菊苣根超微粉抗炎镇痛作用的研究

为了研究菊苣根超微粉的抗炎镇痛作用,试验分别采用二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀,角叉菜胶致小鼠足趾肿胀进行抗炎试验,采用醋酸致小鼠扭体法进行镇痛试验。结果表明:菊苣根超微粉高剂量(1.5 g/kg)组、低剂量(0.75 g/kg)组小鼠耳肿胀度和足趾肿胀度均显著低于模型对照组(P0.05);菊苣根超微粉高剂量组、低剂量组和普通粉(1.5 g/kg)组醋酸致小鼠扭体次数均少于模型对照组,抑制率分别为72.65%、58.69%、35.33%。说明菊苣根超微粉有明显的抗炎镇痛效果,其效果优于普通粉。     

艾纳香油药理学作用评价

为了评价艾纳香油(艾油)的药理作用,试验采用急性毒性试验的方法观察其灌胃给药毒性大小,二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀方法观察其抗炎活性,醋酸扭体方法观察其镇痛效果,试管二倍稀释法观察其体外抗菌效果。结果表明:艾油口服的LD50为5.179 g/kg;艾油高剂量可极显著抑制二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀(P0.01),肿胀抑制率达到55.42%;艾油低、中、高剂量组都可极显著降低醋酸所致的小鼠扭体次数(P0.01),镇痛率最高可达84.03%;艾油对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为1.25μL/m L和1.75μL/m L,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)分别为2.50μL/m L和3.50μL/m L。说明艾油具有明显的抗炎、镇痛和抗菌作用,灌服给药可行,安全毒性小。     

银杏叶对小鼠抗炎镇痛作用的研究

目的：观察不同剂量银杏叶水煎醇沉液对小鼠的抗炎、镇痛作用。方法：采用二甲苯诱导小鼠耳壳肿胀法,50只小鼠随机均分5组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射地塞米松（10 mg/kg）,连续给药6 d,测定小鼠耳廓的肿胀率和肿胀抑制率;采用热板法测定小鼠的镇痛作用,取合格小鼠100只随机均分10组,分别为银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射和水煎液灌胃高（10.0 g/kg）、中（5.0 g/kg）、低（2.5 g/kg）剂量组,空白对照组腹腔注射和灌胃等量生理盐水,阳性对照组腹腔注射和灌胃安乃近（20 mg/kg）,给药后30 m in测定小鼠的痛阈值的变化。结果：腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各剂量组小鼠耳廓肿胀率均低于生理盐水组（P〈0.01）,其肿胀抑制率以高剂量组最高;与生理盐水组比较,腹腔注射银杏叶水煎醇沉液各个剂量组痛阈值均明显提高（P〈0.01）;灌胃给药高剂量组有镇痛作用（P〈0.01）。结论：银杏叶水煎醇沉液腹腔注射对小鼠具有较强的抗炎和镇痛作用,灌胃给药镇痛效果相对较差。     

鱼腥草芩蓝口服液抗炎镇痛作用研究

旨在探讨鱼腥草芩蓝口服液的抗炎镇痛作用。采用二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀、醋酸致小鼠毛细血管通透性增加、醋酸致小鼠扭体反应等方法建立炎症及疼痛模型。造模前将昆明小鼠随机分为5组,分别为阴性对照组、阳性对照组和鱼腥草芩蓝口服液高、中、低剂量组,每组10只,雌雄各半。阴性和阳性对照组小鼠分别给予生理盐水和双黄连口服液20mL/kg体重,鱼腥草芩蓝口服液高、中、低剂量组分别灌服34、17、8.5g/kg体重剂量的鱼腥草芩蓝口服液,连续给药5d,观察鱼腥草芩蓝口服液的抗炎镇痛作用。结果表明,高、中、低剂量的鱼腥草芩蓝口服液能不同程度地抑制二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓肿胀,降低醋酸诱导的毛细血管通透性增加,减少醋酸引起的小鼠扭体次数。说明鱼腥草芩蓝口服液具有良好的抗炎、镇痛作用。     

腰痛贴膏镇痛作用的研究

为研究腰痛贴膏镇痛作用功效,采用注射醋酸致小鼠扭体法以及大鼠光照甩尾法和小鼠热板舔足法来观察腰痛贴膏的镇痛作用.与空白对照组相比,腰痛贴膏低、中、高剂量能够显著减少小鼠扭体反应次数,差异显著(P＜0.05);结果表明,与空白对照组相比,腰痛贴膏低、中、高剂量能够显著提高大鼠痛阈值,差异显著或极显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);与空白对照组相比,腰痛贴膏中、高剂量能够显著提高小鼠的痛阈值,差异显著或极显著(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).表明腰痛贴膏具有显著的镇痛作用.     

