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植物对不同形态磷响应特征研究进展 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
磷是植物生长发育所必需的大量营养元素之一,参与植物体内许多重要化合物的合成与代谢。土壤中磷素具有多种形态,且不同形态磷的植物有效性差异较大;植物在不同形态磷环境下,体内会形成相应的适应性机制。植物吸收积累磷通常与根形态、根系分泌物、体内磷转运等因素有关,受到特异基因表达的调控。了解植物对磷的吸收积累特性是筛选磷高效植物或磷富集植物的前提,也是充分利用土壤磷素资源、修复磷过剩环境的关键。根据国内外研究现状,本文从磷素吸收积累、根系形态特征、磷酸酶与植酸酶的变化以及磷营养高效的分子机制,综述了植物对不同形态磷的响应特征,并对未来该领域的研究进行了展望。 相似文献
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植物磷转运子 PHT1 家族研究进展 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:2
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水稻磷素吸收与转运分子机制研究进展 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2
磷素是植物体内重要的大量元素之一,其含量约占植物干重的 0.2%。由于磷元素作为许多重要生物大分子的关键组分,且参与植物体内许多的生理生化反应,因此植物的生长和发育都离不开磷元素。植物在长期的进化过程中,形成了一套高效地吸收和利用磷素的分子调控机制。本文将重点阐述水稻中无机磷从土壤吸收进根系再转运到地上部并进行分配的分子机制,并对今后的水稻磷素吸收和转运的研究重点进行展望。水稻根系主要通过定位在细胞膜上的磷酸盐转运体 (Phosphate Transporter1,PHT1) 吸收土壤中无机磷。当无机磷被吸收进入根系细胞内部后,通过质外体和共质体两种养分的运输途径,将其运输到根中维管束,并通过PHO1 将无机磷由根系加载到地上部。然后水稻根据其地上部不同组织器官对无机磷的需求进行分配,而多余的无机磷将储存在液泡内,维持细胞内无机磷的平衡。目前对磷酸盐转运体吸收磷素的分子机制研究较为清楚,但对于磷素在植物体内的储存、分配和再利用过程的机制还研究较少。液泡作为水稻无机磷储存的主要部位,对于维持细胞内无机磷的平衡尤其重要;节是水稻营养元素 (包括磷素) 在地上部进行分配的重要部位。但目前对于定位于液泡膜上和节上的磷酸盐转运体的机制研究较少。因此,未来挖掘与解析水稻体内负责磷素储存、分配和再利用的磷酸盐转运体及其作用机制,能为培育磷高效利用的水稻提供新的依据。 相似文献
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菌根植物适应低磷胁迫的分子机制 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
丛枝菌根 (AM) 真菌能够和绝大多数陆生植物建立共生体系,对于植物适应低磷胁迫具有重要作用。已有很多研究从不同角度揭示了宿主植物和AM真菌协同适应低磷胁迫的生理机制,并已深入到分子和信号水平。本文归纳了近年来相关研究成果,从磷胁迫信号感知、有机酸分泌、磷酸酶与激素合成相关基因、磷酸盐转运蛋白基因、转录因子与小分子物质miRNA等若干方面讨论了菌根共生体系响应和适应磷胁迫的分子机理,重点介绍了1) 环境磷浓度作为营养信号诱发菌根植物的生理响应过程及其在共生体系建立中的关键作用;2) AM真菌调节植物激素平衡进而影响植物生长发育和根系构型的生理机制;3) 丛枝菌根涉及的植物、真菌以及菌根特异诱导植物产生的磷酸盐转运蛋白基因在磷酸盐摄取中的特殊作用及可能调控机制;4) 转录因子作为感知磷胁迫信号和调控转录表达水平的枢纽,在增强植物适应磷胁迫能力方面的重要贡献。这些因素既单独作用又相互关联,共同构成菌根植物适应磷胁迫的分子调控网络。未来需要着重加强菌根共生界面的磷转运机制、菌根植物适应低磷胁迫的转录因子调节,以及各调控因子相互作用研究,从而全面揭示菌根植物适应低磷胁迫的分子调控网络,为发展和应用菌根技术调控植物磷营养奠定理论基础。 相似文献
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非生物胁迫下植物水通道蛋白的应答与调控 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【目的】水分不仅是细胞中各类生命物质合成的必需底物,而且也参与植物体内的养分代谢和渗透平衡的调节。植物中水分的跨膜转运主要是由水通道蛋白(AQPs)所介导的,因此,无论是在植物整体水平还是细胞水平上,水分的吸收以及跨细胞膜系统的转运对于植物的生长发育都是至关重要的。近年来,水通道蛋白作为调节水分的吸收与转运的关键,已成为植物营养与分子生物学特别关注和研究的热点之一。本文从水通道蛋白的种类结构,底物特异性,基因表达特征和调控机制四个方面对水通道蛋白转运水分的机理和转运水分过程中对胁迫的响应机制进行了详细阐述;从水通道蛋白的水分运输和渗透调节功能及其养分运输功能两方面说明了水通道蛋白在植物生长过程中的生理作用;阐述了光照、干旱和低温与水通道蛋白功能之间的关系,明确了水通道蛋白通过表达量的增加或者降低来响应相应环境条件的变化。【主要机理】水通道蛋白通过保持一定结构及对底物运输的特异性来实现对水分的高效运输,通过调整基因的表达量和翻译后修饰等过程实现对水分的高效转运;同时,水通道蛋白可以通过水分的运输实现植物渗透平衡的调节,对部分小分子养分的吸收等功能更是实现了对植物生理和养分吸收的调节;另外,水通道蛋白不仅可以提高植物的抗旱、抗盐能力,对低温胁迫也有一定的响应,还可以与多类逆境胁迫蛋白发生相互作用,共同调节植物的水分和渗透平衡,提高植物应对逆境胁迫的能力,表明植物水通道蛋白对非生物胁迫下的应答机制有待于进一步探索,为植物水通道蛋白的应用研究提供科学的理论支持与材料支撑。 相似文献
