国内外森林对河川径流影响关系的研究进展

国外森林和水分的关系的科学研究始于20世纪初，我国起步于1949年；森林与径流关系的研究方法大致有大范围的计量分析研究、一个林区或林场的计量调查、小范围的定位观测试验3大类。森林对径流的研究主要有森林对年径流的影响、森林对洪水径流的影响、森林对枯水径流影响等几个方面。今后应加强合作研究，特别是利用网络研究对比不同集水区之间的结果来探讨森林对径流的影响，同时重视新技术和新方法的应用。     

森林的采伐与更新对河川径流的影响

森林的采伐会增加径流的流失,而植树造林却有保持水份、改善气候,调节河水流量、防止土壤侵蚀等方面的作用,这是众所周知的事。我国森林亦不断的被采伐与更新,前些年份森林采伐有所增长,但是森林的采伐与更新对河川径流究竟有多大影响与如何发生影响却缺少这方面的试验研究资料。森林、植被与河川径流间的关系,与自然地理     

板桥河小流域坡面产流过程初探

通过坡面径流小区研究不同条件下的水土流失过程是森林水文研究的重要方法之一。目前,不仅在乌江中下游,而且包括南方山区的坡面水文计量,其资料不全,应用范围也有地区性。为此,我们在设计和修建合理可行的坡面径流小区的基础上,应用观察数据对不同地类条件下的产流进行比较和评价,为正确计量板桥河小流域综合治理后的水土流失奠定了基础。     

应用遥感技术研究森林植被变化对河川径流的影响

本文应用遥感技术资料调查大流域不同年代的下垫面组成及其结构变化,结合流域历年实测的水文资料和对不同森林植被—土壤类型降雨截留、枯落物贮存、土壤孔隙贮水及土壤渗透性的测定,评价不同森林植被—土壤系统的涵水能力,研究森林植被覆盖率变化对河川径流的影响研究表明,河川径流总量受大气候的影响.流域森林植被的变化对河川径流的构成和年内分配有决定性作用,大流域森林的采伐和恢复对河川径流的影响是一个渐变的过程.     

里骆森林涵养水源功能的初步分析

<正> 森林地表径流的形成和变化,受林冠层、枯枝落叶层、林地土壤这三者的综合影响,其数值大小与森林蓄水、保水、调节水源功能有着密切的关系。我们在广西龙胜里骆森林生态站,就森林植被对水源涵养、地表径流的影响和调水蓄水功能进行了定位对比研究.一、研究方法我们采用对比法研究了亚热带常绿阔叶林、杉木人工林和草坡涵养水源的效应。     

国内森林水文研究

森林水文学是水文学的分支学科，是研究森林和水关系的学科。它研究的主要目的就是理清所研究地区森林植被对水分循环的影响以及森林水文循环的整个过程，即通过测定森林水分收入和支出的各项森林水文要素研究降水在森林中的再分配和森林的水文效应，进而得出森林植被调节径流、涵养水源的水文功能规律。     

森林对坡面产流的影响研究

20世纪以来，森林与坡面产流的研究取得了长足进展，尤其在我国研究得比较深入与广泛。观测实验依然占绝对优势，径流小区实验仍是最广泛采用的方法。森林对坡面产流机制、坡面流态、产流量、产流过程、产流临界值都有影响，森林枯落物层对径流也有重要影响。坡面产流模型在森林水文学领域得到了应用。     

Water Conservation Forest Impacts on the Runoff Generation and Sedimentation at the Natural Slope Scale in the Miyun Reservoir Watershed

在考虑地表流边界条件情况下,森林对降雨径流和泥沙的影响是一个非常复杂的过程．本文给出了水源保护林在自然坡面尺度上对径流泥沙影响的初步试验研究结果,森林在自然坡面尺度上对１９９７年７月３１日至８月１日降雨过程的洪峰流量消减率达４５５９％,洪水总量的消减率为６．８％,森林坡面径流总量为９８０．７８ｍ３,荒草坡为１０５２２３ｍ３．森林对１９９６年７月３０日降雨过程的洪峰流量消减率为１７．９５％,森林坡面的径流总量为１５．０８ｍ３,荒草坡为１８．３８ｍ３．从１９９６年森林对降雨径流较低的消减率看,降雨量与降雨强度对径流泥沙有很大的影响．     