虎杖乙醇提取物的抗炎及免疫活性初探

目的:探讨虎杖乙醇提取物(HZ)的抗炎及免疫活性。方法:以地塞米松为阳性对照,通过对小鼠灌胃HZ 7 d,检测不同剂量的HZ对二甲苯所致小鼠耳肿胀及纸片诱导的肉芽肿的抑制作用。结果:与对照组相比,地塞米松与HZ均可显著抑制耳肿胀及肉芽肿(P0.01),0.50～1.00 g/mL HZ对耳肿胀的抑制效果均显著优于地塞米松(P0.05),其中1.00 g/mL HZ可使小鼠耳肿胀度比阳性组降低44.36%(P0.05);0. 50 g/mL HZ对肉芽肿的抑制率比阳性组提高57. 14%(P 0. 05)。各药物组小鼠体质量均显著降低(P0.01),其中地塞米松和高剂量HZ使小鼠体质量增重分别降低了122.07%和106.27%;0.25～0.50 g/mL HZ可显著提高小鼠脾脏指数,其中0.25 g/mL HZ可使脾脏指数比对照组提高32.35%(P0.01);地塞米松与0.50～1.00 g/mL HZ均可显著降低胸腺指数(P0.01)。结论:中、高剂量HZ抗炎效果显著,而低剂量可能对小鼠免疫功能有促进作用。     

乳腺康注射液的药效学研究

试验旨在研究乳腺康注射液体内外药效。体外药效采用牛津杯法对其进行体外抑菌活性研究;体内药效采用热板法及醋酸致小鼠扭体的镇痛模型、二甲苯及鸡蛋清致炎模型、2,4-二硝基酚及干酵母致大鼠发热6种经典药理模型,对乳腺康注射液进行镇痛、抗炎、解热的药效研究。结果显示,乳腺康注射液对大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌有较显著的体外抑制作用,中、高剂量能极显著提高小鼠痛阈值,极显著减少醋酸所致扭体次数（P<0.01）,中剂量组能显著降低二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀度及鸡蛋清致小鼠足跖肿胀度（P<0.05）,中、高剂量组对2,4-二硝基酚引起的发热在1.5~2.0及3.0~3.5 h有显著的解热作用（P<0.05）,对干酵母所引起的大鼠发热在1.0~3.5 h有显著的解热作用（P<0.05）。结果表明,乳腺康注射液能明显抑制大肠杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的活性,且具有显著的镇痛抗炎解热作用。     

家畜止痢散抑菌和镇痛活性研究

为了研究止痢散抑菌和镇痛的药理学作用,采用二倍稀释法、热板刺激、冰醋酸刺激小鼠扭体等方法研究止痢散的抑菌及镇痛作用。抑菌结果显示,止痢散最小抑菌浓度（MIC）为0.3125 mg/mL,止痢散对于金黄色葡萄球菌的MBC为0.6250 mg/mL,对于大肠杆菌的MBC为0.9375 mg/mL。热板刺激结果显示,与给药前相比：止痢散低、中、高剂量组在给药后30 min痛阈值极显著减少（P<0.01）,在给药后1 h止痢散低、高剂量组痛阈值显著减少（P<0.05）。冰醋酸刺激小鼠扭体结果显示,与空白对照组相比：阳性组小鼠扭体次数极显著减少（P<0.01）,止痢散低剂量小鼠扭体次数极显著减少（P<0.01）;与阳性组相比：各试验组小鼠扭体次数极显著增加（P<0.01）。结论：止痢散具有抑菌、镇痛作用;抑菌作用明显,镇痛作用不明显。     