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氮素是植物生长发育必不可少的大量元素之一,土壤中的硝酸盐是植物获取氮素的主要来源。植物对硝酸盐的吸收与利用是通过一个精密的信号调控网络来实现的,其中硝酸盐转运蛋白在植物体内硝酸盐的运输和分配过程中发挥着重要的作用。通过对氮素利用途径中不同硝酸盐转运基因在硝酸盐的吸收、转运、同化和再利用进行功能鉴定,可以更好地解析硝酸盐在植物体内的吸收机制,从而找到提高植物氮素利用效率的关键环节。因此,综述了植物硝酸盐转运蛋白对土壤中硝酸盐的响应和信号的传递;硝酸盐转运蛋白在植株体内参与硝酸盐的转运、储存和再利用的功能以及硝酸盐在植物育种中的应用,并从对硝酸盐转运基因的单碱基编辑、关键结构域的改造和基因功能鉴定等方面进行展望。综述了有利于揭示硝酸盐转运基因的功能,拓宽植物吸收转运硝酸盐的分子机制认识,为提高植物氮素利用效率、培育氮高效利用农作物品种提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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一个玉米Pht1家族磷转运蛋白基因克隆和功能分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
从耐低磷玉米自交系178中分离和鉴定高亲和力磷转运蛋白质基因,为开展磷高效分子育种奠定理论基础。本研究以水稻和拟南芥中鉴定的磷转运蛋白基因为基础,运用生物信息学方法,对玉米进行全基因组预测及系统进化分析;并运用克隆、实时荧光定量PCR和亚细胞定位方法对其家族成员进行深入研究。结果表明,从玉米自交系B73全基因组序列中筛选出37个磷转运蛋白候选基因,并被聚类为五大家族。从耐低磷材料中扩增了一个属于Pht1家族成员ZmPht1;9的全长cDNA,该基因编码区长1620bp,编码539个氨基酸,含有典型的MFS超家族蛋白的保守结构域和12个跨膜结构;荧光定量PCR分析表明,在低磷胁迫下,该基因的相对表达量显著增加,且叶片中的表达量高于根系,同时在基因型之间也存在差异;原生质体转化的亚细胞定位结果显示,ZmPht1;9表达蛋白主要分布于细胞膜上。ZmPht1;9编码位于细胞膜上的高亲和力磷转运蛋白,对调节磷素的动态平衡起重要作用。 相似文献
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外源硅对植物抗盐性影响的研究进展 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
盐胁迫是世界范围内影响作物产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫之一,如何提高作物的抗盐性已经引起全世界的关注。硅 (Si) 是地壳中含量仅次于氧的第二大丰富元素。在pH值低于9的介质中,硅通常以单硅酸[Si(OH)4]的形式被高等植物吸收。尽管目前硅仍然未被认为是植物生长的必需元素,但是作为植物生长的“有益元素”,硅可以缓解各种生物胁迫和非生物胁迫对植物生长发育的抑制。大量的研究表明硅可参与调控植物抗盐的生理生化代谢过程,并与一些信号物质,如乙烯、水杨酸和多胺等存在互作。主要进展如下:1) 植物对硅的吸收存在主动、被动和拒绝吸收三种,硅转运蛋白在硅的吸收和转运中起到非常重要的作用,但是关于该蛋白的编码基因在更多物种中的克隆和功能研究有待于进一步开展。2) 硅可以调节盐胁迫下植物体内的离子平衡,降低植物根系对盐离子的吸收和向地上部的转运,并使盐离子更均匀的分布在根系中;改善盐胁迫下根系对钙、钾、氮等营养元素的吸收,缓解盐胁迫造成的营养失调。近期一些研究表明多胺可能参与硅对根系盐离子吸收的调控。3) 硅可以通过调节水通道蛋白的表达和渗透调节物质的积累提高根系对水分的吸收和向地上部的转运,改善植株的水分状况。4) 硅可通过调节抗氧化酶活性,降低活性氧的产生和积累,同时可以缓解盐胁迫对光合器官和光合色素造成的损伤,保证盐胁迫下植物光合作用的正常进行。5) 植物耐盐的分子机制非常复杂,涉及大量基因的表达和调控以及信号转导过程,包括蛋白质组学和转录组学在内的组学研究策略为从分子水平揭示硅缓解胁迫的机理提供了有力的技术手段。转录组和蛋白质组学的研究表明硅可以通过调控转录因子、激素等相关基因的表达及蛋白的翻译和修饰来调控植物对盐胁迫的快速响应,提高植物的抗盐能力。6) 硅吸收突变体的应用有助于我们更好的了解硅在调控植物生理生化代谢中所发挥的作用。 相似文献
