Deep advective transport of lithogenic particles in panama basin

Sediment traps were deployed at several depths between 660 and 3800 meters in the Panama Basin. The flux of lithogenic particles increased with increasing depth. This increase was due primarily to particles of beidellite (a smectite clay), which was identical to the clay occurring in bottom sediment on the continental slope to the west of the sediment trap mooring. The beidellite vertical flux at the Panama Basin station increased when an easterly current prevailed and decreased when the current reversed, indicating that a major portion of smectite was transported horizontally at mid-water depth to the mooring site from the nearby continental slope.     

Variations in terrigenous input into the deep equatorial atlantic during the past 24,000 years

Estimates of terrigenous fluxes at three different water depths at two sites in the equatorial Atlantic by normalization against excess (230)Th flux indicate that the flux of terrigenous material to the seafloor was significantly higher during the last glacial period than it is today. Fluxes started to decrease during deglaciation and reached minimal values in the middle of the Holocene. From 15,000 to 5,000 years ago, there was a substantial increase in flux with increasing water depth below 2,800 meters; this increase may reflect resuspension and lateral transport of slope and rise sediment, possibly because of intensification of deepwater circulation during that period.     

Seal lungs collapse during free diving: evidence from arterial nitrogen tensions

Arterial blood nitrogen tensions of free-diving Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddelli) were measured by attaching a microprocessor-controlled blood pump and drawing samples at depth to determine how these marine mammals dive to great depths and ascend rapidly without developing decompression sickness. Forty-seven samples of arterial blood were obtained from four Weddell seals during free dives lasting up to 23 minutes to depths of 230 meters beneath the sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Peak arterial blood nitrogen tensions of between 2000 and 2500 millimeters of mercury were recorded at depths of 40 to 80 meters during descent, indicating that the seal's lung collapses by 25 to 50 meters. Then arterial blood nitrogen tensions slowly decreased to about 1500 millimeters of mercury at the surface. In a single dive, alveolar collapse and redistribution of blood nitrogen allow the seal to avoid nitrogen narcosis and decompression sickness.     

三江平原沼泽湿地不同水层下CH4、N2O的排放及影响因子

采用野外静态箱—气相色谱法,对三江平原沼泽湿地6—9月不同水层下CH4、N2O的排放进行了同步对比研究,并探讨了影响气体排放的主要影响因子。结果表明,不同水层下的CH4和N2O排放具有明显的时空变化特征。CH4排放高峰期在7、8月,N2O主要排放期在6、7月。40 cm水层下的CH4排放强度最高,平均为34.54mg.m-2.h-1;20、60 cm水层下的CH4排放强度居中,平均分别为17.18、13.02 mg.m-2.h-1;0 cm水层下的CH4排放强度最低,平均7.69 mg.m-2.h-1,N2O排放强度最高,为0.072 mg.m-2.h-1;20、40 cm水层下的N2O排放强度相似,平均分别为0.053、0.050 mg.m-2.h-1;60 cm水层下的排放强度最小,平均为0.026 mg.m-2.h-1。相关分析表明,CH4的排放通量与40 cm水深及5 cm地温呈显著或极显著正相关,与其它各土壤温度之间的相关性因水层不同有所差异;N2O排放通量与地表0、40 cm水深呈显著负相关,20 cm水层下的N2O排放通量与5 cm地温呈显著正相关。CH4、N2O的排放通量与大气温度及地表温度均不相关。     

Respiration and deep diving in the bottlenose porpoise

A bottlenose porpoise was trained to dive untethered in the open ocean and to exhale into an underwater collecting funnel before surfacing from prescribed depths down to 300 meters. The animal was also taught to hold its breath for periods up to 4 minutes at the surface and then blow in the funnel. Alveolar collapse is probably complete at around 100 meters, and little pulmonary respiratory exchange occurs below that depth. Thoracic collapse was observ visually at 10 to 50 meters and by underwater television to 300 meters.     