卡洛芬注射液抗炎、镇痛效果及皮肤刺激性观察

探讨卡洛芬注射液的抗炎、镇痛作用与皮肤刺激性。以市售托芬那酸注射液为对照药物,抗炎作用采用小鼠耳肿胀法、大鼠踝关节肿胀法,镇痛作用采用小鼠热板法、小鼠醋酸扭体法,刺激性采用兔的皮肤刺激试验考察卡洛芬注射液I、II的抗炎、镇痛作用与刺激性。结果显示,各给药组对二甲苯所致的小鼠耳炎具有明显的抑制作用,且与生理盐水组差异显著(P<0.05);可抑制甲醛所致的大鼠踝关节肿胀,托芬那酸组的肿胀抑制率最高,其次为卡洛芬I组。卡洛芬I组和托芬那酸组在15、30 min时均可有效延长小鼠热板痛阈值;卡洛芬II组没有明显镇痛效果。卡洛芬I组和II组对小鼠扭体的潜伏期没有明显改变,但扭体次数相对较少,扭体抑制率分别为34.7%和17.5%。托芬那酸组第一次扭体的潜伏期较长,扭体抑制率为42.6%。兔的皮肤刺激性试验各给药组均未出现不良反应。卡洛芬I组药效快,抗炎、镇痛效果显著,安全无刺激性,效果优于卡洛芬II组。     

硒化乌拉尔甘草多糖的抗炎活性研究

为了探究硒化乌拉尔甘草多糖(Se-GPS)的抗炎活性,试验以地塞米松为阳性对照,给小白鼠灌服低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)Se-GPS和低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)GPS 0.2 m L/只,连续给药10 d,观察其对二甲苯和醋酸所致炎症的抗炎效果;用脂多糖(LPS)建立小鼠炎症模型,分别给小鼠灌服低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)LPS+Se-GPS和低剂量(100 mg/kg)、中剂量(200 mg/kg)、高剂量(300 mg/kg)LPS+GPS0.2 m L/只,连续给药10 d,测定小鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量变化。结果表明:各剂量Se-GPS均能显著抑制二甲苯致小鼠耳廓肿胀,显著降低醋酸致小鼠毛细血管的通透性增加,抑制炎性细胞因子TNF-α和IL-1β的分泌,其抗炎活性略强于甘草多糖,且高剂量Se-GPS抗炎效果最好。说明Se-GPS具有明显的抗炎活性。     

Ketoprofen in piglets: enantioselective pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and PK/PD modelling

The chiral pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ketoprofen were investigated in a placebo-controlled study in piglets after intramuscular administration of 6 mg/kg racemic ketoprofen. The absorption half-lives of both enantiomers were short, and S-ketoprofen predominated over R-ketoprofen in plasma. A kaolin-induced inflammation model was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic effects of ketoprofen. Skin temperatures increased after the kaolin injection, but the effect of ketoprofen was small. No significant antipyretic effects could be detected, but body temperatures tended to be lower in the ketoprofen-treated piglets. Mechanical nociceptive threshold testing was used to evaluate the analgesic effects. The piglets in the ketoprofen-treated group had significantly higher mechanical nociceptive thresholds compared to the piglets in the placebo group for 12-24 h following the treatment. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modelling of the results from the mechanical nociceptive threshold testing gave a median IC(50) for S-ketoprofen of 26.7 μg/mL and an IC(50) for R-ketoprofen of 1.6 μg/mL. This indicates that R-ketoprofen is a more potent analgesic than S-ketoprofen in piglets. Estimated ED(50) for racemic ketoprofen was 2.5 mg/kg.     

约氏乳杆菌对大鼠生长性能、血液指标及脏器指数的影响

本试验旨在研究约氏乳杆菌对大鼠生长性能、血液指标及脏器指数的影响。试验选取SD大鼠80只,雌雄各半。大鼠按照体重相近的原则随机分为4个剂量组,即阴性对照组、试验Ⅰ(5 000 mg/kg体重)、试验Ⅱ(1 000 mg/kg体重)和试验Ⅲ组(200 mg/kg体重)。试验期为30 d。结果表明:试验剂量为200~1 000 mg/kg体重时,约氏乳杆菌对大鼠体增重、总采食量、饲料转化率、血液学指标和病理学指标的影响无显著性差异(P>0.05);试验剂量为5 000 mg/kg体重时,谷草转氨酶、血糖、总胆固醇差异不显著(P>0.05);与其他剂量组相比,大鼠的体增重和总采食量显著降低(P<0.05),但饲料转化率无显著差异(P>0.05);谷丙转氨酶水平显著降低(P<0.05),白蛋白和总蛋白显著增高(P<0.05);雌性大鼠尿素氮和雄性大鼠肌酐显著增高(P<0.05)。综合分析,约氏乳杆菌剂量低于1 000 mg/kg体重时,对大鼠平均日增重、血液指标及脏器指数无影响;约氏乳杆菌剂量高于5 000 mg/kg体重时,对大鼠脏器指数有影响。     