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【目的】植株对介质中磷素的吸收及磷素在体内器官组织间的转运,是通过位于细胞质膜上的磷转运蛋白(PT)介导完成的。高亲和PT在介导植物对低磷逆境下的磷素吸收中发挥重要作用。本研究以小麦中国春遗传背景的整套B染色体双端体为材料,对小麦高亲和PT基因TaPht1; 4的染色体定位特征及其与低磷下小麦品种磷效率的联系进行系统研究,旨在为今后小麦品种磷效率分子鉴定和磷高效遗传改良提供依据。【方法】采用水培法培养中国春(CS)及其遗传背景B染色体组双端体幼苗。三叶期时收获各供试材料根系,提取各材料基因组DNA,通过PCR特异扩增TaPht1; 4,鉴定TaPht1; 4在染色体上定位。通过对各供试材料三叶期幼苗进行24 h低磷胁迫获取丰缺磷处理根叶样本,采用半定量RT-PCR及实时定量PCR分析TaPht1; 4在丰缺磷下的表达。采用上述幼苗培养、 丰缺磷处理和基因表达分析技术,研究不同磷吸收效率小麦品种磷效率参数和TaPht1; 4表达特征。【结果】 1)与CS及其他双端体材料能特异扩增目标基因不同,在3BS中未扩增到目标基因TaPht1; 4; 采用半定量RT-PCR和qPCR对丰、 缺磷下CS和各双端体根、 叶中TaPht1; 4的表达研究表明,丰磷下各供试材料根、 叶中均检测不到TaPht1; 4 表达,缺磷下各供试材料叶片中也均未检测到TaPht1; 4表达,但在根中除3BS未检测到TaPht1; 4 表达外,CS和其他双端体均具有较高的TaPht1; 4表达水平。表明TaPht1; 4定位在3B染色体长臂,呈低磷诱导和根系特异表达特征。2)丰磷下,3BS单株干重与CS没有差异; 缺磷下,与CS相比,3BS单株干重显著降低。表明缺少TaPht1; 4及所在3B染色体长臂后,植株干物质生产能力受到较大影响,这可能与因缺乏该染色体臂丧失TaPht1; 4造成低磷下植株的磷素吸收能力降低密切相关。3)对丰、 缺磷下不同磷吸收效率6个小麦品种TaPht1; 4 的表达水平以及单株干重、 全磷含量、 磷累积量和磷效率研究表明,缺磷下各小麦品种表现为随品种磷吸收效率提高,TaPht1; 4表达水平也随之增高。表明TaPht1; 4 表达水平与低磷下小麦品种磷素吸收能力和干物质积累具有紧密联系。【结论】小麦高亲和PT基因TaPht1; 4 定位在3B长臂。低磷条件下,3BS的单株干重和磷累积量较CS显著降低。丰、 缺磷下,不同磷吸收效率小麦品种TaPht1; 4 表达水平与植株干重和单株磷累积量密切相关。TaPht1; 4 能显著增强小麦在低磷下磷素吸收能力,可作为小麦品种耐低磷能力的参考分子评价指标。 相似文献
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Xiaoyan He Xiaorong Wei 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(6):544-553
Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth, so proper application of P fertilizers to farmland is necessary. High levels of P fertilization often cause P accumulation in soil and thereby increase P loss to the environment. The effect of long-term P fertilization on soil inorganic P (Pi) fractions and available P (Pa) stocks were investigated in order to provide a reference for rational management of P fertilization. A 27-year experiment was initiated in September 1984 in Changwu County on the southern part of the Loess Plateau, northern China. The experiment included five treatments of P fertilization: 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg P ha?1. With zero P application, soil Pi fractions decreased and were even depleted over time. In fertilized plots, soil Pi content in available and unavailable fractions increased over time, regardless of the application rate. P fertilization increased the content and change rate of soil Pi fractions between three sampling times (1991, 2001, and 2011). Soil Pa stocks and plant P uptake increased with increasing application rate of 20–60 kg P ha?1, indicating increased input and output of P in the soil–plant system. Higher application rates (≥60 kg P ha?1) did not change soil Pa stocks or plant P uptake but increased the annual change rate of Pi fractions, maintaining a balance between the supply and demand of P. This study has implications for reducing P fertilization level and decreasing associated environmental risks in agricultural soil on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19-20):2811-2819