帽儿山天然次生林融雪径流可溶性有机碳时间动态及垂直分布

融雪期是北方地区可溶性有机碳(DOC)通过融雪径流从陆地生态系统向河流输出的关键时期,因此观测融雪径流DOC动态对分析流域碳流失至关重要。在帽儿山生态站选取东北东部典型天然次生林建立25 m×25 m的水量平衡场,测定分析2014年融雪期不同土层(5、35、65和95 cm)融雪径流DOC含量和通量的时间动态和垂直分布规律。结果表明: 1) 该融雪期土壤水量输入和输出分别为74.2和15.6 mm,径流率高达21%;融雪期DOC输出量与冬季大气输入量基本持平,分别为0.25和0.22 g/m2。2)高峰期DOC含量与其瞬时流量的相关性随土层而变。5和35 cm土层DOC含量与瞬时流量之间均无显著关系(P0.05);65 cm土层则表现出弱负对数关系(R2=0.29,P0.05),而95 cm土层呈现显著线性正相关(R2=0.43,P0.05)。不同土层DOC瞬时通量与瞬时流量之间均极显著正相关(R20.9,P0.001),且产流量越大的土层,其正相关回归方程的斜率也越大,表明水文驱动土壤DOC流失。3)融雪径流产流量和输出DOC通量大小均表现出35 cm5 cm95 cm65 cm土层趋势,其中5和35 cm土层是DOC的主要输出层,占总输出量的70%,而在融雪高峰期可高达90%。由于土壤的滞留作用,DOC含量波动范围随土层加深而向低浓度收敛。      

Age of Canada basin deep waters: a way to estimate primary production for the arctic ocean

An empirical model of carbon flux and (14)C-derived ages of the water in the Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean as a function of depth was used to estimate the long-term rate of primary production within this region. An estimate can be made because the deep waters of the Canadian Basin are isolated from the world oceans by the Lomonosov Ridge (sill depth about 1500 meters). Below the sill, the age of the water correlates with increased nutrients and oxygen utilization and thus provides a way to model the average flux of organic material into the deep basin over a long time period. The (14)C ages of the deep water in the Canada Basin were about 1000 years, the carbon flux across the 1500-meter isobath was 0.3 gram of carbon per square meter per year, and the total production was 9 to 14 grams of carbon per square meter per year. Such estimates provide a baseline for understanding the role of the Arctic Ocean in global carbon cycling.     

Radiolarian skeletons: solution at depths

Radiolarian skeletons were placed at several depths on the taut mooring wire of a buoy in the central Pacific for 4 months. Recent radiolarian sediment dissolved at appreciable rates at depths shallower than 2000 meters; solution was greatest near the surface and decreased with depth. This pattern correlates with bathymetric distributions of dissolved silicon and of temperature. Siliceous Radiolaria from planktonic samples appeared to dissolve about eight times faster than those from sediment. Tripyleans seemed to be less resistant than polycystins. Acantharia dissolved completely at all depths.     

Aerobic microbial respiration in 86-million-year-old deep-sea red clay

Microbial communities can subsist at depth in marine sediments without fresh supply of organic matter for millions of years. At threshold sedimentation rates of 1 millimeter per 1000 years, the low rates of microbial community metabolism in the North Pacific Gyre allow sediments to remain oxygenated tens of meters below the sea floor. We found that the oxygen respiration rates dropped from 10 micromoles of O(2) liter(-1) year(-1) near the sediment-water interface to 0.001 micromoles of O(2) liter(-1) year(-1) at 30-meter depth within 86 million-year-old sediment. The cell-specific respiration rate decreased with depth but stabilized at around 10(-3) femtomoles of O(2) cell(-1) day(-1) 10 meters below the seafloor. This result indicated that the community size is controlled by the rate of carbon oxidation and thereby by the low available energy flux.     