Ketorolac Is Not More Effective Than Flunixin Meglumine or Phenylbutazone in Reducing Foot Pain in Horses

The objective was to compare the analgesic efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) and two other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including flunixin meglumine (FM) and phenylbutazone (PB), using a heart bar shoe (HBS) model of reversible foot lameness in horses. Nine adult horses were used in a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. After induction of left front limb lameness using a modified HBS model, one of three NSAIDs (KT, 2.0 mg/kg IV; FM, 1.1 mg/kg IV; PB, 4.4 mg/kg IV) or saline (placebo) was administered IV as a single dose. Lameness was assessed every 30 minutes for 2 hours, then every hour up to 12 hours using both a lameness grading scale (lameness score; LS) and a body-mounted inertial sensor system (lameness locator; LL). High-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to measure plasma drug concentration at various time points. There was no difference in percent reduction of LS or LL value between KT and any other group, or between FM and placebo. The PB group showed a significantly higher percentage in LS reduction than the placebo and FM groups. The mean percent reduction in LL value was greater for the PB group than that for the placebo and FM groups. Plasma drug concentration was similar among horses for each drug at each time point, with drug concentrations decreasing over time. Thus, variation in plasma drug concentration did not influence lameness reduction for any drug. Ketorolac tromethamine was not superior to FM or PB in reducing lameness using a HBS model.     

Use of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic approach in the cat to determine a dosage regimen for the COX-2 selective drug robenacoxib

This study investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic efficacy of the new COX-2 selective inhibitor robenacoxib in the cat and established pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters for these effects. Robenacoxib, at a dosage of 2 mg/kg administered subcutaneously, was evaluated in a kaolin-induced paw inflammation model in 10 cats, using both clinically relevant endpoints (lameness scoring, locomotion tests) and other indicators of inflammation (body and skin temperature, thermal pain threshold) to establish its pharmacological profile. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling approach, based on indirect response models, was used to describe the time course and magnitude of the responses to robenacoxib. All endpoints demonstrated good responsiveness to robenacoxib administration and both the magnitude and time courses of responses were well described by the indirect pharmacodynamic response models. Pharmacokinetic and clinically relevant pharmacodynamic parameters were used to simulate dosage regimens that will assist the planning of clinical trials and the selection of an optimal dosage regimen for robenacoxib in the cat.     

Bee venom pretreatment has both an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced inflammation

Although the injection of bee venom (BV) has been reported to evoke tonic pain and hyperalgesia, there is conflicting evidence in the literature indicating that BV can also exert an anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects on inflammation. In this regard, BV has been traditionally used in Oriental medicine to relieve pain and to treat chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that BV induces acute nociception under normal conditions, but that it can serve as a potent anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive agent in a localized inflammatory state. The experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of BV pretreatment on carrageenan (CR)-induced acute paw edema and thermal hyperalgesia. In addition, spinal cord Fos expression induced by peripheral inflammation was quantitatively analyzed. In normal animals subcutaneous BV injection into the hindlimb was found to slightly increase Fos expression in the spinal cord without producing detectable nociceptive behaviors or hyperalgesia. In contrast pretreatment with BV (0.8 mg/kg) 30 min prior to CR injection suppressed both the paw edema and thermal hyperalgesia evoked by CR. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the percent change in paw volume and the expression of Fos positive neurons in the spinal cord. These results indicate that BV pretreatment has both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in CR-induced inflammatory pain. These data also suggest that BV administration may be useful in the treatment of the pain and edema associated with chronic inflammatory diseases.     

