真空条件下木材表面水分蒸发速率模型及应用初探

对真空条件下木材表面水分蒸发速率模型进行了理论推导，并以截面为20 mm×20 mm，长度分别为100、150、200、250、300 mm的桦木为试材，在干燥温度分别为60、75、90℃，绝对压力分别为0.02、0.04、0.06、0.07、0.08 MPa的真空干燥条件下，对试材内部水分移动速率进行研究。结果表明:木材表面水分移动速率大于内部水分移动速率，二者的比值在10～150之间变化。根据试验结果,得出了不同条件下各种规格试材的干燥速率与温度、绝对压力的关系式，并与理论推导得出的模型进行比较，得到木材表面水分蒸发速率与内部水分移动速率之比。最后根据不产生干燥缺陷的最大（极限）速比，得出木材真空干燥过程中不产生缺陷时的温度和绝对压力的关系式。      

Geomorphic evidence for the distribution of ground ice on Mars

High-resolution Viking orbiter images show evidence for quasi-viscous relaxation of topography. The relaxation is believed to be due to creep deformation of ice in near-surface materials. The global distribution of the inferred ground ice shows a pronounced latitudinal dependence. The equatorial regions of Mars appear to be ice-poor, while the heavily cratered terrain poleward of +/- 30 degrees latitude appears to be ice-rich. The style of creep poleward of +/- 30 degrees varies with latitude, possibly due to variations in ice rheology with temperature. The distribution suggests that ice at low latitudes, which is not in equilibrium with the present atmosphere, has been lost via sublimation and diffusion through the regolith, thereby causing a net poleward transport of ice over martian history.     

Semiconducting Region of Ytterbium

The resistivity of elemental ytterbium at room temperature rises, by a factor of 11, to a maximum at a pressure of 40 kilobars; a further increase in pressure causes a polymorphic transition; the new phase has a resistivity 80 percent of that of the metal at 1 atmosphere. In the temperature-pressure diagram, the phase boundary has a negative slope. The phase boundary, determined from -190 degrees to 360 degrees C, is a straight line that may be extrapolated nearly to the known alpha-beta transition at 1 atmosphere. Between the transition pressure and 20 kbar, the lowest pressure at which the measurements were made, ytterbium behaved as a semiconductor. The temperature coefficient of resistance is negative; at constant pressure, the resistivity shows the exponential temperature dependence characteristic of a semiconductor. The parameter in the expontial would correspond to an energy gap 0.015 ev at 20 kbar, an increase with pressure to a maximum of 0.080 ev at 37 kbar, and then a decrease to 0.05 ev at 45 kbar.     

Atmospheric carbon dioxide and aerosols: effects of large increases on global climate

Effects on the global temperature of large increases in carbon dioxide and aerosol densities in the atmosphere of Earth have been computed. It is found that, although the addition of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere does increase the surface temperature, the rate of temperature increase diminishes with increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. For aerosols, however, the net effect of increase in density is to reduce the surface temperature of Earth. Because of the exponential dependence of the backscattering, the rate of temperature decrease is augmented with increasing aerosol content. An increase by only a factor of 4 in global aerosol background concentration may be sufficient to reduce the surface temperature by as much as 3.5 degrees K. If sustained over a period of several years, such a temperature decrease over the whole globe is believed to be sufficient to trigger an ice age.     

Superconductivity of alpha-uranium and the role of 5f electrons

A much sharper and lower superconducting transition has been found for alpha-uranium than any reported previously. A model that explains the unusual volume dependence of alpha-uranium below 43 degrees K and the unusual pressure dependence of its superconducting transition temperature is presented.     

木材皱缩现象中的力学问题探讨

长期以来,木材皱缩现象一直被认为主要是因为木材中液体毛细张力产生的“负压强”压溃细胞壁造成的,该文对此提出了质疑.作者根据YoungLaplace定律设计了一组毛细负压强直接测量试验,发现凹液面上的毛细张力并不能使液体的压强降低.根据水在玻璃表面形成二维冰新结构这一最新发现,对毛细负压强及产生皱缩的主要动力问题提出了一些新的假设.     