Man-made carbon-14 in deep Pacific waters: transport by biological skeletal material

Calcareous particles present in Pacific waters at depths of 50 to 3500 meters were collected by filtering seawater through spongin matrix. The specific activity of carbon-14 could be measured in two of these collections from depths of 2300 and 3500 meters. The ratios of carbon-14 to carbon-12 correspond to values observed in surface waters in recent years as a result of the addition of manmade carbon-14, thus indicating that the calcareous particles resulted from recent biological productivity. The results are related to the mean settling rates and the sizes and dissolution rates of biogenic calcareous particles in transit through a seawater column.     

辽东湾海域有色可溶性有机物荧光特征分析

为了分析辽东湾有色可溶性有机物(Chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)的分布特征,于2015年4月14日—5月3日采用"走航式"测量方法,分别获取了辽东湾海域32个站位表层、5、10 m 3个不同深度水层的CDOM荧光图谱、吸收系数和石油物质含量等数据。结果表明:表层(0 m)CDOM的荧光图谱分为3种类型:单峰型、双峰型和三峰型,5、10 m深水层CDOM的荧光图谱主要为单峰型和双峰型;3种峰型均包含位于激发波长(Ex)/发射波长(Em)为225~235 nm/325~350 nm的荧光峰,这主要是海水浮游植物自身降解产生的色氨酸产生的;在靠近海上油气开采平台和双台子河入海口的海域,油物质和CDOM的共同作用,使得位于这些区域的站点表层的荧光强度明显增强,荧光峰的范围也有所增大;表层、10 m深水层荧光强度最大值和最小值随站位的走势基本一致,而5 m深水层的走势就比较复杂;无论是哪种类型的荧光峰,其位置随着水深的增加基本保持不变,荧光强度随水深变化规律不明显。本研究中建立的由荧光峰强度(Af)和CDOM在440 nm处吸收系数[ag(440)]的比值来求解光谱斜率(S)的模型,可为利用荧光和可见光遥感技术反演光谱斜率S提供一种新方法。     

不同深度土壤中水溶性有机物荧光光谱特征研究

以淮南市山南新区为例,测定了区内不同深度土壤中水溶性有机物的含量,同时利用RF-5301荧光分光光度计对不同深度土壤水溶性有机物进行荧光特征分析。研究结果表明:不同深度土壤中水溶性有机物的荧光特征基本相似,深层土壤的水溶性有机物含量较高,表层土壤水溶性有机物荧光强度较其他层大。     

Ross ice shelf sea temperatures

Two temperature profiles recorded by a sensitive bathythermograph at the Ross Ice Shelf Project site (82 degrees 22.5'S, 168 degrees 37.5'W) are presented. From the shape of the profiles it is concluded that an inflow of water at intermediate depths provides a source of heat to drive a regime in which ice is melted from the interface at a depth of 360 meters. Melting maintains the temperature of a thick layer under the ice at about -2.14 degrees C, close to the ambient freezing temperature. A very well mixed layer about 35 meters thick was found at the seabed.     

Kinetics of conversion of air bubbles to air hydrate crystals in antarctic ice

The depth dependence of bubble concentration at pressures above the transition to the air hydrate phase and the optical scattering length due to bubbles in deep ice at the South Pole are modeled with diffusion-growth data from the laboratory, taking into account the dependence of age and temperature on depth in the ice. The model fits the available data on bubbles in cores from Vostok and Byrd and on scattering length in deep ice at the South Pole. It explains why bubbles and air hydrate crystals coexist in deep ice over a range of depths as great as 800 meters and predicts that at depths below approximately 1400 meters the AMANDA neutrino observatory at the South Pole will operate unimpaired by light scattering from bubbles.     

Clathrate hydrates of air in antarctic ice

Measurements of the dissociation pressure of nitrogen hydrate and oxygen hydrate show that the clathrate hydrate of air with the formula (N(2), O(2)) 6H(2)O should exist below about 800 meters in the Antarctic ice sheet. This accounts for the disappearance of gas bubbles at depths greater than 1200 meters. The hydrate should exist from this depth to prise 0.06 percent of the ice.     

