用黄豆芽作产卵植物繁殖东亚小花蝽

东亚小花蝽产卵于植物组织内,为了寻找大量繁殖小花蝽时适用的优良产卵植物,在实验室采用3种植物供其选择产卵,结果小花蝽在黄豆芽、连翘嫩梢和菜豆荚上产的卵,分别占59.1～67.4％,23～32.9％和7.7～9.5％。在500毫升容器中饲养小花蝽,其产卵量随黄豆芽的增加而递增,当每头雌虫给予约一根黄豆芽供作产卵时,一生产卵51.9粒。产有小花蝽卵的黄豆芽在0～4℃冰箱中冷藏3～8天,孵化率均在90％以上。用黄豆芽作产卵植物繁殖小花蝽,成虫获得率可达50.1～84.4％。由于黄豆芽可在室内终年供应,手续简单,作为小花蝽产卵植物着卵多,孵化率高,耐冷藏,适用于室内大量繁殖。     

利用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养东亚小花瓣的比较研究

比较了用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养东亚小花蝽的效果。用来眼蜂蛹连续饲养的6代东亚小花蝽，其若虫发育和成虫产卵能力均与用自然寄主桃蚜饲养的相同世代的小花蝽没有显著差异，各代间若虫发育和成虫产卵能力也基本相同。表明用赤眼峰蛹做饲料可以满足东亚小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的需要。用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料，雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为11.5d和10.9d。单雌产卵量为56.5粒，雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为9.8d和12.7d，用桃蚜做饲料，雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为11.2d和11.0d，单雌产卵量为50.0粒，雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为9.2d和12.9d，用赤眼蜂蛹饲养小花蝽的饲料成本不超过0.24元/头。     

利用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连代饲养东亚小花蝽的比较研究

比较了用桃蚜和人工卵赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养东亚小花蝽的效果。用赤眼蜂蛹连续饲养的6代东亚小花蝽 ,其若虫发育和成虫产卵能力均与用自然寄主桃蚜饲养的相同世代的小花蝽没有显著差异 ,各代间若虫发育和成虫产卵能力也基本相同。表明用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料可以满足东亚小花蝽生长发育和繁殖的需要。用赤眼蜂蛹做饲料 ,雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为1 1 5d和 1 0 9d ,单雌产卵量为 56 5粒 ,雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为 9 8d和 1 2 7d。用桃蚜做饲料 ,雌、雄成虫平均发育历期分别为 1 1 2d和 1 1 0d ,单雌产卵量为 50 0粒 ,雌成虫产卵期和寿命分别为 9 2d和 1 2 9d。用赤眼蜂蛹饲养小花蝽的饲料成本不超过 0 2 4元 /头     

东亚小花蝽成虫和卵的耐冷藏性

研究了东亚小花蝽成虫和卵在 5℃中的耐冷藏性。冷藏前将小花蝽在两个温度中分别饲养1～ 4d的结果表明 ,1 5℃中饲养的成虫 ,其冷藏寿命显著较 2 5℃中饲养的为长。雌虫冷藏寿命较雄虫为长 ,饲养 4d的雌虫平均冷藏寿命达 98d ,雄虫为 2 8 9d。冷藏 1 3和 2 6d的小花蝽 ,其单雌产卵量 (约 2 7粒 )与未经冷藏的个体没有显著差别。产于黄豆芽上的小花蝽卵较耐冷藏 ,冷藏期 1 9d以内 ,卵孵化率保持 75%以上 ;卵孵化率随着冷藏时间的加长而降低。     

豆科功能植物作为东亚小花蝽产卵基质的适合度评价

东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri (Poppius)作为一种重要的捕食性天敌,被广泛用于多种温室害虫的防控。由于该天敌具有在植物组织内产卵的特殊习性,其卵的发育离不开植物,导致筛选适宜的产卵基质植物一直是其规模繁育的重要基础。豆科植物不仅可以作为绿肥和保护型生物防治的功能植物,而且还可以作为东亚小花蝽的适宜产卵基质。因此,本研究以产卵量、产卵持续时间、卵孵化时间、卵孵化率及净生殖力等为指标,在实验室内评价了豇豆、菜豆、大豆、豌豆、绿豆和花生6种豆科植物作为东亚小花蝽产卵基质的适合度。结果表明：东亚小花蝽在绿豆上的总产卵量和净生殖力最高,分别为72.0粒和59.5头,显著高于菜豆、大豆和花生;卵孵化率最高的是花生,为86.79%,但与绿豆并无显著差异;东亚小花蝽在6种植物上的产卵持续时间无显著差异,在绿豆上卵的孵化时间最短,显著低于菜豆和花生。东亚小花蝽在绿豆上的产卵位置也优于其他植物,所以综合考虑绿豆为所试6种植物中东亚小花蝽的最适产卵基质植物。     