In vitro anti‐LPS dose determination of ketorolac tromethamine and in vivo safety of repeated dosing in healthy horses

Flunixin meglumine (FM) is a commonly used Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) in horses, but clinical efficacy is often unsatisfactory. Ketorolac tromethamine (KT) demonstrates superior efficacy compared to other NSAIDs in humans, but its anti‐inflammatory effects have not been investigated in the horse. Safety of repeated dosing of KT has not been evaluated. The first objective was to conduct a dose determination study to verify that a previously described dosage of KT would inhibit Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced eicosanoid production in vitro, and to compare KT effects of this inhibition to those of FM. Then, a randomized crossover study was performed using nine healthy horses to evaluate plasma concentrations of KT and FM following IV administration. Administered dosages of KT and FM were 0.5 mg/kg and 1.1 mg/kg, respectively. Safety following six repeated doses of KT was assessed. Ketorolac tromethamine and FM suppressed LPS‐induced Thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂) and Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production in vitro for up to 12 hr. Intravenous administration produced plasma concentrations of KT and FM similar to previous reports. No adverse effects were observed. A KT dosage of 0.5 mg/kg IV inhibited LPS‐induced eicosanoids in vitro, and repeated dosing for up to 3 days appears safe in healthy horses. Investigation of in vivo anti‐inflammatory and analgesic effects of KT is warranted.     

饲料中添加蛋白酶AG对鲤鱼鱼种生长和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响

通过2个试验研究了饲料中添加蛋白酶AG对鲤鱼生长和前肠蛋白质消化酶活性的影响.试验Ⅰ选用540尾均重11.7 g的鲤鱼,随机均分为6组,随机选取3组分别饲喂鱼粉含量为10%、15%、20%的3种等蛋白基础饲料,另外3组分别饲喂添加有175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的以上3种饲料,试验期60 d.试验Ⅱ选取120尾均重48.7 g的鲤鱼,随机分为2组,一组饲喂鱼粉含量6%的基础饲料为对照组,另外一组饲喂添加175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的基础饲料为试验组,试验期为30 d.试验Ⅰ结果表明:摄食10%鱼粉饲料和20%鱼粉 175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG饲料的鲤鱼分别具有最低和最高的增重率;在10%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG显著提高了鱼体增重率(P<0.05),但在15%、20%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对鱼体增重率没有显著影响.试验Ⅱ结果表明:相比于对照组,试验组鲤鱼增重率提高了6.4%(P<0.05),饲料系数降低了5.4%(P<0.05).试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ中,添加蛋白酶AG对鱼体肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);对消化酶活性的测定表明,在鱼粉含量为10%、6%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可显著提高前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但在鱼粉含量为15%、20%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性没有影响.综上所述,在鱼粉含量较低的饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可提高鲤鱼消化道蛋白酶活性,改善生长性能.     

Effect of flunixin meglumine and aspirin administration on conception rate and estrous cycle characteristics of Egyptian Baladi cows during hot season

The current investigation aims to evaluate the effects of flunixin meglumine (FM) and aspirin as non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration on estrous cycles characteristics and conception rate of Egyptian Baladi cows during hot season. In the first phase, 30 cows were divided into 3 groups, 10 cows for each treatment. The first group was treated with FM at the rate of 1.1 mg/kg body weight (BW) intramuscular, while the second group was administrated aspirin solution orally at the rate of 50 mg/kg BW. The third group was assigned as control (CG) that has no treatment. The FM group was administrated on day 14 after mating, while aspirin was given on day 14 and day 15 post-mating. All cows were mated naturally after showing estrus signs. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried 60 days after mating by rectal palpation. In the second phase, cows were monitored for estrus behavior by visual observation twice a day. The length of normal estrous cycles was 20, 23, and 22 days in cows treated with FM, aspirin, and control cows, respectively. There was no significant effect of treatment on the length of normal estrous cycles in Egyptian cows (P < 0.05). Proportions of long cycles in Egyptian cows that treated with FM or aspirin and control were 75, 67.7, and 57.1%, respectively. Short cycles were completely absent in cows that treated with FM or aspirin, but it was 29% in CG. Mounting behavior and tail rising were not detected in CG compared to 0 and 33% in FM or 25 and 33% in aspirin treated cows, respectively. Conception or pregnancy rate were 60, 40, and 30%, respectively, in FM, aspirin treated, and CG. Treatment cows whether FM or aspirin group did not influence (P < 0.05) progesterone concentration during the 14 days and 21 days from estrous cycle in pregnant and non-pregnant Egyptian Baladi cows than CG. In conclusion, the results of this study clearly indicated beneficial effect of FM and aspirin administration on intense of displayed estrous behavior and conception rate of Egyptian Baladi cows during the hot season.