Abstract The relationship between soil test phosphorus and crop response has not been studied for maize (Zea mays L.) in some major benchmark soils of Zambia. The suitable soil test procedure for estimating available P needs to be identified. The objective of this study was to compare two soil test methods, impregnation of phosphorus (Pi) and Bray 1, in predicting P requirement of maize grown in Makeni (fine, mixed Isohyperthermic Udic Paleustalf), Maheba (clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Haplic Acrustox), and Konkola soil series (fine, oxidic, isohyperthermic oxic, Rhodustalf). The three soil series were treated with 0, 262, 524, and 1,048 mg P per pot as triple superphosphate (TSP). Maize was grown in pots, and after 8 weeks the plants were harvested and analyzed for total P concentration. Phosphorus uptake (P uptake) was calculated as a product of P concentration in the plant and maize dry matter yield. The soil was dried, sieved and analyzed for available P. The available P content estimated by Bray 1, and Pi soil tests was correlated with maize dry matter yield, and P uptake. The P which was extracted from Makeni soil series by Pi soil test correlated highly significantly (r=0.996**) with maize dry matter yield, but the correlation of maize dry matter yield and P extracted by Bray 1 soil test was not significant (r=0.908 ns), Correlation of P uptake with P extracted by Bray 1 soil test was high and more significant (r=0.991 * *), than correlation with P extracted by Pi soil test (r=0.958*). The P extracted from Makeni soil series by Pi soil test correlated highly significantly (r=0.996**) with maize dry matter yield, but the correlation of maize dry matter yield and P extracted by Bray 1 soil test was not significant (r=0.908 ns), Correlation of P uptake with P extracted by Bray 1 soil test was high and significant (r=0.990**), as well as correlation with P extracted by Pi soil test (r=0.958**). The correlation of P extracted from Maheba soil series by Pi soil test and maize dry matter yield followed the same trend as for Makeni series with correlation of r=0.990**. The correlation of P uptake and P extracted by Pi soil test was high but less significant (r=0.955*) than that for Makeni soil series. The correlation of P extracted by Bray 1 soil test with maize dry matter yield was high (r=0.973 *) and significant, but the correlation with P uptake was low and not significant (r=0.879 ns). The