异色瓢虫饲养密度对成虫获得率及繁殖的影响

异色瓢虫具有自残习性,在大量饲养中需根据此特性探索出适宜的密度来保证成虫获得率和卵的获得量。在室内测定了在100 mL饲养盒中以地中海粉斑螟卵为食物的异色瓢虫幼虫不同密度下的成虫获得率以及雌雄成虫不同配比时的产卵量。幼虫饲养时,一个饲养盒中平均最多获得7只成虫,随着初始虫量的增多,成虫获得率呈下降趋势,单头饲养的获得率最高。成虫饲养时,1雌1雄、2雌2雄和3雌3雄处理的指标呈规律性变化,虫量越多,产卵前期越短、产卵期越长,总产卵量越大,单雌日产卵量越小,后代的孵化率均达80%以上。4雌4雄处理虫量多,相互干扰,导致产卵前期长、产卵期短、产卵量少,孵化率低、雌性比低。2雌1雄处理与相同雌虫数量的2雌2雄处理相比,单雌日产卵量、总产卵量、后代孵化率、雌性比均低于2雌2雄处理。3雌1雄、3雌2雄处理与3雌3雄处理相比,结果亦然。雌雄等量比少雄的处理产卵多且优,但单雌产卵量、后代孵化率、雌雄性比以单对饲养最高。     

粘虫卵饲养东亚小花蝽的初步研究

东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri是一种重要的捕食性天敌，为了加快东亚小花蝽商品化进程，本研究评价了以粘虫Mythimna separata卵作为东亚小花蝽替代饲料的饲养效率。结果表明，东亚小花蝽取食粘虫卵可以完成其正常的生长发育，东亚小花蝽成虫获得率为77.5%，平均单雌产卵量为72.5粒。在食物充足的情况下，雌性东亚小花蝽世代取食总量为80.4粒。以上结果对东亚小花蝽的规模化饲养和害虫绿色防控具有重要的技术支撑和应用前景。     

东亚小花蝽的生物学及其人工繁殖

东亚小花蝽是主要的自然天敌,在北京一年可发生５￣８代,每代历期一个月左右。行两性生殖,可多次产卵,产卵期平均为１４．７５天,每雌产卵量平均６９粒,最高可达１２７粒。９月下旬以雌成虫开始越冬。同时介绍了一套简易的人工繁殖小花蝽的方法。     

尖钩宽黾蝽不同翅型成虫的生殖力比较研究

本文比较研究了尖钩宽黾蝽不同翅型成虫的生殖力,试验结果表明,尖钩宽黾蝽无翅型成虫和有翅型成虫如果取食褐飞虱低龄若虫时,在产卵前期,产卵期,产卵量,卵历期,卵孵化率及雌,雄成虫寿命等均无显著性差异;如果取食白背飞虱低龄若虫时,无翅型成虫的产卵量显著高于有翅型,但在其他几个方面则无显著性差异,最后比较了尖钩宽黾蝽不同翅型的生殖指标。     

不同性比对井上蛀果斑螟成虫寿命及生殖力的影响

井上蛀果斑螟Assara inouei是云南石榴上最为重要的蛀果害虫,为明确不同性比对该虫成虫寿命及生殖力的影响,在温度(25±1)℃、光周期L∥D=15h∥9h,RH 70%±10%条件下,分别设置1∶4、1∶3、1∶2、1∶1、2∶1、3∶1和4∶1(♀∶♂)共7种雌雄性比处理,研究了性比对井上蛀果斑螟雌雄成虫寿命、产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量和子代卵孵化率等主要生物学参数的影响。结果表明:雌雄性比为2∶1时的产卵期、雌雄成虫寿命均显著长于其余性比,产卵前期短于除3∶1外的其余性比;性比为1∶2时产卵高峰单雌日产卵量显著大于其余性比;性比为1∶3时平均单雌产卵量显著大于其余性比,卵的孵化率显著大于除1∶2外的其余性比。无论在偏雄或偏雌性比条件下,随着雄虫或雌虫比例的增大,产卵前期均先减小后逐渐增大,产卵期均先增大后逐渐减小,平均单雌产卵量均先逐渐增大后减小。偏雄性比条件下子代卵的孵化率高于偏雌条件下。性比对井上蛀果斑螟成虫寿命及生殖力有显著影响,性比偏高或偏低均不利于井上蛀果斑螟种群的生殖。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.