多年冻土的力学性质

通过试验及收集相关资料,研究冻土的力学性质。从冻土的抗压强度与抗剪强度、冻土的压缩性质及冻土的蠕变3个方面着手,分析出冻土的力学性质受温度、土的类型及含冰量等影响,从而为多年冻土地区进行工程建设提供可靠的理论依据。     

Surface tension measurements of surface freezing in liquid normal alkanes

Surface tension measurements reveal surface freezing in liquid n-alkanes. A solid monolayer of molecules is found to exist up to 30 degrees C above the bulk freezing point. This surface phase exists only for carbon numbers 14 n 相似文献   

超高压杀菌条件的响应曲面法优化研究

 采用响应曲面法(response surface methodology，RSM)建立了超高压杀灭大肠杆菌的二次多项数学模型，验证了模型的有效性，并考察温度、压力和保压时间对超高压杀灭大肠杆菌的影响，优化出杀灭6个数量级大肠杆菌ATCC8739的工艺参数温度为32.2℃，压力346.4 MPa，保压时间12.6 min。     

Optimization of Inactivation Conditions of High Hydrostatic Pressure Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology(RSM)was employed in the present work and a second order quadratic equation for high hydrostatic pressure(HHP)inactivation was built.The adequacy of the model equation for predicting the optimum response values was verified effectively by the validation data.Effects of temperature,pressure,and pressure holding time on HHP inactivation of Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 were explored.By analyzing the response surface plots and their corresponding contour plots as well as solving the quadratic equation,the optimum process parameters for inactivation E.coli of six log cycles were obtained as:temperature 32.2℃,pressure 346.4 MPa,and pressure holding time 12.6 min.     

Structure of Mars' Atmosphere up to 100 Kilometers from the Entry Measurements of Viking 2

The Viking 2 entry science data on the structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers define a morning atmosphere with an isothermal region near the surface; a surface pressure 10 percent greater than that recorded simultaneously at the Viking 1 site, which implies a landing site elevation lower by 2.7 kilometers than the reference ellipsoid; and a thermal structure to 100 kilometers at least qualitatively consistent with pre-Viking modeling of thermal tides. The temperature profile exhibits waves whose amplitude grows with altitude, to approximately 25 degrees K at 90 kilometers. These waves are believed to be a consequence of layered vertical oscillations and associated heating and cooling by compression and expansion, excited by the daily thermal cycling of the planet surface. As is necessary for gravity wave propagation, the atmosphere is stable against convection, except possibly in some very local regions. Temperature is everywhere appreciably above the carbon dioxide condensation boundary at both landing sites, precluding the occurrence of carbon dioxide hazes in northern summer at latitudes to at least 50 degrees N. Thus, ground level mists seen in these latitudes would appear to be condensed water vapor.     

Venus: lower atmosphere not measured

The common ranges of pressure and temperature of the atmosphere of Venus measured last October establish the connection between the Soviet Venera 4 altitude scale and the United States Mariner V radial scale. But if the Venera 4 measurements extended to the surface, as claimed, this comparison implies a radius of the planet which is about 25 kilometers greater than the radius deduced from Earth-based radar data. This impasse has been resolved in favor of the smaller value by a new determination of the radius which is more direct than the method used in deriving the radar radius, and which involves concurrent ranging from Earth both to Mariner V near encounter and to the surface of Venus. It is concluded that neither spacecraft reported on atmospheric conditions near the level of the mean surface, but extrapolations of the measurements yield surface values for mid-latitudes of 100 atmospheres pressure (within a factor of 1.5) and 700 degrees K temperature (within 100 degrees ), in distinction to the Soviet values of 19+/-2 atmospheres and 544 degrees +/-10 degrees K. The higher values support radiometric and radar data on temperature and atmospheric absorption. It appears that the Soviet probe was not designed to work through such a thick atmosphere. A particularly simple (times two) ambiguity in the Venera 4 altimeter reading suggests itself, since this would bring all other data into excellent agreement and would explain the reason for the supposition that the probe reached the surface.     

碳纤维木材复合材结合层剪切蠕变性能研究

为了研究碳纤维应用于建筑木构件及其节点加固工程中的长期承载性能,采用持续负载的剪切试验方法对碳纤维木材复合材结合层在高湿(温度60℃,相对湿度90％),低湿(温度24℃,相对温度45％)环境条件下的蠕变性能进行了研究.结论表明:Burger模型可较精确地模拟复合材结合层的短期剪切性能(R2≥98％);高湿环境下结合层剪切蠕变量显著大于低温环境,温度及相对湿度都是影响蠕变的重要因素;结合层厚度越大,剪切蠕变变形也越大,应力松弛较大,建议碳纤维与木材复合时施加一定的压力(0.05 MPa以上)以减少结合层厚度;高温环境下高应力水平的蠕变速率最大,较短时间便出现结合层断裂,在碳纤维设计应用时,应确保结合层剪切应力水平在极限应力的50％以内.图3参12     