available P extracted from Konkola soil series by both Bray 1 and Pi soil tests produced poor and not significant correlation with maize dry matter yield, as well as P uptake. The results show that Bray 1 soil test extracted larger amounts of P from all the three soil series than P impregnation (Pi) soil test. The results further demonstrated that Pi soil test was consistently more closely related to P uptake and dry matter yield of maize grown in Makeni and Maheba soil series. Therefore, Pi soil test was more effective than Bray 1 soil test in evaluating soil solution P that the plant usually takes up. 相似文献
14.
Phosphate desorption from the surface of soil mineral particles by a phosphate-solubilizing fungus 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
High phosphate (Pi) sorption in soils is a serious limiting factor for plant productivity and Pi fertilization efficiency, particularly in highly weathered and volcanic ash soils. In these soils, the sorbed Pi is so strongly held on the surfaces of reactive minerals that it is not available for plant root uptake. The use of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) capable of Pi desorption seems to be a complementary alternative in the management of these soils. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the soil fungus Mortierella sp., a known PSM, to desorb Pi from four soil minerals differing in their Pi sorption capacity. The fungus was effective in desorbing Pi from all tested minerals except from allophane, and its desorption depended on the production of oxalic acid. The effectiveness of the fungus to desorb Pi was ranked as montmorillonite > kaolinite > goethite > allophane. The quantity of desorbed Pi increased by increasing the amount of sorbed Pi. The Pi sorption capacity expressed as P0.2 value (amount of P required to increase a solution P concentration up to 0.2 mg L?1) was a good indicator of the effectiveness of Mortierella sp. to desorb Pi from soil minerals. 相似文献
15.
【目的】磷饥饿响应因子PHR (phosphate starvation response)在植物根系发育和磷养分吸收中起重要作用,本研究主要阐明毛叶苕子VvPHR1基因生物学功能,为培育磷高效型绿肥作物提供理论依据。【方法】通过转录组测序获得毛叶苕子VvPHR1基因序列。采用酵母单杂交方法验证VvPHR1基因的转录激活功能,构建其过表达载体,利用花粉管通道法分别遗传转化野生型和突变体(Atphr1)拟南芥,获得超量表达VvPHR1基因和突变体功能回补转基因材料。对正常磷(1 mmol/L Pi)和低磷(1μmol/L Pi)的培养基中生长30天的拟南芥取样,采用实时荧光定量PCR对野生型和转基因拟南芥中VvPHR1及下游磷转运基因的表达进行分析,并对转基因材料进行表型分析,测定其主根长、鲜重、总磷及无机磷(phosphate,Pi)含量。【结果】毛叶苕子转录组中有13个PHR基因,转录本129590、96227、120424与拟南芥的PHR1相似度最高,其中转录本120424在低磷诱导下表达量最高,将该转录本命名为VvPHR1基因。该基因cDNA全长1008 bp,编码335个氨基酸... 相似文献
16.