Natural and experimental evidence of melt lubrication of faults during earthquakes

Melt produced by friction during earthquakes may act either as a coseismic fault lubricant or as a viscous brake. Here we estimate the dynamic shear resistance (tau(f)) in the presence of friction-induced melts from both exhumed faults and high-velocity (1.28 meters per second) frictional experiments. Exhumed faults within granitoids (tonalites) indicate low tau(f) at 10 kilometers in depth. Friction experiments on tonalite samples show that tau(f) depends weakly on normal stress. Extrapolation of experimental data yields tau(f) values consistent with the field estimates and well below the Byerlee strength. We conclude that friction-induced melts can lubricate faults at intermediate crustal depths.     

Effect of Different Irrigation Methods on Dissolved Organic Carbon and Microbial Biomass Carbon in the Greenhouse Soil

The objective of this study was to investigate the contents and distribution of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and microbial biomass carbon （MBC） at 0-100 cm soil depth under three irrigation treatments, viz., subsurface, drip and furrow irrigation in the greenhouse soil. The soil samples were collected at different depths （0-100 cm）, and the contents of soil total organic carbon （TOC）, DOC and MBC were analysed. The experiment was conducted for 10 yr, during which period the application of fertilizers and crop management practices were kept identical. The results showed that the contents of TOC, DOC and MBC were significantly affected by different irrigation regimes, decreased with the increase of soil depth. TOC at 0-10 and 80-100 cm soil depths followed the order of furrow irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation 〉 drip irrigation, whereas at the depth of 10-80 cm followed the order of subsurface irrigation 〉 furrow irrigation 〉 drip irrigation. DOC and MBC contents at 0-100 cm soil depths followed the order of furrow irrigation 〉 drip irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation, and drip irrigation 〉 furrow irrigation 〉 subsurface irrigation, respectively. The ratios of DOC and MBC to TOC accounted for 4.98-12.87% and 1.48-2.82%, respectively, which were the highest in the drip irrigation treatment, followed were in the furrow irrigation treatment, and the lowest in subsurface irrigation treatment. There were significant positive correlations among the contents of DOC, MBC and TOC in all irrigation treatments. The furrow irrigation facilitated the accumulation of TOC and DOC, while drip irrigation increased the MBC. The content of TOC and the ratios of DOC to TOC were the lowest in subsurface irrigation treatment.     

Brines and interstitial brackish water in drill cores from the deep gulf of Mexico

Marked increases in interstitial salinity occur in two drill holes located in the Gulf of Mexico at a water depth of more than 3500 meters. The increases probably arose through diffusion of salt from buried evaporites. In one hole, however, brackish water was encountered on penetrating the oil-permeated cap rock of a salt dome. The phenomenon is attributed to production of fresh water during oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons and decomposition of gypsum to form native sulfur.     

Optical properties of the South pole ice at depths between 0.8 and 1 kilometer

The optical properties of the ice at the geographical South Pole have been investigated at depths between 0.8 and 1 kilometer. The absorption and scattering lengths of visible light ( approximately 515 nanometers) have been measured in situ with the use of the laser calibration setup of the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) neutrino detector. The ice is intrinsically extremely transparent. The measured absorption length is 59 +/- 3 meters, comparable with the quality of the ultrapure water used in the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven and Kamiokande proton-decay and neutrino experiments and more than twice as long as the best value reported for laboratory ice. Because of a residual density of air bubbles at these depths, the trajectories of photons in the medium are randomized. If the bubbles are assumed to be smooth and spherical, the average distance between collisions at a depth of 1 kilometer is about 25 centimeters. The measured inverse scattering length on bubbles decreases linearly with increasing depth in the volume of ice investigated.