中草药鸡痢灵镇痛和止血作用的研究

本文以200%的鸡痢灵水煎液用热板法和扭体法对小鼠进行镇痛实验,有明显的镇痛作用(P<0.01);用玻片法进行止血实验,其凝血时间给药组110±2.5秒和空白对照420±20秒相比,差异显著(P<0.01)。     

复方中药防治鸡白痢的机制研究

用复方中草药（泻痢康）对鸡白痢进行防治试验，并对泻痢康的作用机理和毒性进行了研究和分析。结果表明：泻痢康对鸡白痢具有明显的防治作用，预防保护率为９６．７％ ；可提高鸡血液白细胞尤其异嗜性粒细胞和 Ｂ淋巴细胞数；增加免疫器官中 Ｂ淋巴细胞数和活性，增强体液免疫和红细胞免疫功能；对沙门氏杆菌有明显的抑杀作用，对肝、肾、心等主要器官不仅没有损伤，而且有一定的保护作用。     

复方中药制剂防治鸡白痢的研究

用复方中药制剂（泻痢康）对鸡白痢进行防治试验，并对泻痢康的作用机理和毒性进行了研究和分析。结果表明：泻痢康对鸡白痢具有明显的防治作用，预防保护率为９６．７％；对沙门氏杆菌有明显的抑杀作用；对肝、肾、心等主要器官没有损伤，具有一定的保护作用。     

牛黄上清丸主药改变后的解热镇痛作用研究

采用比较药理学研究方法对牛黄上清丸和以等量鸡胆粉代替牛黄上清丸中的主药牛黄后,制得的鸡胆粉上清丸（简称ＪＳＱＷ）的解热,镇痛作用进行了研究。结果显示,牛黄上清丸和鸡胆粉上清丸对由大肠杆菌内毒素和蛋白胨引起的大鼠发热体温有极显著的抑制作用;对由热刺激、电刺激和醋酸所致小鼠疼痛也均有明显的抑制作用;且二者之间的解热,镇痛作用均无显著性差异。     

鸡胆汁有效成分Tau和CA的解热镇痛作用研究

采用内毒素致热法和异性蛋白致热法研究了鸡胆汁有效成分牛磺酸（Tau）和胆酸（CA）的解热镇痛作用。结果显示，低剂量Tau解热作用不显著，高剂量Tau分别对内毒素和蛋白胨所致体温升高1h和3h有显著解热作用。CA对内毒素所致发热体温无显著影响，高剂量CA对蛋白胨所致发热1－3h有显著解热作用。采用热板法和扭体法证实Tau和CA对热刺激和化学刺激引起的小鼠疼痛均无显著影响。     

苦豆籽对鸡球虫致病作用的影响

苦豆籽具有一定的杀虫作用，当饲料或饮水中苦豆籽的浓度达10．0g/kg、10．0mL/L时鸡体内的球虫卵囊数明显减少；但苦豆籽的毒性作用也较大，将其混于饲料或饮水中饮喂鸡即可导致鸡的生长发育迟滞，体质下降，对球虫的易感性增高，从而使鸡较早地出现各种症状。由于毒性作用对机体的影响较大，所以苦豆籽不宜在饲料或饮水中添加来预防鸡球虫病。     

苦参止痢颗粒的药效作用研究

通过小鼠胃肠蠕动试验、小鼠腹泻试验、抗炎试验和镇痛试验,考察苦参止痢颗粒的药效作用。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,苦参止痢颗粒可显著降低蓖麻油所致小鼠的腹泻次数(P0.01),对正常小鼠胃排空作用有显著的抑制作用(P0.01),可显著降低二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓的肿胀率(P0.01),显著提高小鼠耐热痛阈值(P0.01)。说明苦参止痢颗粒具有止泻、调节胃肠蠕动、抗炎、镇痛等作用。     

葛芩止痢颗粒药效学试验

为了探究葛芩止痢颗粒的抗菌、抗炎、止泻作用,采用微量肉汤稀释法测定葛芩止痢颗粒对猪源病原菌的体外抑菌作用;构建大肠埃希菌的腹腔感染模型,观测葛芩止痢颗粒对小鼠的体内保护作用;构建二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀模型,检测葛芩止痢颗粒的抗炎作用;构建蓖麻油致小鼠腹泻模型,检测葛芩止痢颗粒的止泻作用。结果显示:葛芩止痢颗粒对3种常见猪病原菌具有体外抑制作用,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为大肠埃希菌MIC=14.37 mg/mL,猪霍乱沙门菌MIC=28.75 mg/mL,金黄色葡萄球菌MIC=14.37 mg/mL;对感染致病性大肠埃希菌的小鼠具有明显的保护作用,高剂量组与感染对照组比较差异极显著(P<0.01),中剂量组与感染对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05),但其对小鼠的保护效率略弱于硫酸多黏菌素组;对二甲苯所致的小鼠耳肿胀具有明显抑制作用(P<0.01),低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组的肿胀度和肿胀抑制率分别(8.62±2.18) mg、 34.79%,(7.48±1.93)mg、 43.42%,(6.50±2.20)mg、 50.83%;对蓖麻油引起的小鼠腹泻也表现出明显的止泻作用,高、中剂量组的止痢效果与盐酸小檗碱的效果基本一致且均极显著高于感染对照组(P<0.01),低剂量组的效果要弱于盐酸小檗碱的止痢效果,但其止痢效果仍然显著高于感染对照组(P<0.05)。表明葛芩止痢颗粒具有明显的体外、体内抗菌作用及体内抗炎、止泻作用。     

氟中毒鸡微核率的研究

为探讨高氟对鸡微核率的影响 ,实验组鸡饮用不同浓度的含氟水 ,对照组鸡饮用正常自来水 ,比较两组微核率 ,用 χ2检验方法作显著性检验。结果表明 ,高剂量组微核率明显高于对照组 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1 ) ;微核率与饮水含氟量有明显剂量 -效应关系。高氟可增高鸡骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率 ,且对鸡的染色体有损伤作用 ,高氟可能是致突变物     

泻痢康对鸡红细胞免疫功能的影响

采用 E- 3b R花环试验 ,E- IC花环试验对饲喂 0 .5 %泻痢康 2 0 d的实验鸡和对照鸡的红细胞的免疫功能进行检测。结果发现 ,试验组和对照组鸡红细胞 C3b R致敏酵母花环率分别为 ( 4 .91± 1 .85 )与 ( 4 .31± 0 .6 4 ) ;试验组和对照组鸡红细胞未致敏酵母花环率分别为 ( 1 6 .5 0± 4.5 6 )与 ( 7.2 6± 2 .6 1 )。试验结果表明使用泻痢康饲喂鸡 ,不仅可有效地减少鸡下痢 ,而且可使鸡红细胞 C3b受体花环率增高 ,增强红细胞的免疫功能。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.