双轴挤出机在低湿挤压过程中操作参数对系统运行稳定性的影响

用响应面分析方法,研究了Clextral BC-45型双轴挤出蒸煮机的操作参数对系统运行稳定性的影响。研究的4个操作参数为末段腔体温度、螺杆转速、供料速率和供水速率,每一个变量设置5个水平。以运行压力为目标函数,记录每个运行过程中相应的压力读数,并建立回归拟合方程。研究结果表明,腔体温度、螺杆转速和供水速率3个操作参数对系统运行稳定性均有影响,回归拟合相关系数R^2=0．80,说明拟合的统计模型具有一定的可信度。     

龙竹竹材热压干燥工艺

对云南省资源丰富的材用丛生竹种龙竹Dendrocalamus giganteus 竹材进行热压干燥特性和热压干燥工艺试验。结果表明:热压温度和水煮温度对竹材热压干燥速度和干燥后竹材强度有显著影响, 热压压缩率对竹材强度影响较大, 在保证干燥速度和干燥质量的前提下, 应尽可能降低竹材压缩率, 以减少竹材材积损失。竹材较佳的热压干燥工艺条件是:60 ℃水煮1 h , 热压温度150 ℃, 热压压力0.2MPa , 呼吸间隔5 min , 压缩率10 %。表3 参11     

Carbon dioxide hydrate and floods on Mars

Ground ice on Mars probably consists largely of carbon dioxide hydrate, CO(2) . 6H(2)O. This hydrate dissociates upon release of pressure at temperatures between 0 degrees and 10 degrees C. The heat capacity of the ground would be sufficient to produce up to 4 percent (by volume) of water at a rate equal to that at which it can be drained away. Catastrophic dissociation of carbon dioxide hydrate during some past epoch when the near surface temperature was in this range would have produced chaotic terrain and flood channels.     

稻粒挤压破裂与干燥条件关系的试验研究

对不同干燥温度和不同含水率的稻粒进行了挤压力学性能的试验研究,得到了稻粒的破裂载荷与干燥温度和含水率之间的回归方程。试验结果表明回归方程预测值与试验测定值相吻合。     

How snapping shrimp snap: through cavitating bubbles

The snapping shrimp (Alpheus heterochaelis) produces a loud snapping sound by an extremely rapid closure of its snapper claw. One of the effects of the snapping is to stun or kill prey animals. During the rapid snapper claw closure, a high-velocity water jet is emitted from the claw with a speed exceeding cavitation conditions. Hydrophone measurements in conjunction with time-controlled high-speed imaging of the claw closure demonstrate that the sound is emitted at the cavitation bubble collapse and not on claw closure. A model for the bubble dynamics based on a Rayleigh-Plesset-type equation quantitatively accounts for the time dependence of the bubble radius and for the emitted sound.     

Activation volume for creep in the upper mantle

The activation volume for creep, V*, of olivine-rich rocks has been determined in pressure-differential creep experiments on dunite at temperatures from 1100 degrees to 1350 degrees C and confining pressures from 5 to 15 kilobars. Values of V* range from 10.6 to 15.4 cubic centimeters per mole with a mean value of 13.4 cubic centimeters per mole, near that expected for oxygen ion self-diffusion. The quantity V* is incorporated into existing flow equations; in combination with observations on naturally deformed mantle xenoliths, estimates are given of the variation with depth of stress, strain rate, and viscosity.     

全豆豆腐中腐败菌分离、鉴定及货架期研究

全豆豆腐是保留大豆中营养物质的新型豆腐,研究全豆豆腐中腐败菌及货架期,可提高农产品利用效率。文章对全豆豆腐中腐败菌16S r DNA作序列分析,利用Logistic方程和Modified Gompertz方程拟合腐败菌生长动力学曲线,在一级模型基础上,采用延滞期模型和平方根模型分析温度对腐败菌延滞期(Lag time)和最大比生长速率(μmax)影响,采用一级模型研究并评估全豆填充豆腐货架期。结果表明,全豆豆腐中腐败菌经鉴定为Bacillus cereus和Bacillus subtilis。15~30℃下,Modified Gompertz模型拟合精度高于Logistic模型。豆腐贮藏温度由30℃降至15℃,腐败菌最大比生长速率(μmax)降低,延滞期(Lag time)增大。Modified Gompertz方程延滞期模型和平方根模型拟合度(R2)依次为0.98和0.99,拟合精度高于Logistic方程,相对误差低于Logistic方程。15℃下Logistic方程和Modified Gompertz方程计算实际货架期为41.38和40.73 h,10℃下Modified Gompertz方程预测全豆豆腐货架期为143.96 h(5.99 d)。结果表明,Modified Gompertz方程更适用于全豆填充豆腐货架期预测。