三峡库区典型森林植被类型对坡面产流影响

在一定地形地貌基础上,植被与降水是决定坡面产流、产沙量的主要因素.2005～2006年对重庆缙云山4个天然林地径流场和农地径流场进行定位观测,结果表明:①森林植被在一定范围内对坡面径流量有削减作用,前期降雨对坡面径流有影响;②坡面径流峰值与暴雨峰值呈一一对应关系,马尾松和常绿阔叶林的变化幅度较小,楠竹林和常绿阔叶灌丛变化较大;③地下径流深与降雨量呈一一对应关系,地下径流深与降雨量关系反映出前期降雨对地下径流量的影响;④马尾松阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林和常绿阔叶冠丛地下径流峰值的总体趋势是随降雨强度的增加而增加;楠竹林和农地随降雨强度的增加而呈下降趋势.     

森林对河川径流影响及其研究方法

从森林对河川年流量影响、森林对洪水的影响2个方面，分析探讨了森林对河川径流调节作用。结合我国南方各省洪涝灾害频繁的实际状况，提出了2种林地径流研究方法。     

系统工程在林业上的应用

作者对系统工程的兴起和发展做了梗概的介绍,从3个方面对森林系统观进行了阐述,认为,只有把3者统一起来,才能获得对在林整体,系统的认识。中国的林业系统工程从1981年开始起步。文章从10个方面归纳了我国林业系统工程的发展历程,并对其发展趋势进行了预测。     

Deforestation in the southern Yucatán peninsular region: an integrative approach

The tensions between development and preservation of tropical forests heighten the need for integrated assessments of deforestation processes and for models that address the fine-tuned location of change. As Mexico’s last tropical forest frontier, the southern Yucatán peninsular region witnesses these tensions, giving rise to a “hot spot” of tropical deforestation. These forests register the imprint of ancient Maya uses and selective logging in the recent past, but significant modern conversion of them for agriculture began in the 1960s. Subsequently, as much as 10% of the region’s forests have been disturbed anthropogenically. The precise rates of conversion and length of successional growth in both upland and wetland forests are tied to policy and political economic conditions. Pressures on upland forests are exacerbated by the development of infrastructure for El Mundo Maya, an archaeological and ecological activity predicated on forest maintenance, and by increased subsistence and market cultivation, including lands on the edge of Mexico’s largest tropical forest biosphere reserve. In this complex setting, the southern Yucatán peninsular region project seeks to unite research in the ecological, social, and remote sensing sciences to provide a firm understanding of the dynamics of deforestation and to work towards spatially explicit assessments and models that can be used to monitor and project forest change under different assumptions.     

Research in Canada's National Research Forests—Past, present and future

We examine almost a century of research activity conducted at Canada's two National Research Forests describing the contributions of long-term study sites and experiments in North America to forest science. The establishment and history of the Petawawa Research Forest and the Acadia Research Forest are outlined, both managed by the Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada. Examples are given of past lessons learned from these forests, today's relevance of these research sites, and some perspectives on their value into the future. Specific examples illustrate how a study initially set up for a specific purpose provided answers through time to new and emerging topics that were not foreseen when the study began.     

中国热带林资源和利用现状及2000年发展前景

中国热带林资源和利用现状及２０００年发展前景朱敏慧（中国林科院科信所,北京１０００９１）１中国热带林资源概况中国的热带林处于热带北缘,属干湿交替型的热带向干热带过渡地带,按区域划分大体可分为３个地带：（１）东部过渡性热带季雨林、雨林区,包括福建东南部...     