不同磷供应水平下小麦根系形态及根际过程的变化特征 总被引:16,自引:3,他引:13
以石麦15和衡观35两个品种小麦为试验材料,应用根袋栽培方式,研究了不同施磷量对小麦根系形态和根际特征的影响。结果表明,与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷(P2O5 0.3 g/kg)条件下石麦15地上部生物量和磷累积量增加幅度大于衡观35;但不施磷处理衡观35地上部生物量降低幅度小于石麦15,磷含量和累积量高于石麦15,衡观35耐低磷能力较强。土壤供磷不足时,衡观35总根长中直径0.16 mm细根所占比例高于石麦15,根系平均直径较小;而高磷供应下,石麦15根系中直径0.16 mm细根长度较长,在总根长中所占比例较高。总根长和直径0.16 mm的细根长度与植株地上部磷累积量之间呈显著正相关关系。总根长越长尤其是细根越多,有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。与非根际土壤相比,高磷供应下根际土壤有机磷含量增加,微生物量磷含量降低;而供磷不足时根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高,有机磷含量较低。与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷下根际土壤pH值升高、碱性磷酸酶活性下降,不施磷处理根际土壤pH值降低。本研究表明,供磷不足时,小麦根系形态和根际过程均发生适应性变化,而高量供磷条件下,小麦植株根系形态的改变因品种而异。 相似文献
17.
植物耐低磷胁迫的遗传调控机理研究进展 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
土壤中总磷的含量很高,但其中能被植物吸收利用的有效磷浓度往往很低,因此,缺磷已经成为农业生产中重要的限制因子之一。由于磷在植物生长发育过程中的重要作用,植物在进化的过程中形成了一系列的适应机制以应对低磷胁迫。随着分子生物技术在植物营养研究中的广泛应用,研究人员相继克隆了大量参与植物体内磷动态平衡调控的基因,其中包括磷转运子、 转录因子、 非编码的小RNA及其它低磷胁迫诱导基因等。这些基因相互作用共同形成了复杂的植物耐低磷胁迫遗传调控网络。另外,利用数量遗传学的研究思路,大量与植物磷效率相关的数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus, QTL)也被定位出来。这些研究结果对于理解植物耐低磷胁迫的遗传调控机制具有重要作用。本文就以上研究的国内外最新进展进行综述。 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11-12):2561-2590
Abstract Iron (Fe)‐impregnated filter paper strips (Pi) have been proposed as a method for measuring available soil phosphorus (P). A well‐defined Pi method has not yet been developed and Pi strips are often prepared with different filter papers and procedures. A study aimed at arriving at a consistent Pi method is thus needed. Four types of Pi strips, prepared with the two most widely used papers, Whatman No. 50 and 541, following a procedure that incorporates improvements both proposed in the literature and made in our laboratory, were evaluated for P extraction capacity and error. Two of the best strips, which are significantly different in P extraction capacity, along with the Mehlich 1 (0.05M HCl and 0.0125M H2SO4) and the Olsen method (0.5M NaHCO3, pH 8.5) were further evaluated in a greenhouse experiment involving eight soils planted with corn (Zea mays L.). Results indicated that strips prepared with both Whatman No. 50 and 541 were appropriate for P extractions as long as strips were washed with deionized water after treatment with ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH). At room temperatures the strips probably contain both hydrous Fe hydroxides and oxides in both crystalline and amorphous forms. Pi P was well correlated with Olsen P and P uptake in all soils, indicating that Pi is generally applicable in diverse soils. No obvious advantage was found for the Pi with respect to the Olsen method. Both the Pi and the Olsen method were better extractants with respect to the Mehlich 1, which was ineffective for extracting P in calcareous soils. Extractable P by Mehlich 1, Olsen, and Pi all correlated highly with accumulated plant available P estimated by eight sequential crops in the greenhouse. However, none of the methods could account for all the variation in plant P removal. 相似文献