方法测定分析5尾中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)的肌肉营养成分。结果表明，中华倒刺鲃肌肉(鲜样)中粗蛋白质量分数19．22％，粗脂肪质量分数1．96％，水分质量分数77．0％，灰分质量分数1．62％，碳水化合物质量分数0．18％。肌肉中含有17种氨基酸，总量为73．61％(质量分数，干样)，其中7种人体必需氨基酸(不包括色氨酸)总量是32．26％，占氨基酸总量的43．83％；其必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO／WHO的标准。中华倒刺鲃的限制性氨基酸为(蛋氨酸 胱氨酸)、缬氨酸和(苯丙氨酸 酪氨酸)，必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为71．34，4种鲜味氨基酸总质量分数为24．22％(干样)。脂肪酸中EPA与DHA质量分数分别为0．87％、3．08％，比其他经济鱼类均高，微量元素比值合理，表明中华倒刺鲃有较高的食用价值与保健作用。     

清蒸蟹肉罐头的生产工艺技术

本文叙述了清蒸蟹肉罐头的生产工艺流程及其操作要点,其主要特点是采用二次煮熟法及浸泡柠檬酸、EDTA混合溶液,调整 pH6.4,从而达到防止蟹肉罐头的蓝变。     

棒花鱼肌肉主要营养成分分析

对棒花鱼进行了主要营养成分分析,并对其营养价值进行了评价.结果表明:棒花鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量为16.82％,水分含量为79,46％;棒花鱼肌肉中测出18种氨基酸,总量为14.05％,必需氨基酸总量为5.87％,占氨基酸总量的41.48％,必需氨基酸构成符合FAO/WHO对于膳食蛋白质营养评价理想模式.4种风味氨基酸总量为4...