Forestry programmes and the contribution of the forestry research community to the Italy experience

Forestry programming is a fundamental tool in achieving sustainable forest management. Italy's first involvement in this process goes back to the 1980's. The second plan it has been adopted at the end of 2008. During this long period, there have been a number of important changes in the forestry arena, in particular about the social, environmental, economic roles of forest, while forest policy has became more international.At the international level, it was not until the early 1990's that the first forestry programmes began to emerge. This in turn has set in motion an interesting debate, producing a range of scientific contributions and technical documents on the part of the international organisations involved.The authors of this contribution will first focus on the nature and content of this international literature, as well as the criteria surrounding its publication and its relevance to forestry programming. We will then move on to an analysis of the Italian experience, characterised by the coexistence of a national programme with various regional plans, and a consideration of the role of forestry research and possible ways to improve the synergy between research and the administration of forests.     

Mosaic of reform: forest policy in post-1978 China

With the start of economic reforms in 1978, China's forest sector was caught up in a whirlwind of change. It began with the devolution of forest tenures in rural areas, but led to reform of state-owned forest enterprises via introduction of stumpage fees and liberalized forest product prices. From the early 1990s to 1998, while China increasingly embraced the market economy, the nation's natural forests continued to be depleted despite repeated emphasis on sustainable development. Then, in the wake of the 1998 floods in the Yangtze River basin, there was a shift in focus from timber production to environmental protection, with policy redirected toward the rehabilitation of damaged forest ecosystems, afforestation in desertified and degraded areas, and a ban on logging in natural forests. We provide an overview of the central themes of reform in China's forestry sector, identify the major factors that influenced policy formulation, and show that the outcomes of China's forest policy changes in the aggregate represent a paradigm shift.     

Innovation and forest industry: domesticating the pine forests of the southern United States, 1920–1999

The history of forest management in the southern United States has been a process of intensification and the pine forests of the Coastal Plain can be regarded as in the early stage of crop domestication. Silviculture research into tree improvement and other aspects of plantation establishment and management has been critical to the domestication process, which began in the early 1950s with the paradigm shift from natural stand management to plantation forestry. Advances were incremental innovations that relied heavily on basic knowledge gained in other disciplines and from formal university–industry silviculture research cooperatives. These cooperatives played a critical role in the domestication process, especially as they disseminated technological innovations. Sixteen major pulp and paper companies were examined in terms of participation in research cooperatives, expenditures on research and implementation of innovations. Despite a lack of relationship between company size (gross sales) and expenditures on forestry research, implementation of innovations was significantly related to research expenditures, timberland owned and total sales. Adjusting for timberland ownership or annual sales, the companies that spent the most on forestry research did the best job implementing research results. Emerging trends in industry structure and support for research may indicate a new role for public research institutions in the South, and call into question the need for silviculture research cooperatives.     

Redwood/tanoak stand development and response to tanoak mortality caused by Phytophthora ramorum

Coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) and tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) form mixed-evergreen forests along the northern California coast. In the mid-1990s, an introduced pathogen (Phytophthora ramorum) began causing extensive mortality of tanoak in these forests. This research reconstructed stand development patterns occurring in stands with and without the pathogen, measured stand responses to tanoak mortality, and developed projections of future stand development and structure in the presence of P. ramorum. Redwood forms an upper canopy layer while tanoak forms a multicohort lower canopy, resulting in distinct vertical stratification patterns. Individual redwood tree response patterns to tanoak mortality included crown expansion, increased basal sprouting, and increased basal area growth. Future stand structures will likely have greater proportions of redwood relative to tanoak.     

山核桃虫害防治对策

淳安县山核桃产区虫害严重。食叶害虫自1991年起每年发生面积达200～300hm2,1997年达1467hm2;1995年蛀干害虫开始发生,造成枯枝,甚至主干或整株枯死,据对3074hm2山核桃林调查,其发生率达74．9％,枯死株数达4．8万株。分析虫害状况、形成原因后,提出了加强山核桃虫害基础研究、建立测报系统、采取综合治理等对策。